在条锈菌侵染早期小麦初生叶内多聚核糖体水平与蛋白质合成能力…

小麦初生叶接种条锈菌毒性生理小种及其弱毒突变菌系后,呈不亲和反应的寄主叶片可溶性蛋白质合成能力在接种后２４ｈ显著高于未接种对照,但其后逐渐降低,直到接近对照,而呈亲和性反应的寄生叶片可溶性蛋白质合成在侵染早期与对照相近,但与膜结合蛋白质在９６ｈ时大大高于对照。对接种叶中核糖体的密度梯度分析证实。呈不亲和反应寄主叶片游离多聚核糖体及亲和反应的寄主内与膜结合多核糖体均有特异性增加,上述结果表明寄主的抗     

感染条锈病的小麦初生叶中RNA的合成（简报）

同一小麦品种接种条锈菌同一生理小种的野生及弱毒突变菌系后，表现亲和反应的叶片中RNA的合成高于未接种对照，侵染初期及显症至产孢阶段表现尤甚。而呈不亲和反应叶片在侵染初期虽也高于对照，但幅度不及亲和反应叶片，此后RNA合成能力逐渐降低，立至低于对照。呈现条锈病不同反应型的不亲和反应叶片也略有差别。     

条锈菌侵染过程中小麦叶片水分关系的变化

以条绣菌２９号小种（ＣＹ－２９）及其弱毒突变菌系（ＣＹ２９－ｍｕｔ３）分期接种小麦幼苗一叶,同期对条锈菌侵染过程中亲和性反应与不亲和性反应寄主－病原组合接种叶片水分关系的变化进行测定。结果表明,两种组合间存在显著的差异。亲和性反应寄主病叶的主要变化如下：（１）潜育期气孔开放受到明显抑制,压力势（ψＰ）轻微升高;（２）显症至产孢前病叶叶片扩散阻力（ＬＤＲ）、相对含水量（ＲＷＣ）和ψＰ轻微下降,蒸腾速     

条锈菌侵染初期小麦初生叶内可翻译mRNA的变化

小麦条锈菌毒性小种及其无毒性突变型侵染初期,是不亲和反应的小麦叶片内可翻译ｍＲＮＡ水平迅速增加,而呈亲和反应叶片的增加幅度小且滞后。同时前者的Ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ＋）－ＲＮＡ水平高于未接种对照,后者低于对照。３２Ｐ标记实验证实不亲和反应叶片Ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ＋）－ＲＮＡ的合成增加早于亲和反应叶片。Ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ＋）－ＲＮＡ体外翻译产物经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分离后,放射自显影图谱显示一些多肽条带的３５Ｓ－Ｍｅｔ相对掺入量有定量差异。     

小麦条锈病罹病植株对水分胁迫的响应

水分胁迫时,小麦条锈病病叶的叶片扩散阻力（ＬＤＲ）明显增大,蒸腾速率（Ｔｐ）、相对含水量（ＲＷＣ）、水势（Ψｗ）、渗透势（Ψπ）和压力势（Ψｐ）明显降低。亲和与不亲和性反应寄主病叶对水分胁迫的反应明显不同。亲和性反应寄主叶片在水分胁迫时表现出较低的反应型,产孢期推迟;Ｔｐ、ＬＤＲ、ＲＷＣ、Ψｗ、Ψｐ和Ψπ在产孢前轻微下降或高;在开始产孢后病叶Ｔｐ急剧升高,ＬＤＲ、Ｔｐ、ＲＷＣ、Ψｗ、Ψπ和Ψｐ大幅     

烟草愈伤组织继代培养和分化期间蛋白质代谢的比较研究

柳叶烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)愈伤组织在分化和芽原基形成期间,与继代增殖培养物比较,蛋白质含量与蛋白水解酶活性均缓慢上升;组分Ⅱ(水溶性蛋白与酶蛋白)蛋白质和核糖体组蛋白的合成速率都明显高于继代培养物;分化组织中总核糖体水平,特别是执行蛋白质合成功能的多聚核糖体的构建也都高于继代培养物。显然,分化培养愈伤组织较继代培养物有更高的蛋白质合成作用;而且组织分化和芽原基形成所需合成的新蛋白组分是与继代增殖生长的不同。继代培养后期,蛋白水解酶活性迅速升高,多聚核糖体相对量与蛋白质合成速率均明显下降,蛋白质含量急剧降低,表现出继代培养物开始衰老的代谢特征。此时期的分化培养组织,随着芽原基的继续生长,虽然蛋白质合成速率、多聚核糖体水平与蛋白质含量较前期有所降低,但都明显高于同时期的继代培养愈伤组织。     

