长江口湿地三个演替阶段大型底栖动物群落特征

2001—2005年对长江口新生沙洲九段沙(上沙、中沙、下沙)盐沼演替序列不同阶段[盐渍藻类阶段(SA)、海三棱草(Scirpusmariqueter)—草(Scirpustriqueter)阶段(MT)、芦苇(Phragmitesaus-tralis)—互花米草(Spartinaalterniflora)阶段(AA)]的大型底栖动物群落特征进行了分析研究。大型底栖动物群落的物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、密度及生物量都是MT>AA>SA。SA、AA优势种的生活型分别是底内型、穴居型;MT优势种的生活型是底上附着型和穴居型。不同沙洲相同盐沼演替阶段大型底栖动物群落结构都较为相似,盐渍藻类阶段的相似性最高;不同演替阶段间差别明显,SA和AA间差别最大。不同盐沼演替阶段大型底栖动物群落特征的明显差异,既反映了环境沿盐沼演替序列的梯度变化,也体现了不同盐沼对底栖动物群落作用的差别,同时也显示了大型底栖动物对不同盐沼演替阶段生境的适应。     

河流岸带湿地沉积物重金属分布对植被物种多样性和底栖动物群落特征的影响

河流岸带湿地栖息地完整性对河流水环境、水生态和水文的安全与健康具有重要意义,为探究河流岸带湿地表层沉积物重金属分布特征及其对植被和底栖动物的影响,对滦河干流上中下游河段表层沉积物、植物群落和底栖动物调查分析,采用生物毒性效应系数法和综合潜在生态风险指数法评价沉积物重金属污染特征,采用植被物种多样性指数和底栖动物完整性指数评价滦河植物和底栖动物群落特征,探究岸带湿地沉积物重金属空间分布与植被及底栖动物群落特征之间关系。结果表明,滦河表层沉积物总体呈清洁水平,但不同河段重金属空间分布差异较大,下游重金属生态危害系数和潜在生态风险指数高于上中游。湿地物种调查共识别维管束植物219种,大型无脊椎底栖动物105种,综合评价结果表明下游植物群落物种多样性和底栖动物群落完整性低于上中游。滦河下游岸带湿地沉积物重金属对生物群落具有生物毒性和潜在的生态风险,降低了植被物种多样性和底栖动物群落完整性。大型底栖动物完整性指数能够综合反映底栖动物群落结构特征变化,对河岸带湿地生态健康评价和监测具有重要意义。     

长江口盐沼湿地不同亚生境的大型底栖动物群落组成和多样性差异

2015年7月—2016年6月每月在长江口盐沼湿地采集潮沟、光滩和盐沼(以海三棱藨草为主)三种亚生境的大型底栖动物样本,分析其群落组成和多样性差异。结果表明:共采集到大型底栖动物21种,隶属4门、5纲、15科,以软甲纲(7种)和多毛纲(4种)种类较多;潮沟和盐沼亚生境的优势种无差异;盐沼底栖动物物种数最高,潮沟次之,光滩物种数最低;盐沼底栖动物的密度和生物量均高于其他2种亚生境;三种亚生境的大型底栖动物密度两两间差异显著(P0.05),而生物量无显著差异(P0.05);盐沼底栖动物群落的Shannon多样性指数最高(1.08),光滩次之(1.03),而潮沟最低(0.63);光滩底栖动物群落的Simpson物种丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数值均高于潮沟和盐沼,反映光滩底栖动物群落种类密度的分布相比其他2种亚生境较为均匀;通过群落聚类和非度量多维标度分析发现,盐沼和潮沟亚生境的大型底栖动物群落结构较为相似,而与光滩差异较大,引起两者差异的主要贡献种是谭氏泥蟹、河蚬、背蚓虫等。     

长江口湿地三个演替阶段大型底栖动物群落特征

2001—2005年对长江口新生沙洲九段沙(上沙、中沙、下沙)盐沼演替序列不同阶段［盐渍藻类阶段(SA)、海三棱biao草(Scirpus mariqueter)—biao草(Scirpus triqueter)阶段(MT)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)—互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)阶段(AA)］的大型底栖动物群落特征进行了分析研究。大型底栖动物群落的物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、密度及生物量都是MT>AA>SA。SA、AA优势种的生活型分别是底内型、穴居型；MT优势种的生活型是底上附着型和穴居型。不同沙洲相同盐沼演替阶段大型底栖动物群落结构都较为相似，盐渍藻类阶段的相似性最高；不同演替阶段间差别明显，SA和AA间差别最大。不同盐沼演替阶段大型底栖动物群落特征的明显差异，既反映了环境沿盐沼演替序列的梯度变化，也体现了不同盐沼对底栖动物群落作用的差别，同时也显示了大型底栖动物对不同盐沼演替阶段生境的适应。     

