腾格里沙漠沙坡头地区人工植被蒸散耗水与水量平衡的研究

运用大型称重式电子蒸散系统研究沙坡头地区人工植被蒸散耗水量与水分平衡,结果表明∶固沙造林初期,年平均降水量１８６．６ ｍ ｍ 能够满足植物正常生长需要,是保证植物固沙成功的基本条件． 正常降水年份,植物（密度为７５ 株／１００ ｍ ２）蒸散耗水量大于降水量． 油蒿（Ａｒｔｅｍ ｉｓｉａ ｏｒｄｏｓｉｃａ Ｋｒａｓｃｈｅｎ．）和柠条（Ｃａｒａｇａｎａ ｋｏｒｓｈｉｎｓｋｉｉＫｏｍ ．）的蒸散量分别占同期降水量的１３６．６％ 和１３１．１％ ,两种植物的蒸腾量分别占其蒸散量的４５．６％ 和４３．４％ ． 在１００～２００ ｍ ｍ 降水范围内,沙地物理蒸发量与降水量的比值随降水量的减少而增大;降水量１００ｍ ｍ 时,是人工固沙植被所需降水的最低下限． 降水的时空分布和地表结皮的形成对人工植被水分平衡与水分利用产生较大的影响     

不同环境条件下沙生植物的CO2气体交换研究

对腾格里沙坡头地区两种沙生植物：油蒿（ＡｒｔｅｍｉｓｉｓａｏｒｄｏｓｉｃａＫｒａｓｃｈ．）和柠条（ＣａｒａｇａｎａｋｏｒｓｈｉｎｓｋｉｉＫｏｍ）。在旱季和雨季时ＣＯ２气体交换特点及其动态变化进行了研究,结果表明：在干旱条件下,油蒿（Ａ）和柠条（Ｃ）的光合作用均受到严重影响,其光合率率日变化日出后（７：００－９：ａ．ｍ．）有一较小高峰外,基本处于很低水平。降水后,Ａ和Ｃ的光合作用均明显提高,但Ｐｎ     

西双版纳热带森林的土壤种子库储量及优势成分

作为西双版纳热带森林土壤种子库生态学系统研究的首次报道,本文采用野外样带取样与萌发实验相结合的方法,探讨了当地１类季节雨林（番龙眼、千果榄仁林）和３类次生森林（山黄麻林、中平树林、半人工林）的土壤种子库储量及其优势成分。结果发现,中平树林和山黄麻林的土壤中蕴藏着十分丰富的种子,在厚度为１０ｃｍ的表层土壤中,它们的种子密度分别高达２９９４５±２２６７粒／ｍ２和２４７４０±２２７５粒／ｍ２。而季节雨林和半人工林土壤种子库中的种子密度仅为５９０５±２０２粒／ｍ２和３３４５±４３８粒／ｍ２。草本植物无论是在种类还是个体数量上都是这几类森林土壤种子库的优势成分,但随着森林演替年龄的增加,其所占比例有所减少。     

冷蒿草原土壤可萌发种子库特征及其对放牧的响应

（１）采用萌发试验法对内蒙古冷蒿（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ ｆｒｉｇｉｄａ）草原土壤种子特征及其在不同放牧压力下的变化进行了研究。（２）冷蒿草原可萌发种子库由４种多年生禾草,１１种种多年生杂草及３种１年生植物所组成。（３）每样中的可萌发种子是变化于４５到３０５之间,平均１０２／样。多年生禾草、多年生杂类草及１年生植物的土壤中种子量分别占总可萌发种子库的４６．５７％、５１．９６％和１．５７％。多年和禾 草     

东灵山地区辽东栎种子库统计

东灵山地区辽东栎成熟林内辽东栎（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ ｌｉａｏｔｕｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ）种群更新记要依赖于萌蘖,而实生苗极少。为探索其原因,我们应用随机样方法进行了辽东栎种子库统计。结果表明：１）种子雨持续时间短、强度大,种子散落总密度为１２３个．ｍ＾－２。２）种子大小在种子雨的不同时期差异很大,大的种子在种子雨高峰中后期所占比例较高。３）土壤种子库存在时间约１００ｄ左右,种子密度最高时为４２．７个．ｍ＾－２     