不同抗病性小麦品种上白粉菌吸器发育超微结构研究

利用电镜技术对不同抗病性小麦品种上白粉菌吸器发育及相应寄生细胞变化的超微结构进行了研究,并对吸器的Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性及几丁质的分布进行了细胞化学定位分析,结果表明,小麦白粉菌（Ｂｈｕｍｅｒｉａｇｒａｎｉｎｉｓｆ．ｓｐ．ｔｒｉｔｉｃｉ）成熟吸器在内部结构上类似一个代谢活跃的菌丝细胞,有大量的线粒体和多聚核糖体,Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶主要被定位在寄主质膜及病菌核膜上,随吸器的不断发育,吸器外膜厚度     

不同抗病性小麦品种上白粉菌吸器发育超微结构研究

利用电镜技术对不同抗病性小麦品种上白粉菌吸器发育及相应寄主细胞变化的超微结构进行了研究,并对吸器的Ca2+－ATP酶活性及几丁质的分布进行了细胞化学定位分析。结果表明,小麦白粉菌（Blumeriagraminisf．sp.tritici）成熟吸器在内部结构上类似一个代谢活跃的菌丝细胞,有大量的线粒体和多聚核糖体;Ca2+－ATP酶主要被定位在寄主质膜及病菌核膜上;随吸器的不断发育,吸器外膜厚度增加,同时Ca2+-ATP酶活性增强。几丁质均匀地分布在吸器壁上,其含量随吸器的成熟而增加。在不同抗病性小麦品种上,吸器细胞核最先退化,然后是线粒体的液泡化和多聚核糖体的解聚。中抗寄主细胞内的吸器普遍退化较早,相当一部分在吸器中心体阶段已解体。此外,高感寄主表皮细胞与叶肉细胞之间有发达的胞间连丝;而且在吸器形成后,能比中抗寄主细胞更快地增殖和聚积大量与能量代谢、物质合成及分泌活动有关的细胞器。     

苹果树腐烂病菌不同致病力菌株对苹果的诱导效应

以‘富士’苹果叶片为材料, 采用刺伤接种法, 比较了苹果树腐烂病菌强致病菌LXS080601和弱致病菌LXS081501侵染对寄主体内丙二醛（MDA）含量、渗透调节物质及防御酶活性的影响。结果表明, 两菌株侵染后, 叶片MDA、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量均增加, 接种LXS080601叶片MDA含量快速上升, 最大增幅为141.15%, 而接种LXS081501叶片的MDA含量变化较小, 增幅仅为1.16%-16.24%, 但后者可溶性糖和蛋白质含量增幅分别高达158.12%和113.57%, 显著高于接种LXS080601的处理。同时, 两菌株均能诱导叶片内4种防御酶活性的升高, 但LXS081501诱导的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性均显著高于LXS080601, 说明不同致病力腐烂病菌对寄主防御酶活性的影响存在显著差异。     

小麦与叶锈菌互作过程中的H2O2与HR

以小麦品种洛夫林10为材料,与叶锈菌生理小种165和260分别组成亲和组合和不亲和组合.以荧光探针DCFHDA标记H2O2的变化,并借助荧光显微镜原位地直观显现了叶锈菌侵染过程中小麦叶片中H2O2的动态变化.结果表明,亲和组合中H2O2爆发表现为单峰曲线,峰值出现在接种后12h;不亲和组合中表现为双峰曲线.峰值分别出现在接种后12h和20h,第二个峰比第一个高约一倍,且不亲和组合中H2O2爆发的强度远远大于亲和组合.另外,通过药理学试验,采用活体注射法对小麦叶片在接种叶锈菌小种260之前分别预注射抗氧化药物AsA、DTT以及NADPH氧化酶抑制剂DPI和咪唑.观察这些药物对不亲和组合中寄主叶片产生的H2O2和HR的影响.结果表明,抗氧化药物和NADPH氧化酶抑制剂均使寄主叶片中H2O2爆发的强度降低,表现在两个H2O2峰均受到抑制,其中第二个峰受抑制的程度更明显,同时寄主细胞发生HR的面积减小.     

