异色瓢虫法国种群对豆蚜的捕食效应

异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)的法国种群具有飞行能力较低的特点,在生物防治方面可能更具利用价值。为了使其更好的在田间应用,本文进行了异色瓢虫的法国种群各龄幼虫及雌、雄成虫对豆蚜的捕食功能比较研究。结果表明:各龄幼虫及雌、雄成虫对豆蚜捕食功能反应符合Holling II模型,检验各圆盘方程理论值和实测值拟合较好。同一虫态在不同空间水平对蚜虫的捕食能力有显著差异,在广口瓶处理中(较大空间),1～4龄幼虫及雌、雄成虫的最大理论捕食量分别为4.51、83.33、111.12、166.67、190及200头;不同虫期及成虫的瞬间攻击率a为3龄>4龄>雄虫>雌虫>2龄>1龄,且1龄的处理时间Th最长(0.2225);在培养皿处理中(较小空间),1～4龄幼虫及雌、雄成虫的最大理论捕食量分别为6.17、19.23、45.45、100、142.86、111.11头,不同虫期的瞬间攻击率a为2龄>3龄>雄虫>4龄>1龄>雌虫,且4龄的处理时间Th最长(0.1624)。     

黄玛草蛉对木瓜粉蚧的捕食作用评价

为明确黄玛草蛉Mallada basalis(Walker)对木瓜粉蚧Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink的捕食作用,在实验室条件下观察了黄玛草蛉2龄、3龄幼虫对木瓜粉蚧2龄、3龄若虫及成虫的捕食选择偏好,同时采用捕食功能反应方法评价了黄玛草蛉2龄、3龄幼虫对木瓜粉蚧各虫态的捕食效能.结果表明,黄玛草蛉2龄、3龄幼虫偏好捕食木瓜粉蚧若虫,对木瓜粉蚧各虫态的捕食量均随着猎物密度的增加而增加符合HollingⅡ模型.其中,黄玛草蛉3龄幼虫具有较高的捕食能力,其对木瓜粉蚧2龄、3龄若虫及成虫的日最大捕食量分别为116头、81头和19头,a/Th值(a为瞬时攻击率,Th为处置单头猎物时间)分别为284.76、134.26和28.38.黄玛草蛉幼虫对猎物的寻找效应随猎物密度的增加而呈线性下降,且在相同猎物密度条件下,黄玛草蛉3龄幼虫对猎物的搜寻效应明显高于2龄幼虫.研究结果表明,黄玛草蛉对木瓜粉蚧具有较好的捕食能力.     

叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)是2019年新入侵我国的重大农业害虫,已对我国的农作物产生严重为害,筛选、利用本地天敌控制草地贪夜蛾是实现可持续控制的一个重要途径。叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellate(Wolff)是一种广泛分布于热带、亚热带地区的捕食性天敌,是许多鳞翅目、鞘翅目、半翅目害虫的潜在生防因子。本文采用捕食功能反应方法评价了叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食效能。研究结果表明,叉角厉蝽3龄、5龄若虫以及雌、雄成虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄及5龄幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling-Ⅱ方程。在饱和猎物密度条件下,叉角厉蝽各虫态对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的平均日最大捕食量依次为32.20头(5龄若虫)19.40头(雌成虫)18.20头(雄成虫)6.60头(3龄若虫),a/Th值(a为瞬时攻击率,Th为处置单头猎物时间)为82.25(5龄若虫)40.39(雌成虫)36.12(雄成虫)17.19(3龄若虫);叉角厉蝽各虫态对草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫的平均日最大捕食量依次为7.80头(5龄若虫)6.40头(雌成虫)5.50头(雄成虫)4.60头(3龄若虫),a/Th值为11.36(5龄若虫)10.75(雌成虫)9.63(雄成虫)7.45(3龄若虫)。本研究表明叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫具较强的捕食能力,尤其是5龄若虫、雌成虫和雄成虫。研究结果为利用叉角厉蝽防控草地贪夜蛾提供了理论依据,也为其田间释放应用提供技术支撑。     

人工饲料饲养的叉角厉蝽对昆虫的捕食能力评价

叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellate(Wolff)是广泛分布于热带亚热带地区的一种重要捕食性天敌昆虫。为评估人工饲料饲养的叉角厉蝽的捕食能力,在实验室采用捕食功能反应的方法,以黄粉虫作为中介猎物饲养的叉角厉蝽为对照,评价了人工饲料饲养的叉角厉蝽3龄若虫、5龄若虫以及雌成虫对黄粉虫Tenebriomolitor(L.)幼虫及斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)3龄幼虫、5龄幼虫的捕食效能。结果表明,两种饲料饲养的不同虫态叉角厉蝽的捕食量均随着猎物密度的增加而上升,当猎物密度增加到一定水平,捕食量趋于稳定,其捕食功能反应均符合HollingII模型。人工饲料组饲养的各虫态叉角厉蝽与对照组的对黄粉虫幼虫的捕食量没有明显差异;在饱和猎物密度条件下,人工饲料饲养的叉角厉蝽3龄若虫、5龄若虫以及雌成虫对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为7.20、9.20、14.60头,对斜纹夜蛾5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别4.20、5.80、6.20头,均略低于对照组,但从取食猎物数量上来看,仍保持较强的捕食能力。     