宝华山主要植被类型土壤种子库初探

落叶常绿阔叶混交比和落叶阔叶林的土壤种子库分别有４９种和３３种植物,其中,前者有草本４２种,灌木３种,乔木４种,密度为２５５粒／ｍ＾２,后者有草本２９种,灌木１种,乔木３种,密度为１４５粒／ｍ＾２,两植被类型的土壤种子库组成与其现存地上植被的组成相似性极小。落叶常绿阔叶混交林林窗的土壤种子库有３３个种,密度为４１３粒／ｍ＾２,与非林窗区域的土壤种子库组成仅有５３．１％的相似性。     

SNP抑制5-HT诱导的胞内游离钙浓度升高和内钙释放

用Ｆｕｒａ － ２／ＡＭ 荧光测量技术研究了５ － 羟色胺（５－ ＨＴ） 诱导的大鼠尾动脉平滑肌细胞胞内钙升高和一氧化氮（ＮＯ） 的抑制效应。实验表明, 胞外０ｍ ｍｏｌ／ Ｌ Ｃａ２ ＋ 时胞内静息［Ｃａ２ ＋ ］ ｉ 为２０ ．２±８ ．６ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ（ｎ ＝ ８） 。１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ ５－ ＨＴ 可诱导出胞内钙库释放引起的瞬态［Ｃａ２ ＋］ｉ 升高,其峰值达２４５ ．７ ±７１．６ｎｍｏｌ／ Ｌ（ｎ ＝ ６） 。１０ － ７ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ 硝普钠（ＳＮＰ） 可抑制５－ ＨＴ 诱导的［Ｃａ２ ＋］ｉ 升高,其峰值浓度降为７５．１±３５ ．９ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ（ｎ ＝ ５） 。当细胞浴液含２．５ｍ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ Ｃａ２ ＋ 时,静息［Ｃａ２ ＋］ｉ为１１２ ．８ ±１０ ．３ｎｍｏｌ／ Ｌ（ｎ ＝ ５） , 这时１０μｍｏｌ／ Ｌ ５ － ＨＴ 可诱导［Ｃａ２ ＋ ］ ｉ 的峰值为２５２ ．３ ±８０ ．６ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ（ｎ ＝ ４） ,以及其后平台浓度为１４３ ．０ ±３７ ．６ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ（ｎ ＝ ４） ,略大于［Ｃａ２ ＋］ｉ 为１１２．８ ±１０ ．３ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ 的静息浓度,为外钙内流引起。１０ － ７ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＳＮＰ 也可抑制５－ ＨＴ 诱导［Ｃａ２ ＋ ］ｉ 平台相浓度。平台浓度由１４３ ±４７     

冷箭竹生殖特性研究

１９８１－１９９０年对冷箭竹（Ｂａｓｈａｎｉａｆａｎｇｅｎｉａ）开花、结实、种子萌发、幼苗更新复壮等生殖特性进行了观察。冷箭竹开花周期为４５－５５年,开花持续期约１０年,１９８３年盛花期测定茎秆上着生花序的长度平均为１７０．８ｃｍ,每１茎秆上的小花数为１２８０．３枚,每朵小花从开放至萎蔫的持续期约６天,花药持续开裂时间为０．７７天,花粉生活力达９６．７％,柱头承受花粉时间为２．３天,雌蕊子房发育为果实平均为３５８６粒／ｍ￣２,未受粉的瘪粒为１３９９４粒／ｍ￣２。种子生活力为２７．６％,种子发芽率为１５％－２０％,当年生幼苗成活率为７６％－９３％。     