小麦条锈病罹病植株对水分胁迫的响应

水分胁迫时,小麦条锈病病叶的叶片扩散阻力(LDR)明显增大,蒸腾速率(Tp)、相对含水量(RWC)、水势(ψw)、渗透势(ψπ)和压力势(ψp)明显降低。亲和与不亲和性反应寄主病叶对水分胁迫的反应明显不同。亲和性反应寄主叶片在水分胁迫时表现出较低的反应型,产孢期推迟;Tp、LDR、RWC、ψw、ψp和ψπ在产孢前轻微下降或升高;在开始产孢后病叶Tp急剧升高,LDR、Tp、RWC、ψw、ψπ和ψp大幅降低,在健叶尚可有效控制水分蒸腾散失时病叶已丧失了这种能力。不亲和性反应寄主病叶的蒸腾作用在显症期亦有轻微变化,但之后病叶Tp、LDR、RWC和ψw渐趋健叶水平,并保持了较健叶更低的ψπ和更高的ψw,具备了更强的水分调控能力。病株健叶与病叶具有相似的气孔行为。     

Changes in proteins and isoenzymes in leaves of wheat when infected by stem rust

Summary Biuret assay, gel electrophoresis and immunochemistry were used to study concentrations, forms and activities of proteins of uredospores of Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici, in healthy wheat leaves, wheat leaves that had been inoculated with incompatible races of stem rust and leaves which had become rusted.The soluble proteins of primary leaves increased by 25–117% following infection by compatible races of stem rust. There was a corresponding decrease of proteins in uninfected younger leaves. Infection by an incompatible strain of rust led to a temporary 29% increase in soluble proteins.Immunoelectrophoresis and gel electrophoresis of infected leaves showed the presence in them of the forms of malate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, catalase and -amylase characteristic of the rust fungus. In the infected leaves, the activity of certain bands of host glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and catalase changed with the development of the pathogen; the malate dehydrogenase and -amylase of the host were unaffected. In leaves inoculated with an incompatible race there were no obvious changes of any of these enzymes.     

小麦叶绿体信号识别颗粒54基因的克隆与分析

根据LWSRC336(GenBank登录号为EV254029)的cDNA序列设计引物,从受条锈菌(Puccinia striifor-misf.sp.tritici)诱导的小麦幼叶中提取总RNA,采用RACE与RT-PCR相结合的技术对该基因克隆.测序结果表明,扩增片段长度为1 725 bp,其中包含一个编码481个氨基酸的开放阅读框,与水稻的叶绿体信号识别颗粒54蛋白高度同源.实时荧光定量PCR分析结果显示,该基因在受条锈菌诱导下,在亲和组合中表达趋势明显下调,而在非亲合组合中的表达在24 h之前呈下降趋势,到24 h最低,在72 h又恢复到正常水平,随后又下降.推测条锈菌侵染小麦后,影响了叶绿体蛋白的运输,进而影响了小麦的光合作用.     

Effect of Rust Infection on Cell Walls of Barley and Wheat; Immunocytochemistry Using Anti-Barley Thionin as a Probe

Polyclonal antiserum prepared against barley cell wall thionin was used to localize and quantitate immunoreactive material on the cellular level in healthy and rust-infected leaves of barley and wheat. Three types of sites were used for the immunocytochemical analysis: as control sites, mesophyll cell walls were selected in uninoculated leaves, and in leaves that were inoculated with rust but where the sites were not in contact with the pathogen: these were compared with mesophyll cell walls that were in contact with intercellular rust hyphae in inoculated leaves.
Similar amounts of cell wall thionin were detected in all 3 barley cultivars before inoculation. At sites where intercellular hyphae of Puccinia hordei had made contact with mesophyll cell walls, less thionin was found in the compatible host cv. Larker, but in incompatible hosts (cvs. Gold and Bolivia) the thionin concentration did not differ from that of the controls.
Two cultivars of wheat were studied with respect to immunoreactive material in their mesophyll cell walls, the universal rust suscept cv. Little Club and the highly rust-resistant cv. Khapli. Before inoculation, leaves of cv. Khapli contained about twice the amount of immunoreactive material in mesophyll cell walls than those of cv. Little Club. This relation was unchanged in walls that had made contact with P. graminis tritici , but in non-contacted walls of infected cv. Little Club leavest, he concentration of this material had risen to levels typical for those of cv. Khapli. Tests for immunoreactive material with pre-embedding cytochemistry yielded negative results, indicating that it is not exposed on the surface of mesophyll walls in barley and wheat.     

