甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14雌配子体的发生与发育

利用常规石蜡制片法,对甜菜单体附加系M14(Beta vulgarisL.VV 1C、2n=18 1)雌配子体的发生与发育进行了研究,结果表明:二倍体孢子生殖雌配子体为韭型(Allium odorum-type)和蝶须型(Antennaria-type),有性生殖雌配子体为蓼型(Polygonum-type)。韭型和蝶须型的大孢子母细胞发育成为二倍体雌配子体,蓼型大孢子母细胞形成单倍体的雌配子体。在二倍体孢子生殖雌配子体发育过程中,出现发育迟缓,胚囊败育等情况,正常发育的雌配子体只有25%。讨论了二倍体孢子生殖雌配子体发生与发育特点。     

拟南芥温度诱导脂质运载蛋白TIL1参与雌配子体发育

雌配子体的正常发育是种子形成的前提条件之一,拟南芥温度诱导的脂质运载蛋白编码基因TIL1突变使胚珠败育,结实率下降明显。基因表达分析表明T-DNA插入使得TIL1基因敲除,突变体TIL1基因功能缺失;互交实验、Alexander染色、花粉离体培养和胚珠透明实验结果表明till-1突变体雄配子体发育正常、雌配子体胚囊发育有缺陷;通过遗传互补实验证明外源克隆的TIL1基因能恢复突变体的败育表型,并确定了TIL1基因主要在胚珠的胚囊中表达。实验结果表明TIL1基因参与了植物雌配子体发育这一重要的生理过程。     

极危孑遗物种东方水韭雌配子体及胚胎的解剖学观察

以人工培养的国家一级保护植物东方水韭(Isoetes orientalis)为材料,采用切片技术对雌配子体和胚胎的发育进程进行解剖学观察研究,探讨其有性生殖过程及濒危机制。结果表明:(1)东方水韭大孢子3~5d萌发,成熟雌配子体呈球形,无假根,三裂缝处发育出多个颈卵器,成熟颈卵器只有颈壁细胞与颈沟细胞,无腹沟细胞。(2)多数雌配子体只发育出一个胚胎,偶见多胚共存现象;胚胎发育时期,第一叶原基相比第二、三叶原基发育迅速。(3)颈卵器部分组织常出现分化紊乱,导致雌配子体败育。该研究结果支持"根叶理论",并讨论了腹沟细胞的退化以及双胚共存机制,认为东方水韭雌配子体常停留在游离核阶段、颈卵器形态或位置不规则、卵细胞排列紊乱等可能是其败育的原因。     

水稻籼粳杂种F_1雌配子体败育的超微结构和酸性磷酸酶细胞化学研究(简报)

籼粳稻亚种间杂交是获得强优势种的有效途径之一。但主要存在如何克服杂种F_1结实率低的问题。影响F_1结实率的因素是很复杂的,部分胚囊败育而丧失授精能力是其中的主要原因。因此阐明籼粳杂种雌配子体败育的机理,成了当前籼粳亚种杂交优势利用研究的重要课题之一。目前对籼粳杂种雌配子体败育的细胞学研究特别是超微结构方面的研究不多。Oka和Doida观察到败育发生在大     

''京白梨''结实与雌雄配子体发育的解剖学研究

以‘京白梨’、‘鸭梨’、‘雪花梨’为材料,用石蜡切片技术对其雌雄配子体发育过程进行了观察研究,并对其花粉育性、自然授粉结实率进行统计分析。结果表明:(1)‘京白梨’自然授粉结实率和花粉发芽率明显低于‘鸭梨’和‘雪花梨’;(2)京白梨从小孢子母细胞形成到成熟花粉的各个发育阶段观察到未形成小孢子或形成后很快退化、花粉囊中的花粉极少、花粉发育阶段细胞发生退化等不同类型的雄性败育个体,而且在花粉成熟阶段有部分花药中的绒毡层细胞不发生退化,花粉难以散出造成雄性败育;(3)雌配子体在大孢子母细胞发育阶段发现不能形成大孢子和大孢子形成后退化或发育不良等多种发育异常的雌配子体败育类型,而且败育频率高达36.7%。研究表明,‘京白梨’雌、雄配子体在其形成发育过程中的各种异常使其不能正常受精,最终导致坐果低下。     