油蒿与中国和以色列沙漠中的两种蒿属植物种子萌发策略的比较

油蒿（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ ｏｒｄｏｓｉｃａ Ｋｒａｓｃｈ．）是中国戈壁荒漠的固定沙丘上分布的优势种灌木,属蒙古植被地理分布区成分。油蒿的瘦果在光下萌发,萌发在暗中受到抑制光是调节其在沙土不同深度萌发的限制因素。瘦果在春天或秋天萌发,适宜温度为２０℃。瘦果的粘淮物质能吸收大量水分,具有重要的生态功能。不同浓度的盐溶液能影响瘦果的萌发。土壤湿度也是调节瘦果在沙中萌发的因素。尽管油蒿、白沙蒿（Ａ．ｓｐｈ     

引入土壤种子库对铅锌尾矿废弃地植被恢复的作用

检测了丢荒旱作地土壤种子库,其种子含量为（６８５０±３７７）·ｍ－２,共有４１种植物。其中９２．７％的种和 ７５． ８％的种子是分布在 ０～２ ｃｍ的表层中。从丢荒旱作地采挖 １０ ｃｍ深的表层土壤,以 １ｃｍ, ２ ｃｍ, ４ ｃｍ和 ８ ｃｍ 等４种不同厚度分别铺放在铅锌矿尾矿废弃地试验小区上。尽管由于铺土厚度不同,各小区所含有的土壤种子库 中的种子数量也不同,但４种铺土处理试验,其幼苗平均数量分别为每平方米８８３± ４３４,９９５± １５８,１２４２± ３２７ 和８０３±３１株,经检验差异不显著,而不铺放表土的对照区则没有幼苗生长。可见,如果仅仅是作为提供种子资源 而引入土壤种子库,则铺放 １ｃｍ的表土就已足够。然而,经过１年以后,在铺放表土厚度为１ｃｍ, ２ ｃｍ和 ４ ｃｍ处 理上的幼苗全部死亡,只有铺放 ８ ｃｍ厚度表土的小区上实现了植被恢复,共有 １５种植物成功定居,其中有 １１种开 花结果,盖度达１００％。这说明了较薄的表土不足以有效阻隔尾矿与大气的接触,减缓酸化,以及缓冲尾矿酸化的影 响,此外较薄的表土也无法提供植物根系足够的生长空间。因此,如能预先铺放一层阻隔层,如底土、馀坭、垃圾之 类,再引入土壤种子库将有助于土壤种子     

The Dynamics of Seed Bank on Shapotou Artificially Stabilized Dunes

There were 46 species belonging to 17 families in the soil seed bank on Shapotou artificially stabilized dunes. Compositae was the family with most species '(11 species) and the others were Chenopodiaceae (7 species), Gramineae (7 species), Leguminosae (4 species), etc. 33.3 % of the species lived in the community also had seeds in soil. The seed production of Artemisia ordosica, Hedysarum scoparium, Caragana korshinskii was 545.57 ± 676.73 grains/m2. 6.67 ±13.74 grains/m2. 0. 032±0. 024 grains/m2, respectively. The seeds of A. ordosica were not destroyed by pests, but 31.9%, 83.29% of the seeds of H. scopariurn. C. korshinskii respectively were destroyed by pests. Under the most suitable burying depth, the cumulative seed germination rate of A. ordosica, H. scoparium, C. korshinskii were 78. 3%, 66.7%. 85.0%, respectively. The rate of germination was in the order of: A. ordosica>H, scoparium>C, korshinskii. The vegetation succession would tend towards community mainly consisted of A. ordosica, Bassia dasyphylla, Eragrostis poaeoides, etc.     