不同生态恢复阶段无瓣海桑人工林湿地中大型底栖动物群落的演替

对广东省珠海市淇澳岛红树林自然保护区恢复背景相同的6个月林龄、3a林龄、6a林龄无瓣海桑人工林和光滩湿地中的大型底栖动物群落进行了比较研究。结果显示:处于不同生态恢复阶段的无瓣海桑人工林林地中大型底栖动物优势种(Y>0.02)存在差异;相似性分析检验(One-Way ANOSIM)表明4种生境间大型底栖动物群落结构差异显著。等级聚类和非参数多变量标序也显示4种生境间的大型底栖动物群落结构差异显著。相似性百分比分析(SIMPER)显示,各生境动物群落主要特征及群落间的差异主要是受各生境大型底栖动物优势种所决定。研究结果还表明:光滩、6个月林龄、3a林龄无瓣海桑人工林湿地中大型底栖动物群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数呈上升趋势,这说明无瓣海桑种植的前3a,随着植被的迅速恢复,大型底栖动物多样性增加明显。BIOENV分析结果表明:3a林龄之前的无瓣海桑人工林湿地中,大型底栖动物物种多样性主要受植被特征的影响,快速恢复的植被提供了荫蔽,既减轻了高温和水分蒸发对大型底栖动物的胁迫,又给动物提供了一个躲藏和逃避敌害的场所。而相对于植被的快速恢复,无瓣海桑人工林林地土壤理化性质的改变要缓慢和滞后得多。但随着恢复时间的延长,6a林龄无瓣海桑人工林湿地中的大型底栖动物群落的上述3个物种多样性指数反而明显下降。这是由于6a林龄无瓣海桑人工林林地土壤已具有红树林酸性硫酸盐土的基本特征,林地土壤理化性质的显著变化影响了大型底栖动物群落,还可能与无瓣海桑提供了和乡土红树植物不同营养水平(如C/N比)和单宁含量的"凋零物"食物源有关,具体机制还需进一步研究。     

长江口新生湿地大型底栖动物群落时空变化格局

为了解长江口新生湿地大型底栖动物时空变化格局,2004年11月—2005年10月对九段沙湿地的3个沙洲以及各主要生境进行了调查。结果表明:九段沙湿地大型底栖动物密度和生物量均呈春季最高,夏、秋季下降,秋季末和冬季回升的趋势,整体生物多样性水平较低,分布不均匀。夏季上沙和中沙底栖动物密度存在显著差异,四季生物密度和生物量空间梯度为下沙>上沙>中沙。由物种组成分析可知,九段沙湿地大型底栖动物群落时空变化与优势种的消长有关。各季海三棱藨草带和藨草带底栖动物密度和生物量最高,芦苇和互花米草次之,光滩区域最低,且群落季节波动大。外来物种互花米草生境下底栖动物群落特征与土著种芦苇生境下无显著差异。     

红树林植被对大型底栖动物群落的影响

大型底栖动物是红树林生态系统的重要组成部分,从红树林大型底栖动物种类、红树林与其周边生境大型底栖动物群落的比较,以及生境变化对动物群落的影响等方面阐述了红树林植被与大型底栖动物群落的关系.从物种数量上看,软体动物和甲壳类动物构成了红树林大型底栖动物的主要部分.影响大型底栖动物分布的环境因素包括海水盐度、潮位和土壤特性等,但在小范围区域,林内动物的分布更多地与红树林植被特性和潮位有关.因此,由于红树林植被破坏或者恢复引起的生境变化,将导致大型底栖动物群落和常见物种种群的变化,尤其对底上动物影响明显;随着人工恢复红树林的发育,林内底栖动物的多样性相应增加,优势种也发生变化.相比位于相同潮位的无植被滩涂,红树林可促进潮间带生物多样性.     