水稻籼粳杂交胚囊败育的遗传分析和基因定位

利用DH系构建的分子图谱及DH系衍生的2个回交群体定位了引起籼粳杂种胚囊败育的2个互补的主效基因esa-1(E1或e1位点)和esa-2(E2或e2位点),它们分别位于第6和第12染色体.在不育基因位点,籼稻基因型为E1E1e2e2,粳稻基因型为e1e1E2E2,杂交后代中基因型为E1E2,E1e2,e1E2的雌配子体正常发育,携带e1e2基因型的雌配子体表现败育.胚囊育性受配子体基因型控制,孢子体遗传背景影响胚囊败育基因的表达.     

油松雌性不育系的POD同工酶和蛋白质多肽分析

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术分析了油松雌性不育系和可育系雌配子体发育关键时期的POD和蛋白质多肽的变化。结果表明不育系POD同工酶在雌配子体处于几十个游离核时期活性较高,在雌配子体游离核停止分裂期活性降低,雌配子明显败育的后期,该酶的活性又有所增强。不育系的POD同工酶谱与可育系存在差异,出现了Rf值分别为0.39、0.77两条特异谱带,Rf为0.77的谱带不仅稳定而且表达量很高,Rf值为0.56的谱带表达量明显低于可育株。蛋白质多肽的分析结果表明不育系中存在分子量为18．7kD的特异蛋白质多肽,分子量为38．3kD的蛋白质多肽表达量明显低于可育系。     

樱桃品种‘拉宾斯’雌雄配子体发育的解剖学研究

以‘拉宾斯’、‘艳阳’、‘马哈利CDR-1’为材料,对其自花授粉坐果率进行统计分析。用石蜡切片技术对拉宾斯雌雄配子体发育过程进行解剖观察。结果表明：(1)‘拉宾斯’自花授粉坐果率明显低于‘艳阳’和‘马哈利CDR-1’。(2) 拉宾斯从小孢子母细胞形成至成熟花粉的各发育阶段均观察到小孢子退化、花粉囊中的花粉干瘪、出现空腔。花粉成熟阶段部分花药绒毡层细胞不发生退化,花粉难以散出,造成雄性败育。(3)雌配子体在大孢子母细胞发育阶段出现大孢子发育不良或不能形成等异常发育雌配子体败育类型。(4)雄配子体在3月1日左右开始发育,3月14日左右趋近成熟;雌配子体则发育相对较晚,3月12日左右开始发育,3月25日左右趋近成熟。研究表明,‘拉宾斯’雌、雄配子体在其形成发育过程中的各种异常使其不能正常受精并且雌雄配子体发育不同步,最终导致坐果量低下。     

鹅掌楸花粉败育过程的超微结构观察

花粉败育是限制鹅掌楸〔Ｌｉｒｉｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ（Ｈｅｍｓｌ．）Ｓａｒｇ．〕生殖成功的重要因素之一。败育多数发生在四分体形成之前,少数发生在小孢子形成以后,是由于花粉发育过程中存在异常现象造成的。异常现象有７个方面：（１）造孢组织解体;（２）小孢子形成过程中胼胝质的积累与降解异常;（３）绒毡层发育异常;（４）小孢子母细胞胞质分裂异常;（５）小孢子解体;（６）生殖细胞败育;（７）药隔维管束韧皮部的伴胞解体。这些原因可引起花粉产量和质量降低,从而影响鹅掌楸生殖过程中的传粉受精及结籽的能力     