Germination performance of congeneric Styrax species from the Cerrado sensu lato areas and their distribution pattern in different physiognomies

When studying congeneric species, it is of reasonable importance to understand different ecophysiological performances which might determine the distribution of species in habitats with different natural resources. Styrax ferrugineus is exclusive and well adapted to the Brazilian Cerrado sensu stricto (s. str.); S. camporum is widely distributed in the Cerrado sensu lato (s. l.) areas, with young trees being observed at the edge of cerradão and other vegetation fragments; and S. pohlii occurs in permanently waterlogged soils of the Cerrado region, such as those of riparian forests. We tested the hypothesis that the higher the soil water content in the physiognomic gradient of the vegetation, the higher is the germination success of S. pohlii, but the lower is the germination success of S. ferrugineus. We also discuss whether gap conditions inside a cerradão fragment imply a high germination rates of seeds of S. camporum. Seeds from each of the three species were buried within nylon bags containing soil from the respective sites. Burial occurred in a Cerrado s. str., in understory and gap conditions of a cerradão, and in the understory of a riparian forest fragment, and lasted for 60, 120, 180 and 240 days, respectively, after the fruit dispersal time of each of the three species. After 60 days, a relationship was found showing that the percentage of germinated seeds diminished, and the percentage of damaged seeds increased as soil water content increased (Cerrado s. str. < cerradão gap < cerradão understory ? riparian forest). S. camporum still showed viable seeds 60 days after burial (DAB), and germinated seeds 120 DAB, indicating that it needed a longer time to germinate, which might be associated to its thicker seed coat, in relation to the other two species. The germination performance of each of the three species was the same in the gap and understory conditions of the cerradão. The higher concentration of adult S. camporum plants at the edge of vegetation fragments is not related to a particular high germination performance and seedling establishment.     

Potential for seed-mediated gene flow in agroecosystems from transgenic safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) intended for plant molecular farming

Safflower has been transformed for field scale molecular farming of high-value proteins including several pharmaceuticals. Viable safflower seed remaining in the soil seed bank after harvest could facilitate seed and pollen-mediated gene flow. Seeds may germinate in subsequent years and volunteer plants may flower and potentially outcross with commodity safflower and/or produce seed. Seeds from volunteers could become admixed with conventional crops at harvest, and/or replenish the seed bank. Seed in following crops could be transported locally and internationally and facilitate gene flow in locations where regulatory thresholds and public acceptance differ from Canada. Seed-mediated gene flow was examined in three studies. Safflower seed loss and viability following harvest of commercial fields of a non-transgenic cultivar were determined. We assessed seed longevity of transgenic and non-transgenic safflower, on the soil surface and buried at two depths. Finally, we surveyed commercial safflower fields at different sites and measured density and growth stage of safflower volunteers, in other crops the following year and documented volunteer survival and viable seed production. Total seed loss at harvest in commercial fields, ranged from 231 to 1,069 seeds m⁻² and the number of viable seeds ranged from 81 to 518 seeds m⁻². Safflower has a relatively short longevity in the seed bank and no viable seeds were found after 2 years. Based on the seed burial studies it is predicted that winter conditions would reduce safflower seed viability on the soil surface by >50%, leaving between 40 and 260 viable seeds m⁻². The density of safflower volunteers emerging in the early spring of the following year ranged from 3 to 11 seedlings m⁻². Safflower volunteers did not survive in fields under chemical fallow, but in some cereal fields small numbers of volunteers did survive and generate viable seed. Results will be used to make recommendations for best management practices to reduce seed-mediated gene flow from commercial production of plant molecular farming with safflower.     

The impact of flooding and drought on seeds of Cnidium dubium, Gratiola officinalis, and Juncus atratus, three endangered perennial river corridor plants of Central European lowlands