优势种去除对崇明东滩盐沼湿地生态系统的影响

盐沼生态系统环境梯度明显,物种组成较简单,是研究生物多样性与生态系统功能关系的理想对象。本研究以崇明东滩盐沼湿地为研究区域,研究优势种去除对植物群落结构以及底栖动物群落的影响。结果表明:(1)去除处理仅对植物群落分株密度有极显著效应(P0.01)。去除组和对照组物种组成差异随时间增加而减小,处理效应逐渐减弱。(2)去除组底栖动物密度均低于对照组,但差异不显著。(3)盐沼植物群落特征与底栖动物群落有密切关系,植物密度、冠层高度与底栖动物密度相关性极显著。去除优势种后,植物群落分株密度升高,群落内剩余物种占比有所上升,次优势种对群落的补偿效应具有较大贡献;而底栖动物群落密度下降,其生物量和多样性指数的变化趋势与密度并不一致。上述结果表明生物多样性变化影响了盐沼湿地生态系统植物群落和底栖动物群落结构,进而可能影响物质循环和能量流动过程。     

长江口海三棱藨草带生长季大型底栖动物群落变化特征

2006年4—11月对长江口崇明东滩海三棱藨草（Scirpus mariqueter）带大型底栖动物群落进行了定位调查研究。每月1次采用样方法对大型底栖动物和植被进行同步取样；在鉴定、计数和生物量（干重）测定分析的基础上，进行了多样性测度以及聚类、排序等统计分析。研究结果表明，生长季内海三棱藨草带大型底栖动物的多度和生物量整体呈上升趋势，但是月间存在一定波动变化，9月份多度最高，平均为1 536 ind/m2，10月份生物量（干重）最高，平均为21.60 g/m²；不同月份优势类群组成、多度及生物量特征存在明显差异，瓣鳃类仅在部分时段表现出优势特征。物种数整体呈V字型变化特征，在8月份达到最低值。由于种间个体数量分布的变化滞后于整体物种数的变化，Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数的峰谷变化滞后于物种数变化，即物种数在5月份达到最低，而多样性及均匀度指数在6月份达到最小值。海三棱藨草带大型底栖动物群落的月间变化特征，在很大程度上是水文（包括水动力条件）以及植被等因素综合作用的结果，但在不同时期主导因子或者不同因子协同作用不同。它们的直接影响是导致底栖动物种类组成、多度变化，进而改变整体生物量和多样性特征。     

广西北海西村港互花米草对红树林湿地大型底栖动物群落的影响

为了解互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵红树林的生态影响, 作者对位于北海市西村港的红树林湿地以及周边互花米草盐沼的大型底栖动物群落多样性和群落结构进行了研究。2012年10月至2013年9月连续4次取样, 按照取样时间研究大型底栖动物的种类、物种组成、生物量和生物多样性等群落特征的差异, 探讨互花米草入侵红树林湿地对大型底栖动物的影响。本研究共采集底栖动物16种, 隶属于5门7纲15科, 其中互花米草群落10种, 红树林湿地12种。研究发现互花米草入侵后中国绿螂(Glauconome chinensis)个体数量剧增, 导致不同采样时间互花米草盐沼的大型底栖动物生物量均显著高于红树林湿地; 除个别月份外, 红树林湿地大型底栖动物的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均显著高于互花米草群落。基于生境-采样时间的双因素方差分析结果表明, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson指数在两种生境间差异显著; 两种生境的Margalef丰富度和Pielou均匀度指数在不同采样时间差异显著; 大型底栖动物生物量和物种数量在两种生境间和不同采样时间差异均显著。基于多元回归分析的研究结果表明, 互花米草密度是影响大型底栖动物生物量的关键因子, 而互花米草株高可以解释物种个体数量、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson指数在两种生境的变化。对不同采样时间大型底栖动物群落结构的非度量多维度(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)分析结果表明, 红树林与互花米草群落的大型底栖动物群落相似性很低。总而言之, 在西村港地区, 互花米草入侵虽然增加了大型底栖动物的生物量, 但由于优势物种的凸显, 显著降低了大型底栖动物群落的多样性, 且种类组成与群落结构与红树林群落相比已有差异。由此可见, 互花米草入侵红树林对当地的大型底栖动物群落多样性造成影响。     

长江口潮沟大型底栖动物群落的初步研究

通过对长江口崇明东滩潮沟系统与大型底栖无脊椎动物进行取样调查 ,研究了潮沟不同生境的底栖动物群落及其多样性 ,分析了潮沟生境异质性与底栖动物群落的关系。研究发现 :①潮沟剖面中出现明显的动物群落分带现象 ,从潮沟底、潮沟边滩到草滩 ,底栖动物种类、生活型组成和生活类群比例反映了河口潮滩潮沟底栖动物生态系列 ;②密度和生物量的分布皆为潮沟边滩 >草滩 >潮沟底 ,但密度与生物量的面上群 /面下群值格局却有不同 ,说明了密度和生物量的优势生活型和生活类群随潮沟生境的差异而变化 ;③潮沟系统 3种生境的多样性指数D ,H′和J值均为草滩 >潮沟边滩 >潮沟底 ,是潮沟系统生境结构分化的结果。潮沟底和潮沟边滩等特殊生境的存在 ,提高了淤泥质河口潮滩的生境异质性 ,说明了潮沟系统在维持河口生态系统底栖动物物种多样性中的重要作用。     