短柄五加大,小孢子发生和雌,雄配子体发育的研究

短柄五加花药５枚,每个花药四个花粉囊。小孢子母细胞减数分裂时,胞质分裂为同时型,产生正四面体形的四分体。花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层四层细胞组成,其发育类型为双子叶型。腺质绒毡层,其细胞为二核。三细胞型花粉。子房５室,每室两个胚珠,上胚珠败育,下胚珠可育。下胚珠倒生,具单珠被,厚珠心。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成线性排列的四个大孢子,雌配子体发育属蓼型。开花当天,花粉散开,雌配子体尚未成熟,处     

Abnormalities Occurring during Female Gametophyte Development Result in the Diversity of Abnormal Embryo Sacs and Leads to Abnormal Fertilization in indicaljaponica Hybrids in Rice

Embryo sac abortion is one of the major masons for sterility in indicaljaponica hybrids In rice. To clarify the causal mechanism of embryo sac abortion, we studied the female gametophyte development in two indicaljaponica hybrids via an eosin B staining procedure for embryo sac scanning using confocal laser scanning microscope. Different types of abnormalities occurred during megasporogenesis and megagamatogenesis were demonstrated. The earliest abnormality was observed in the megasporocyte. A lot of the chalazal-most megaspores were degenerated before the mono-nucleate embryo sac stage. Disordered positioning of nucleus and abnormal nucallus tissue were characteristics of the abnormal female gametes from the mono-nucleate to four-nucleate embryo sac stages. The abnormalities that occurred from the early stage of the eight-nucleate embryo sac development to the mature embryo sac stage were characterized by smaller sizes and wrinkled antipodals. Asynchronous nuclear migration, abnormal positioning of nucleus, and degeneration of egg apparatus were also found at the eight-nucleate embryo sac stage. The abnormalities that occurred during female gametophyte development resulted in five major types of abnormal embryo sacs. These abnormal embryo sacs led to abnormal fertilization. Hand pollination using normal pollens on the spikelets during anthesis showed that normal pollens could not exclude the effect of abnormal embryo sac on seed setting.     

Abnormalities Occurring during Female Gametophyte Development Result in the Diversity of Abnormal Embryo Sacs and Leads to Abnormal Fertilization in indica/japonica Hybrids in Rice

Embryo sac abortion is one of the major reasons for sterility in indica/japonica hybrids in rice. To clarify the causal mechanism of embryo sac abortion, we studied the female gametophyte development in two indica/japonica hybrids via an eosin B staining procedure for embryo sac scanning using confocal laser scanning microscope. Different types of abnormalities occurred during megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis were demonstrated. The earliest abnormality was observed in the megasporocyte. A lot of the chalazal-most megaspores were degenerated before the mono-nucleate embryo sac stage. Disordered positioning of nucleus and abnormal nucellus tissue were characteristics of the abnormal female gametes from the mono-nucleate to four-nucleate embryo sac stages. The abnormalities that occurred from the early stage of the eight-nucleate embryo sac development to the mature embryo sac stage were characterized by smaller sizes and wrinkled antipodals. Asynchronous nuclear migration, abnormal positioning of nucleus, and degeneration of egg apparatus were also found at the eight-nucleate embryo sac stage. The abnormalities that occurred during female gametophyte development resulted in five major types of abnormal embryo sacs. These abnormal embryo sacs led to abnormal fertilization. Hand pollination using normal pollens on the spikelets during anthesis showed that normal pollens could not exclude the effect of abnormal embryo sac on seed setting.     

矮沙冬青雌配子体及胚胎发育研究

矮沙冬青子房单心皮1室,边缘胎座,弯生胚珠,胚珠具双珠被、厚珠心。大孢子孢原细胞发生于珠心表皮下,大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成直线排列的四分体,合点端大孢子具功能,并按蓼型胚囊发育,雌配子体成熟于4月中旬。双受精后,胚乳发育为核型。在矮沙冬青大孢子发生、雌配子体和胚胎发育过程中未发现异常现象,因此认为矮沙冬青濒危不存在雌性生殖结构与发育过程异常的内在因素。     

New insights into the functional roles of reactive oxygen species during embryo sac development and fertilization in Arabidopsis thaliana