The effects of flooding and drought on the post-flooding survival and germinability of seeds in the soil were investigated for three endangered river corridor angiosperms Cnidium dubium (Schkuhr) Thell., Gratiola officinalis L. and Juncus atratus Krocker. Freshly matured seeds were placed in small nylon bags and were buried in pots filled with soil collected from a wetland along the Lower Havel River. The pots were subjected to different winter/spring flooding treatments (30, 60, 120, and 180 days) and to drought for up to 3 years. Every year in spring, after drawdown, the seeds were exhumed, counted and tested for germination. Seed mortality of flooded seeds was low, except for C. dubium. Flooding did not affect germination of seeds of J. atratus. Flooding of seeds of C. dubium and G. officinalis had inconsistent, but no beneficial effects on germination of either. The year of harvest and the interannual variability of weather are found to be the main factors affecting germinability of C. dubium and G. officinalis in the course of the three consecutive years.The experiment showed that the capacity of the flooded seed bank to maintain germination ability and viability for extended periods of time could be directly related to the flooding duration of natural habitats of the three species. The three species are resilient to variable flooding. Seeds appeared desiccation tolerant, and single flooding events do not deplete their seed bank.     

Revegetation following soil disturbance in a California meadow: the role of propagule supply

Revegetation following a disturbance event initially should be constrained by the abundance and types of propagules available at the disturbed site. I tested this idea by conducting two experiments in which I created artificial soil disturbances by excavating or burying pre-existing grassland vegetation. In the first experiment, I varied disturbance intensity (depth), to investigate the consequences for revegetation when numbers of surviving propagules (dormant seeds and bulbs) were altered. In the second experiment, I varied the timing of disturbance, to investigate the consequences when disturbed sites experienced differing exposures to seasonal patterns of clonal growth and seed dispersal. I sampled these experiments from 1991 to 1993, and have interpreted their results using measurements of the seed bank, the bulb bank, and the seed rain. In the first (depth) experiment, bulbs declined in abundance with burial depth and were scarcer in deeper excavations. In contrast, numbers of annual graminoids initially showed no trends with respect to disturbance depth. These results reflect the depth distributions of the seed and bulb banks. Since bulbs occur deeply in the soil, progressively deeper disturbances left fewer survivors. Similarly, perennial graminoids could grow through the shallowest burials. In contrast, since the annual-graminoid-dominated seed bank is concentrated near the soil surface, disturbance depth mattered less to these species: any disturbance removing the surface layer was equally destructive. In the second (timing) experiment, more annual graminoids initially occurred in older plots. This result reflects seasonal patterns of seed production: plots exposed to more of the annual-graminoid-dominated seed rain supported higher densities of annual graminoids as a result. In subsequent years, the vegetation of most plots in both experiments was increasingly dominated by annual graminoids, again as a consequence of their great abundance in the seed rain. These results indicate that interactions between soil disturbances and sources of propagules play an important role in controlling early stages of succession in newly created gaps. They also suggest that disturbance may play different roles in communities characterized by species with different reproductive strategies. Understanding sources of colonists will improve our ability to predict the effects of disturbance.     

Germination and seedling survival in fens undergoing succession

We studied mechanisms of vegetation change in fens subject to succession from open water to floating mats and finally herbaceous rich-fens. Earlier research showed that these systems are characterized by transient seed banks. Our main question was whether seedlings of later successional fen stages are already present in earlier stages, remaining subordinate in the vegetation until conditions become suitable for them. If, however, conditions during succession change in a way that only a limited set of species can survive as seedlings during each of the successional stages, no seedling bank will exist. The transient character of the seeds would then imply that seeds will not germinate and will subsequently die and that seeds that have germinated in the “wrong” stage will not become established. We hypothesized that: (1) germination and seedling survival of fen species are significantly better in the successional fen stage for which these species are characteristic, (2) as a consequence no seedling banks occur in these fens. In a field experiment, seeds of five characteristic fen species in the standing vegetation of three successional fen stages i.e. raft fen, quaking fen and rich fen were sown in each of these stages in a turf pond in the Tienhoven area, The Netherlands. Germination and seedling survival were measured over two growing seasons together with environmental variables. Germination was higher in the “own” stage for all species groups as was survival for quaking fen species and rich fen species. For both these stages, percentage of germination and survival of four out of five characteristic species were significantly higher in the “own” stage. Germination and survival can be considered stage-dependent and it was concluded that seedling banks do not exist in these fens. Site-specific environmental variables act as a sieve and differentiate on species presence already during early life history stages. We found clues that the environmental sieve acts at the level of nutrient availability, tolerance for high sulphide concentration and light climate. Because of the transient seed bank and absence of a seedling bank in these fen wetlands, successful establishment of species necessitates a continuous dispersal of characteristic species until the environmental conditions permit establishment. This also implies that species of the whole successional sere should be present within dispersal distance.     

