渗透胁迫和外源脱落酸对梭梭幼苗生理特性的影响

水分、渗透胁迫和外源脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）对旱生植物梭梭幼苗的某些生理特性存在显著影响。梭梭幼苗有很强的吸水能力,渗透胁迫下脯氨酸含量增加,其细胞膜相对透性对渗透胁迫不敏感,在脱水过程中具有较强的持水能力,外源ＡＢＡ加强了梭梭幼苗的抗渗透胁迫和抗脱水的能力。     

NaCl胁迫下羊草幼苗的生理反应及外源ABA的缓解效应

对ＮａＣｌ胁迫下羊草（Ａｎｅｕｒｏｌｅｐｉｄｉｕｍｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ）的生长、生理和代谢变化的研究表明,在Ｎａ＋胁迫下,羊草幼苗生长受抑,叶片细胞膜相对透性增大,体内脯氨酸累积增加,无机Ｎａ＋含量增多．叶绿素含量减少．外源ＡＢＡ处理可促进羊草对Ｋ＋吸收,抑制Ｎａ＋吸收,减轻Ｎａ＋毒害,增强膜稳定性、光合能力和渗透调节能力,并提高羊草生长代谢活性和叶绿素含量．     

NaCl抑制棉花幼苗生长的机理—盐离子效应

75和150 mmol/L NaCl处理.降低棉花幼苗叶面积、叶相对扩展率,蒸腾和木质部汁液K~ 浓度;而增大叶细胞质膜透性、渗透势、叶Na~ 含量和木质部汁液Na~ 和Cl~-的浓度。生长在75mmol/L NaCl加压(根际)和不加压条件下的棉花,叶面积、叶相对扩展率、蒸腾、叶质膜透性和渗透势的变化基本一样。这些结果表明棉花幼苗的拒盐能力不大,盐害的原因是盐的原初效应,而不是盐的次生效应。另外,盐对棉花幼苗叶相对扩展率和质膜透性的效应在生长后期降低,表明棉花幼苗也具有一定的耐盐能力。     

盐分和水分胁迫对盐地碱蓬幼苗渗透调节效应的研究

利用不同浓度ＮａＣｌ和等渗ＰＥＧ处理４０ｄ龄的盐地碱蓬（Ｓｕａｅｄａｓａｌｓａ（Ｌ．）Ｐａｌ．）幼苗,１０ｄ后测定植株中主要有机溶质和无机离子的含量及叶片渗透势和渗透调节能力。结果表明,ＮａＣｌ处理的无机离子总含量急剧增加,其中Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－增加最多,占总计算渗透势（ＣＯＰ）的７１％～８８％,总无机离子占ＣＯＰ的９５％～９７％。而有机溶质总含量则稍有降低,约占ＣＯＰ的２％～５％。ＰＥＧ处理使有机溶质（氨基酸、糖、有机酸）含量明显增加,特别是氨基酸占ＣＯＰ的９％。不同处理的实测渗透势（ＭＯＰ）均小于ＣＯＰ,说明在这些条件下,还有其它的渗透剂参与盐地碱蓬幼苗的渗透调节。结果还表明,盐地碱蓬幼苗的渗透调节能力随外界盐浓度的增大而增加。     

水分胁迫下外源ABA对玉米幼苗根叶渗透调节的影响(简报)

外施ＡＢＡ提高叶片的水势约０．０２￣０．０９ＭＰａ,对根系的作用小于叶片。外源ＡＢＡ提高叶片的渗透调节能力０．００２￣０．０４５ＭＰａ,轻度胁迫下的提高大于严重水分胁迫及正常供水。对根系渗透调节能力的提高几乎没有作用。外施ＡＢＡ脯氨酸含量增加１倍以上,叶片中增加大于根系。轻度胁迫大于严重胁迫及正常供水。外施ＡＢＡ的叶片中可溶性糖也有一定提高。     

外源一氧化氮对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响

采用水培法,研究了外源一氧化氮(NO)对黄瓜幼苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明:正常生长条件下添加外源NO能促进黄瓜幼苗生长,而添加NO信号传递途径关键酶——鸟苷酸环化酶抑制剂亚甲基蓝(MB-1)显著抑制了黄瓜幼苗的生长;盐胁迫条件下,添加外源NO明显缓解了盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的抑制,与单独盐处理比较,株高、茎粗、鲜质量、干质量显著增加,渗透调节物质如可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量明显提高,而MB-1能够不同程度地消除NO的这些调节作用;NO对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长影响大于正常生长条件下黄瓜幼苗,NO的作用可能是通过鸟苷酸环化酶介导的。     