Peroxidase Activity in Leaves of Wheat Cultivars Differing in Resistance to Erysiphe graminis DC.

The peroxidase activities in leaves from resistant and susceptible cultivars of wheat infected and non-infected by Erysiphe graminis DC were studied. In non-infected wheat, soluble and ionic bound peroxidase activity level was found to be higher in the resistant cultivar than that in the one susceptible to Erysiphe graminis DC. After infecting wheat leaves with Erysiphe graminis DC a remarkable increase in the activity of soluble and ionic bound peroxidases was detected 5 days after inoculation only in the resistant cultivar. In the susceptible cultivar a high increase in the activity of the soluble and ionic bound peroxidases occurred only 15 days after inoculation. Using ion exchange chromatography four peroxidase fractions were obtained from infected susceptible and resistant cultivars as from non-infected ones. The fraction II in non-inoculated resistant cultivars was much higher than that in the susceptible one. This fraction increased after inoculation in both cases reaching a higher level in resistant cultivars. Fraction I was higher in the susceptible cultivar. Electrofocusing profiles of peroxidase from the susceptible and resistant cultivar differed from one another. New peroxidase bands after inoculation appeared only in the resistant cultivar.     

Induced chitinase activity in resistant wheat leaves inoculated with an incompatible race of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici,the causal agent of yellow rust disease

Chitinase specific activity was measured spectrophotometrically in wheat leaf tissues during the compatible and incompatible interactions with Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the causal agent of yellow rust disease. The wheat cultivar, Federation^* 4/Kavkaz, was inoculated with virulent (134E134A+) or avirulent (4EOA+) races of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici in the first leaf stage. The results showed that chitinase activity pattern was similar in both compatible and incompatible interactions up to 72 hrs after inoculation. However, the specific activity increased rapidly in the incompatible reaction thereafter. In susceptible reaction, chitinase activity gradually declined after 72 hrs post-inoculation reaching a level similar to that in the control plants two weeks after inoculation. Chitinase specific activity in resistance response was at least three times greater than that in the susceptible reaction two weeks following the inoculation. Electrophoresis of native polyacrylamide gel impregnated with 0.1% (w/v) glycol chitinas the substrate revealed the presence of eight chitinase isoforms with relative electrophoretic mobility (R_m) values ranging from 0.11 to 0.64 in the resolving gel. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Rapid induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase mRNAs during fungus infection of soybean (Glycine max L.) roots or elicitor treatment of soybean cell cultures at the onset of phytoalexin synthesis

The differential regulation of the activities and amounts of mRNAs for two enzymes involved in isoflavonoid phytoalexin biosynthesis in soybean was studied during the early stages after inoculation of primary roots with zoospores from either race 1 (incompatible, host resistant) or race 3 (compatible, host susceptible) of Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea, the causal fungus of root rot disease. In the incompatible interaction, cloned cDNAs were used to demonstrate that the amounts of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase mRNAs increased rapidly at the time of penetration of fungal germ tubes into epidermal cell layers (1–2 h after inoculation) concomitant with the onset of phytoalxxin accumulation; highest levels were reached after about 7 h. In the compatible interaction, only a slight early enhancement of mRNA levels was found and no further increase occurred until about 9 h after inoculation. The time course for changes in the activity of chalcone synthase mRNA also showed major differences between the incompatible and compatible interaction. The observed kinetics for the stimulation of mRNA expression related to phytoalexin synthesis in soybean roots lends further support to the hypothesis that phytoalexin production is an early defense response in the incompatible plant-fungus interaction. The kinetics for the enhancement of mRNA expression after treatment of soybean cell suspension cultures with a glucan elicitor derived from P. megasperma cell walls was similar to that measured during the early stages of the resistant response of soybean roots.Abbreviations cDNA copy DNA - CHS chalcone synthase - PAL phenylalanine ammonia-lyase