Zonation of intertidal macrobenthos in the estuaries of Schelde and Ems

Based on data, collected in 1980–1990, the intertidal benthic macrofauna of the Schelde and Ems estuaries was compared. The spatial occurrence of the benthic macrofauna along the salinity gradient, including the freshwater tidal area was emphasized. Both estuaries appeared to have a very similar species composition, especially at genus level. The higher number of species observed in the Schelde estuary was probably due to a greater habitat diversity. In both estuaries species diversity decreased with distance upstream. The total density did not vary along the estuarine gradient, whereas biomass is highest in the polyhaline zone.In both estuaries distinct intertidal benthic communities were observed along the salinity gradient: a marine community in the polyhaline zone, a brackish community in the mesohaline zone, and a third community in the oligohaline and freshwater tidal zones of the estuary. These three communities were very similar between both estuaries. Their main characteristics were discussed together with the occurrence and distribution of the dominant species.For the Schelde estuary and to a lesser extent also for the Ems estuary, there was evidence that anthropogenic stress had a negative effect on the intertidal macrobenthic communities of the oligohaline/freshwater tidal zone. Only Oligochaeta were dominating, whereas the very euryhaline and/or true limnetic species were missing. In the mesohaline zone, the Schelde estuary was dominated by large numbers of short-living, opportunistic species, whereas in the Ems estuary relatively more stable macrobenthic communities were observed. A comparison with some other European estuaries showed in general similar trends as those observed for the Schelde and Ems estuaries.     

闽江河口区淡水和半咸水潮汐沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌多样性

为认识盐度对河口潮汐沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌的影响,应用PCR-RFLP技术及测序分析对闽江河口区淡水-半咸水盐度梯度上分布的4个短叶茳芏潮汐沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌群落结构进行研究。闽江河口区短叶茳芏潮汐沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌群落结构受盐度影响明显,位于下洋洲和塔礁洲的短叶茳芏潮汐淡水沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌的香农-威纳多样性指数值分别为2.81和2.65,位于蝙蝠洲和鳝鱼滩的短叶茳芏潮汐半咸水沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌香农-威纳多样性指数值分别仅为2.33和2.27。系统发育分析表明:短叶茳芏沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌类群主要有甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales),包括Methanobacterium、Methanobrevibacter和Methanobacteriaceae;甲烷微菌目(Methanomicrobiales),主要有Methanoregula,以及甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales),主要有Methanosarcina和Methanococcoides。闽江河口区短叶茳芏潮汐淡水沼泽湿地土壤主要的优势产甲烷菌有Methanoregula、Methanosarcina和Methanobacterium,而短叶茳芏潮汐半咸水沼泽湿地土壤主要的优势产甲烷菌则转化为仅以Methanoregula为主。     

Tidal dispersal of salt marsh insect larvae within the Westerschelde estuary

In the Westerschelde estuary, salt marshes are present as isolated patches fringing the estuary. In the present paper tidal transport of stem-boring larvae of Agapanthia villosoviridescens (Coleoptera) from salt marshes of the upper reaches of the Westerschelde estuary to marshes of the lower reaches is demonstrated. The evidence for the origin of the larvae is based on comparisons of growth and development characteristics of larvae found in flood debris belts and resident larval populations. These characteristics are different on the various salt marshes along the Westerschelde, probably as a result of estuarine gradients. Additional evidence for the larval origin comes from the plant composition of the flood debris. The occurrence of upward tidal transport is discussed. Considering the comparatively large area of salt marshes in the upper estuary, tidal dispersal of larvae probably will be dominated by transport in seaward direction. So far, very little is known on the role of tidal currents with regard to the exchange between salt marsh populations. The present results suggest that tidal transport may not only be important for dispersal of aquatic organisms in an estuary, but also for organisms inhabiting the semi-terrestrial estuarine salt marshes.     

ZOOPLANKTON OF THE MHLATHUZE (RICHARDS BAY) ESTUARY: AN OVERVIEW,WITH COMMENTS ON FRESHWATER REQUIREMENTS

Summary

The Mhlathuze estuary in its present form was established during construction of the Richards Bay harbour during the early 1970s. This paper summarises available data on the zooplankton community as part of a study on the freshwater requirements of the estuary. The zooplankton community indicates a strong marine influence. The large tidal exchange prevents the establishment of a stable estuarine zooplankton community. The possible influences of changes in freshwater input are discussed.     