盐分和水分胁迫对芦荟幼苗渗透调节和渗调物质积累的影响

用不同浓度NaCl和等渗聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)处理芦荟(Aloe vera L.)幼苗,10 d后测定叶片相对生长速率和厚度、叶片中主要有机溶质、无机离子含量及渗透调节能力.结果表明,-0.44、-0.88 MPa NaCl和PEG处理使芦荟叶片的相对生长速率和叶片厚度明显下降,且盐胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制和叶片含水量降低的效应明显高于等渗的水分胁迫,其叶片渗透调节能力随处理渗透势的降低而增加, -0.88 MPa PEG胁迫的芦荟幼苗的渗透调节能力高于等渗盐分胁迫.在主要渗透调节物质可溶性糖、有机酸、K 、Ca2 和Cl-中,-0.88 MPa PEG处理下含量比相同渗透势的NaCl处理下显著增加的是有机溶质,因此推断有机溶质含量高是PEG胁迫下渗透调节能力较强的主要因素.     

硅提高黄瓜幼苗抗盐能力的生理机制研究

为了明确硅提高黄瓜幼苗抗盐能力的机制,该试验采用水培方法,以黄瓜品种‘津优一号’为材料,对幼苗进行中度盐胁迫,研究在盐胁迫下硅对黄瓜幼苗生长、光合特性、渗透调节物质和离子吸收的影响。结果显示:(1)正常条件下,硅对黄瓜幼苗生长及相关生理指标无明显影响;单独盐处理降低了幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和叶片含水量,导致幼苗生长受抑。(2)盐胁迫下加硅显著提高了幼苗光合速率和叶片含水量,增加了生物量的积累;在盐胁迫初期,硅加盐处理黄瓜叶片渗透势略低于单独盐处理,此后均高于单独盐处理;硅加盐处理显著提高了叶片可溶性糖含量,尤其是蔗糖含量,而降低了其脯氨酸含量,但对可溶性蛋白含量无显著影响。(3)盐胁迫下黄瓜植株Na+含量大幅上升,K+含量下降,K+/Na+比大幅降低;硅加盐处理降低了黄瓜叶片中Na+含量,提高了K+含量和K+/Na+比。研究表明,盐胁迫条件下,硅能通过减轻叶片离子毒害和增加水分吸收,改善叶片水分状况,从而维持较高的光合能力,提高其抗盐能力;而渗透调节只在盐胁迫初期有轻微缓解作用,不是硅提高黄瓜幼苗抗盐性的主要途径。     

盐胁迫下盐芥渗透调节物质的积累及其渗透调节作用

用含有NaCl0、50、100、200、300、400mmol/L的Hoagland培养液处理盐芥幼苗一定时间后,分别测定其根和叶含水量、渗透势、几种无机和有机渗透调节物质含量,并计算了渗透调节物质在不同条件下的计算渗透势值(COP).结果表明:随盐处理浓度的增加,盐芥根和叶的含水量和渗透势逐渐降低;Na 和Cl-是根和叶积累的无机渗透调节物质;SS、OA和FAA是根积累的有机渗透调节物质,Pro是叶和根积累的有机渗透调节物质.Na X-ray微区分析表明液泡是积累Na 的主要部位.     

12057单体系及其二体抗旱生理指标的比较

利用１２０５７单体及其二体连续两年进行抗旱生理招标的比较,结果表明：１２０５７单体系珉春二体在灌浆中期旗叶相对含水量、细胞膜稳定性、叶片渗透势以及渗透调节能力等均存在差异。其中２Ｂ、３Ｂ、６Ｂ单体相对含水量较高;５Ａ单体叶组织膜稳定性较高;４Ｂ、５Ｂ、４Ｄ、６Ｂ、３Ａ单体的渗透势较低;６Ｂ、４Ｂ、３Ｂ、４Ｄ、、Ｂ单体的渗透调节能力较高。此外看出部分同源染色体群对上述生理招标的反应具有相似性。     

Overexpression of dehydrin tas14 gene improves the osmotic stress imposed by drought and salinity in tomato