Can spatial variation and inter-annual variation in precipitation explain the seed density and species richness of the germinable soil seed bank in a tropical dry forest in north-eastern Brazil?

The interaction between microhabitat and inter-annual variation in precipitation has an important role on the dynamics of the seed bank and can play a crucial role in survival and maintenance of plant populations in semi-arid environments. We hypothesized that the type of microhabitat and the inter-annual variability in precipitation can explain the richness and density of the seed bank in a semi-arid region in Brazil. The study was conducted in an area of tropical dry forest with shrub-tree physiognomy, locally called caatinga. We collected 35 soil samples in three distinct microhabitats, at the end of rainy and dry seasons, respectively, over three years, totalling 630 samples. The seed bank (richness and seed density) were determined by seedling emergence method. Over the three years, 79 species emerged from the seed bank, 64, 45 and 42 in riparian, non-riparian and rocky microhabitats, respectively. We recorded differences in species richness and average density between microhabitats and between years, with significant statistical interaction between them. Inter-annual precipitation explained 48% and 5% of the variation in richness and seed density, respectively. Spatial variation explained 7% of the species richness and 31% of the density. Our results show that the interaction between spatial variation and precipitation has an important role on the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the richness and density of seed banks in dry environments.     

Seed survival and persistence on a calcareous land surface after a 32-year burial

Abstract. Of 34 species of vascular plants recorded in an unimproved calcareous grassland community in 1960 and subsequently buried for 32 yr, just six spp. were recovered as viable seeds from the original land surface, following excavation of an experimental earthwork. Five of the six are known or suspected to form persistent seed banks; the status of Carex flacca as a persistent seed is now established. The exceptionally low density of viable seeds at 35 seeds/m² and the paucity of other plant remains confirm that these calcareous soils have supported rapid decomposition. The complete absence of viable seeds known to be short-lived indicated that the macrofauna has played no significant role in the introduction of viable seeds from the modern-day surface down to depths in excess of 1.6 m, at least not in recent years. Because of the precise dates of burial and excavation, the results offer a rare opportunity to confirm laboratory and other indirect observations of long-term seed persistence following burial in temperate climate calcareous soils.     

Dune slack restoration in Dutch mainland coastal dunes

The 45,000 ha Dutch dunes are relatively well protected but they suffer from severe desiccation. During the last decade a lot of knowledge has been obtained about the steering processes of eco-hydrology in dunes resulting in well-founded schemes to restore wet dune slack communities. In two case studies a large-scale restoration of the landscape was necessary. Since 1987 in the North-Holland Dune Reserve the groundwater catchment has been reduced (from 8 million m³ to 2 million m³ per year) and the resulting development monitored. In another case, large-scale intervention on 35 ha of the Amsterdam Water Supply Dunes in 1995 resulted in the restoration of active sand drift with opportunities for the establishment of pioneer vegetation. In small parts of the area, the surface has stabilised as a result of vegetation growth, but elsewhere drifting sand has spread and covered previously stable surfaces. Many wet to moist dune slacks developed and results relating to geomorphology, hydrology and vegetation are presented. Finally, in 1996 yet another project of 50 ha was carried out in the Meijendel dunes, in which infiltration ponds were removed to allow vegetation succession to develop from scratch. Results of these three case studies will be presented. If only hydrological restoration is carried out, sod-cutting was found to be necessary to restore the whole series of vegetation types of dune slacks. In two cases an area was denuded. The seed bank and surrounding slacks seem to play an important role in the success of restoration, this is especially true for the pioneer vegetation types. Future monitoring will prove whether critical (Red List) plant species will return.