Previously considered as toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are emerging as essential signaling molecules in eukaryotes. Recent evidence showed that maintenance of ROS homeostasis during female gametophyte development is crucial for embryo sac patterning and fertilization. Although ROS are exclusively detected in the central cell of mature embryo sacs, the study of mutants deficient in ROS homeostasis suggests that controlled oxidative bursts might take place earlier during gametophyte development. Also, a ROS burst that depends on pollination takes place inside the embryo sac. This oxidative response might be required for pollen tube growth arrest and for sperm cell release. In this mini-review, we will focus on new insights into the role of ROS during female gametophyte development and fertilization. Special focus will be made on the mitochondrial Mn-Superoxide dismutase (MSD1), which has been recently reported to be essential for maintaining ROS homeostasis during embryo sac formation.     

The Arabidopsis mutant feronia disrupts the female gametophytic control of pollen tube reception

Reproduction in angiosperms depends on communication processes of the male gametophyte (pollen) with the female floral organs (pistil, transmitting tissue) and the female gametophyte (embryo sac). Pollen-pistil interactions control pollen hydration, germination and growth through the stylar tissue. The female gametophyte is involved in guiding the growing pollen tube towards the micropyle and embryo sac. One of the two synergids flanking the egg cell starts to degenerate and becomes receptive for pollen tube entry. Pollen tube growth arrests and the tip of the pollen tube ruptures to release the sperm cells. Failures in the mutual interaction between the synergid and the pollen tube necessarily impair fertility. But the control of pollen tube reception is not understood. We isolated a semisterile, female gametophytic mutant from Arabidopsis thaliana, named feronia after the Etruscan goddess of fertility, which impairs this process. In the feronia mutant, embryo sac development and pollen tube guidance were unaffected in all ovules, although one half of the ovules bore mutant female gametophytes. However, when the pollen tube entered the receptive synergid of a feronia mutant female gametophyte, it continued to grow, failed to rupture and release the sperm cells, and invaded the embryo sac. Thus, the feronia mutation disrupts the interaction between the male and female gametophyte required to elicit these processes. Frequently, mutant embryo sacs received supernumerary pollen tubes. We analysed feronia with synergid-specific GUS marker lines, which demonstrated that the specification and differentiation of the synergids was normal. However, GUS expression in mutant gametophytes persisted after pollen tube entry, in contrast to wild-type embryo sacs where it rapidly decreased. Apparently, the failure in pollen tube reception results in the continued expression of synergid-specific genes, probably leading to an extended expression of a potential pollen tube attractant.     

Development of the Female Gametophyte in Hydrobryum griffithii (Podostemaceae)

The development of the female gametophyte in Hydrobryum griffithiiis of the Apinagia type. The chalazal megaspore nucleus of thetwo-nucleate embryo sac completely degenerates, and only themicropylar megaspore nucleus contributes to the four nucleipresent in the organized embryo sac. The female gametophyteconsists of two synergids, an egg and a haploid central cell.The latter degenerates before the entry of the pollen tube andthere is only syngamy. The nucellar cells below the embryo sacorganize into a nucellar plasmodium.     

大花君子兰大小孢子发生与雌雄配子体发育的研究

该研究运用常规石蜡切片技术,对大花君子兰(Clivia miniata Regel)大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体发育进程进行解剖学观察分析,以探讨君子兰生殖生物学解剖特征,为君子兰种子发育和育种提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)大花君子兰花药4室,具分泌型绒毡层。(2)小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为连续型,小孢子四分体为左右对称型,成熟花粉为二细胞型。(3)倒生胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心和雌配子体发育为蓼型。(4)记录了雌雄配子体发育的对应关系,发现雄配子体发育趋于同步,雌配子体发育不同步。(5)开花散粉时,雌配子体尚有处于四核、八核胚囊的时期;成熟胚囊阶段,中央细胞的2个极核位于反足细胞端,反足细胞呈退化状态。具承珠盘结构。