One strategy to increase the level of drought and salinity tolerance is the transfer of genes codifying different types of proteins functionally related to macromolecules protection, such as group 2 of late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins or dehydrins. The TAS14 dehydrin was isolated and characterized in tomato and its expression was induced by osmotic stress (NaCl and mannitol) and abscisic acid (ABA) [Godoy et al., Plant Mol Biol 1994;26:1921-1934], yet its function in drought and salinity tolerance of tomato remains elusive. In this study, transgenic tomato plants overexpressing tas14 gene under the control of the 35SCaMV promoter were generated to assess the function of tas14 gene in drought and salinity tolerance. The plants overexpressing tas14 gene achieved improved long-term drought and salinity tolerance without affecting plant growth under non-stress conditions. A mechanism of osmotic stress tolerance via osmotic potential reduction and solutes accumulation, such as sugars and K(+) is operating in tas14 overexpressing plants in drought conditions. A similar mechanism of osmotic stress tolerance was observed under salinity. Moreover, the overexpression of tas14 gene increased Na(+) accumulation only in adult leaves, whereas in young leaves, the accumulated solutes were K(+) and sugars, suggesting that plants overexpressing tas14 gene are able to distribute the Na(+) accumulation between young and adult leaves over a prolonged period in stressful conditions. Measurement of ABA showed that the action mechanism of tas14 gene is associated with an earlier and greater accumulation of ABA in leaves during short-term periods. A good feature for the application of this gene in improving drought and salt stress tolerance is the fact that its constitutive expression does not affect plant growth under non-stress conditions, and tolerance induced by overexpression of tas14 gene was observed at the different stress degrees applied to the long term.     

Osmotic Stress and Ion-Specific Effects on Xylem Abscisic Acid and the Relevance to Salinity Tolerance in Poplar

We designed two experiments to investigate the osmotic stress and ion-specific effects on xylem abscisic acid (ABA) and the relevance to salinity tolerance in one-year-old seedlings of Populus euphratica Oliv. (a salt-resistant genotype) and one-year-old rooted cuttings of P. 'popularis 35-44' (P. popularis) (a salt-sensitive genotype). Net photosynthetic rates (Pn) and unit transpiration rates (TRN) of the two genotypes were significantly decreased upon osmotic shock caused by PEG 6000 (osmotic potential = -0.24 MPa) or iso-NaCl (50 mM). Shoot xylem ABA concentrations in both genotypes increased rapidly after the onset of PEG stress, resulting from a decreased water flow. NaCl-treated trees of P. euphratica maintained considerably greater concentrations of ABA than PEG-treated plants in a longer term, whereas salinized P. popularis exhibited a transient accumulation of ABA in the shoot. TRN was greatly enhanced in both genotypes when pressure (0.24 MPa) was applied to counteract the osmotic suction of 50 mM NaCl. Pressurizing of root systems diluted solutes in the root xylem, but the dilution effect was more pronounced in P. popularis. Root xylem ABA concentrations in P. euphratica steadily increased with salt stress although pressurization lowered its levels. In contrast, there were no observed changes in ABA response to salinity in pressured P. popularis. Therefore, we concluded that the salt-tolerant P. euphratica had a greater capacity to synthesize ABA under saline conditions, which may partially result from specific salt effects. In addition, P. euphratica exhibited a higher capacity for salt (Na+ and Cl-) transport control under salt stress, compared with P. popularis. The possible association between ABA and salt transport limitation, and the relevance to salinity tolerance were discussed.     

盐胁迫下苗期与拔节期碱茅植株生长及与离子关系的比较研究

 用不同浓度NaCl溶液处理碱茅植株,测定和比较苗期与拔节期植株的生物量,K、Na与Cl含量和吸收与运输速率。苗期与拔节期植株的地上生物量分别在66及134mmol／L浓度下达最大值,根系生物量在66mmol／L下达最大值,根／冠比在苗期随盐浓度增加线性降低,而拔节期显著低于苗期且不受盐浓度影响。拔节期植株Na、Cl含量及由此产生的渗透调节能力、以及K,Na与C1的吸收与运输速率均高于苗期,而K／Na比及对K离子的选择性则低于苗期,两生长期植株K含量无显著差异。苗期与拔节期植株对K都存在着选择性吸收与运输,且吸收与运输速率与相对生长率呈显著正相关;苗期植株的Na与Cl吸收与运输速率与相对生长率无关,而拔节期呈显著正相关。从盐胁迫下,K、Na与Cl离子含量变化及由此产生的渗透反应分析,Cl主要用于维持植株的“基础”渗透势,在高胁迫下也参与渗透调节;Na主要用于维持植株的渗透调节;而K从数值上不参与渗透调节,在维持植株的“基础”渗透势中的作用也较小。     

Osmotic Stress and Ion-Specific Effects on Xylem Abscisic Acid and the Relevance to Salinity Tolerance in Poplar