The zooplankton communities of an artificially divided subtropical coastal estuarine–lake system in South Africa

Nhlabane coastal lake and estuary system in South Africa is divided by a permanent barrage constructed at the outlet of the lake. This study compared the zooplankton assemblages of the lake and estuary systems after 15 years of separation. Before sampling commenced the mouth of the estuary closed and remained so throughout the duration of the study. The lake was completely fresh and the estuary had a low salinity not exceeding 4‰. Both the estuary and lake are shallow systems (less than 2 m) and were well mixed. Turbidity levels were generally below 10 NTUs. Temperature fluctuated seasonally between 18.5 and 30°C. Oxygen levels ranged between 4.3 and 9.9 mg/l but were mostly above 5 mg/l for both systems. The estuarine and lake plankton was dominated by copepod instars, especially of the calanoid Pseudodiaptomus hessei. During the entire study period the lake also supported high densities of rotifers. Rotifers only appeared in the estuarine plankton at the end of the sampling period. During the first sampling sessions zooplankton diversity in the estuary was higher but declined thereafter to levels within the range calculated for the lake. Estuarine relict species recorded reflect the estuarine history of the lake. Multivariate analyses indicated a change in the composition of the zooplankton community in the estuary during the duration of the study, while that of the lake remained comparatively stable. Species composition analyses showed that this change in the estuary was due to a shift from an estuarine to a more freshwater zooplankton assemblage. During this change some estuarine species declined in abundance or were not recorded anymore. These changes in the zooplankton community of the estuary may well illustrate the changes that occurred in the lower (south) section of the lake after completion of the barrage which isolated it from the estuary. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Seasonality in macroinvertebrate community composition across a neglected ecological boundary, the freshwater-estuarine transition zone

The boundary between freshwater and estuarine ecosystems at the extreme head of estuaries has received little attention from benthic ecologists. This short communication addresses this research caveat, presenting preliminary data on the spatial and temporal (seasonal) variation in the composition of benthic macroinvertebrate communities across the transition zone at the head of a small British estuary. Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling ordination demonstrated that a distinct community occurred at a point just preceding the recognised transition between fresh and brackish waters (salinity <0.2PSU). This transition community contained a mixture of freshwater and estuarine taxa and, despite seasonal migrations at the head of the estuary, community structure remained significantly distinct from that at adjacent sites throughout the year. These preliminary data suggest that the community dynamics across the transition zone show complex patterns and may offer an important research opportunity in aquatic ecology.     

长江口底栖动物功能群分布格局及其变化

用功能群方法对长江口南岸潮滩底栖动物与河口环境梯度和生境变化的关系进行了研究。根据底栖动物的取食类型,运动能力和摄食机制进行了功能群的划分。共鉴别出55种栖动物,并将其划分为15种功能群类型,均表现出沿长江口南岸河口梯度的逐渐变化的分布格局,底栖动物物种数和功能群类型数主要表现出与河口盐度梯度呈正相关的动物地理分布格局,沿着河口梯度,不同的采样断面,优势功能群不同。在河口下游,功能群类型多样化,各种食性类型,不同运动能力及各种摄食机制抽功能群皆有;而生境较单一的河口上游和受污染较严重的断面,功能群类型较少,沿着河口梯度,最显著的变化是固着生活和以触手摄食的功能群的迅速消失,底栖动物功能群多样性是对河口环境梯度和生境质量的综合反映。     

A Numerical Study of Local Variations in Tidal Regime of Tagus Estuary,Portugal

Tidal dynamics of shallow estuaries and lagoons is a complex matter that has attracted the attention of a large number of researchers over the last few decades. The main purpose of the present work is to study the intricate tidal dynamics of the Tagus estuary, which states as the largest estuary of the Iberian Peninsula and one of the most important wetlands in Portugal and Europe. Tagus has large areas of low depth and a remarkable geomorphology, both determining the complex propagation of tidal waves along the estuary of unknown manner. A non-linear two-dimensional vertically integrated hydrodynamic model was considered to be adequate to simulate its hydrodynamics and an application developed from the SIMSYS2D model was applied to study the tidal propagation along the estuary. The implementation and calibration of this model revealed its accuracy to predict tidal properties along the entire system. Several model runs enabled the analysis of the local variations in tidal dynamics, through the interpretation of amplitude and phase patterns of the main tidal constituents, tidal asymmetry, tidal ellipses, form factor and tidal dissipation. Results show that Tagus estuary tidal dynamics is extremely dependent on an estuarine resonance mode for the semi-diurnal constituents that induce important tidal characteristics. Besides, the estuarine coastline features and topography determines the changes in tidal propagation along the estuary, which therefore result essentially from a balance between convergence/divergence and friction and advection effects, besides the resonance effects.