We designed two experiments to investigate the osmotic stress and ion-specific effects on xylem abscisic acid (ABA) and the relevance to salinity tolerance in one-year-old seedlings of Populus euphratica Oliv. (a salt-resistant genotype) and one-year-old rooted cuttings of P. 'popularis 35-44' (P. popularis) (a salt-sensitive genotype). Net photosynthetic rates (Pn) and unit transpiration rates (TRN) of the two genotypes were significantly decreased upon osmotic shock caused by PEG 6000 (osmotic potential = -0.24 MPa) or iso-NaCl (50 mM). Shoot xylem ABA concentrations in both genotypes increased rapidly after the onset of PEG stress, resulting from a decreased water flow. NaCl-treated trees of P. euphratica maintained considerably greater concentrations of ABA than PEG-treated plants in a longer term, whereas salinized P. popularis exhibited a transient accumulation of ABA in the shoot. TRN was greatly enhanced in both genotypes when pressure (0.24 MPa) was applied to counteract the osmotic suction of 50 mM NaCl. Pressurizing of root systems diluted solutes in the root xylem, but the dilution effect was more pronounced in P. popularis. Root xylem ABA concentrations in P. euphratica steadily increased with salt stress although pressurization lowered its levels. In contrast, there were no observed changes in ABA response to salinity in pressured P. popularis. Therefore, we concluded that the salt-tolerant P. euphratica had a greater capacity to synthesize ABA under saline conditions, which may partially result from specific salt effects. In addition, P. euphratica exhibited a higher capacity for salt (Na+ and Cl-) transport control under salt stress, compared with P. popularis. The possible association between ABA and salt transport limitation, and the relevance to salinity tolerance were discussed.     

Salt tolerance in Aster tripolium L. II. Ionic regulation

Abstract Measurements of tissue ion contents (Na, K and Cl) were carried out at frequent intervals on plants of Aster tripolium L. grown at a range of salinities for 36 d. Aster tripolium behaved as a typical halophyte showing high levels of inorganic ion accumulation even at low salinities. As salinity increased Na replaced K to a large extent in the shoot but root K was unaffected up to 500 mol m^?3 external NaCl. Shoot (Na + K) concentration on a tissue water basis was maintained constant in all treatments throughout the experiment, whereas shoot (Na + K) on a dry weight basis showed marked fluctuations in some treatments. An increase in (Na + K) per gram dry weight was, however, accompanied by a parallel increase in fresh weight: dry weight (FW : DW) ratio. Transport of (Na + K) to the shoot per unit root weight changed during the experiment in the manner expected, given the observed changes in shoot relative growth rate and FW : DW to result in a constant shoot (Na + K) concentration on a water basis. Chloride was the major balancing anion in the shoot at high salinity, but never accounted for more than 38% of the (Na + K) found in the root tissue. At all salinities (Na + K) salts accounted for the majority of the measured shoot sap osmotic potential. The interactions between salinity, growth, ion transport and osmotic adjustment are discussed.     

Acclimation of S aurata to various salinities alters energy metabolism of osmoregulatory and nonosmoregulatory organs

The impact of different environmental salinities on the energy metabolism of gills, kidney, liver, and brain was assessed in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) acclimated to brackish water [BW, 12 parts/thousand (ppt)], seawater (SW, 38 ppt) and hyper saline water (HSW, 55 ppt) for 14 days. Plasma osmolality and levels of sodium and chloride presented a clear direct relationship with environmental salinities. A general activation of energy metabolism was observed under different osmotic conditions. In liver, an enhancement of glycogenolytic and glycolytic potential was observed in fish acclimated to BW and HSW compared with those in SW. In plasma, an increased availability of glucose, lactate, and protein was observed in parallel with the increase in salinity. In gills, an increased Na+-K+-ATPase activity, a clear decrease in the capacity for use of exogenous glucose and the pentose phosphate pathway, as well as an increased glycolytic potential were observed in parallel with the increased salinity. In kidney, Na+-K+-ATPase activity and lactate levels increased in HSW, whereas the capacity for the use of exogenous glucose decreased in BW- and HSW- acclimated fish compared with SW-acclimated fish. In brain, fish acclimated to BW or HSW displayed an enhancement in their potential for glycogenolysis, use of exogenous glucose, and glycolysis compared with SW-acclimated fish. Also in brain, lactate and ATP levels decreased in parallel with the increase in salinity. The data are discussed in the context of energy expenditure associated with osmotic acclimation to different environmental salinities in fish euryhaline species.     

Salt tolerance in Aster tripolium L. III. Na and K fluxes in intact seedlings

Abstract Uptake and transport of Na and K was studied using the radioactive tracers ²²Na and ⁴²K in intact Aster tripolium L. seedlings grown at two salinities CS 10 and CS 100, (containing 10mol m^?1 and 100 mol m^?3 Na, respectively, together with other major ions in the proportions found in sea water). At both salinities a much greater proportion of the Na than K taken up by the plant was subsequently transported to the shoot. Most ⁴²K fluxes were reduced by about 40% in CS 100 plants relative to CS 10 except root accumulation which increased. Experiments involving changing the salinity from CS 10 to CS 100 showed that ⁴²K fluxes remained constant for at least 40 h, indicating that competition with Na for uptake sites was not the cause of the reduced flux in CS 100 plants. ²²Na fluxes responded immediately to a change in salinity with all fluxes increasing six-fold when the salinity was raised. When the salinity was lowered, however, root accumulation returned to the level in CS 10 control plants whereas transport to the shoot was inhibited by the previous high salinity treatment, being reduced to only 35% of the rate in CS 10 plants. The time courses of osmotic adjustment and Na accumulation following an increase in salinity were found to be very similar, with sufficient Na being accumulated to account for the observed increase in sap osmotic pressure.     

Water relations of the tos1 tomato mutant at contrasting evaporative demand

The tos1 (tomato osmotically sensitive) mutant, isolated from an in vitro screen of root growth during osmotic stress, was less sensitive to exogenous ABA, but accumulated more ABA under osmotic stress than WT plants. We assessed growth and water relations characteristics of hydroponically grown tos1 seedlings (in the absence of osmotic stress) at low and high evaporative demands. Growth of tos1 was severely inhibited at both high and low evaporative demands. Twenty DAS, WT and tos1 genotypes had a similar leaf water and turgor potential, but mature tos1 plants (45 day old) showed a significant diurnal loss of leaf turgor, with recovery overnight. Increased evaporative demand increased turgor loss of tos1 plants. High evaporative demand at the beginning of the day decreased stomatal conductance of tos1, without diurnal recovery, thus whole plant transpiration was decreased. De-topped tos1 seedlings showed decreased root hydraulic conductance and had a 1.4-fold increase in root ABA concentration. Impaired root function of tos1 plants failed to meet transpirational water demand and resulted in shoot turgor loss, stomatal closure and growth inhibition.     

盐胁迫下小麦苗叶片吡咯-5-羧酸还原酶活性和游离脯氨酸积累

受NaCl、KCl或MsCl_2胁迫的小麦幼苗,当外部溶液的渗透势由—160 kPa下降到—900 kPa时,叶片吡咯—5—羧酸还原酶(PSC)活性增高;渗透势由—900 kPa降低到—1500kPa,酶活性下降;胁迫 1d和 2d的幼苗,还原酶活性显著增加;3～6d酶活性无大变化。游离脯氨酸含量随溶液渗透势下降和培养时间的延长而提高。胁迫解除后酶活性和脯氨酸含量均降低。受NcCl胁迫义在ABA影响下的幼苗,P5C还原酶活性和脯氨酸含量高于仅受NaCl胁迫的幼苗。     

Abscisic acid and osmotic relations in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Shoots under salt stress

The exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA) to well-watered plants may be of interest in imitating the effects of salinity on shoot growth. In this paper we have determined the time course of ABA accumulation in control and salt-stressed Phaseolus vulgaris plants and its possible relation to the accumulation of solutes and other physiologic conditions. The effect on shoot parameters of the application of exogenous ABA to the root system has also been checked. The addition of exogenous ABA to control plants caused a retardation of growth. The amount of ABA applied to the growth medium caused tissue ABA concentrations to become close to those of salinized plants. The addition of exogenous ABA to plants under control conditions resulted in a profile of proline and total sugar accumulation very similar to that observed in salinized plants. It was also found that NaCl treatment decreased the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of leaves as well as the osmotic and turgor potentials. The addition of exogenous ABA also mimicked these responses, resulting in qualitatively and quantitatively similar results. These results, particularly those showing that the early transient rise in ABA upon exposure to NaCl coincides with the period of proline and total sugar accumulation, and that treatment of plants with exogenous ABA mimics these effects, are discussed around the idea that ABA stimulates the cellular processes of osmotic adjustment in P. vulgaris.Abbreviations ABA abscisic acid - HPLC high performance liquid chromatography - DW dry weight - FW fresh weight.