多异瓢虫与七星瓢虫、大草蛉不同虫态间的集团内捕食

多异瓢虫、七星瓢虫和大草蛉是控制蚜虫重要的广谱捕食性天敌昆虫,为明确这些昆虫间的集团内捕食效应与个体发育阶段的关系,观察了多异瓢虫与七星瓢虫、大草蛉各虫态(蛹除外)之间的集团内捕食效应。设置30个虫态(虫龄)组合处理,于温室盆栽棉花(无蚜虫)上接种等量的试虫,观察24 h后的存活数量。结果表明,当参与双方的虫态不同时,晚期虫态的存活数量显著大于早期虫态;当参与双方的幼虫龄期不同时,高龄幼虫的存活数量显著大于低龄幼虫;成虫对卵、1龄和4龄幼虫的捕食程度随虫龄增大而呈抛物线增大,存在显著的二次函数关系。当参与双方的虫态(龄)相同时,多异瓢虫成虫的存活数量显著小于七星瓢虫,但大于大草蛉成虫;多异瓢虫幼虫(1龄和4龄)的存活数量显著小于大草蛉,而与七星瓢虫没有显著差异。研究结果说明,在没有集团外猎物(蚜虫)存在的情况下,多异瓢虫与七星瓢虫、大草蛉之间的集团内捕食效应只在参与者的虫态或虫龄不同时取决于发育阶段,而当参与者虫态或虫龄相同时,还取决于其他因素。     

不同虫态叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的室内捕食作用

为了明确叉角厉蝽 Eocanthecona furcellate (Wolff)对草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith)幼虫的控制作用,在实验室条件下测定了叉角厉蝽不同虫态对草地贪夜蛾不同龄期幼虫的捕食能力,研究了该蝽捕食功能反应、搜寻效应以及种内干扰作用。结果表明,叉角厉蝽3龄若虫、5龄若虫、成虫均可捕食草地贪夜蛾幼虫,总体呈现叉角厉蝽低龄若虫捕食草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的数量较多,高龄若虫和成虫捕食中间龄期幼虫数量较多的规律;叉角厉蝽3个虫态对草地贪夜蛾2~3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling II方程和HollingⅢ型功能反应新模型;5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾2~3龄幼虫的捕食效能(a/Th)最强（214.0）、日最大捕食量(1/Th)最大（256.4头）。不同虫态叉角厉蝽的搜寻效应与草地贪夜蛾密度均呈负相关。建立了叉角厉蝽成虫密度、草地贪夜蛾4龄幼虫密度对捕食作用的干扰反应方程,干扰作用发生后该蝽的平均捕食量和捕食作用率均逐渐下降。本研究结果可为田间释放叉角厉蝽防治草地贪夜蛾提供依据。     

虫龄对蠋蝽捕食斜纹夜蛾幼虫行为参数的影响

捕食行为是评价捕食性天敌控制害虫作用的重要依据,常用的数学模型估计捕食行为参数或者在没有植物存在的微生境中直接观测捕食行为的方法,往往会高估或低估捕食性天敌的控害作用。为评价龄期如何影响蠋蝽(Arma chinensis)对斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)幼虫的捕食作用,本研究将蠋蝽不同龄期若虫(2、3、4和5龄)和斜纹夜蛾不同龄期幼虫(1、2、3和4龄)交叉组合为16个处理,接至盆栽大豆(Glycine max)苗上,连续观测蠋蝽若虫的捕食行为,分析在遭遇不同龄期猎物时蠋蝽若虫的捕食行为随自身龄期增大的变化趋势。结果表明:在遭遇1、2或4龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫时,蠋蝽若虫的处理猎物时间随自身龄期增大表现出二次方曲线下降的趋势;在遭遇3龄幼虫时,处理时间表现出三次方曲线性下降的趋势。在遭遇2、3或4龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫时,蠋蝽若虫的捕食量随自身龄期增长表现出直线增大的趋势;在遭遇1龄幼虫时捕食量表现出"中间高两端低"的变化趋势。蠋蝽若虫的刺扎次数不受自身龄期的影响,仅受斜纹夜蛾幼虫龄期的影响。在遭遇2龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫时,蠋蝽若虫的捕食成功率仅随自身龄期增大呈直线上升趋势;在遭遇1、3、4龄幼虫时,捕食成功率与自身龄期无关。研究结果说明,在利用捕食行为参数评价蠋蝽对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的捕食作用时,需同时考虑蠋蝽和猎物的虫龄大小。     

叶色草蛉的生物学研究Ⅱ.种群干扰和搜索行为(英文)

研究了叶色草蛉对棉蚜的搜索行为及其自身的种群干扰行为。结果表明:1)在两处地点的4种试验容器即培养皿、养虫器、内置障碍物的养虫器和内置盆栽棉花的笼罩中,草蛉幼虫的捕食效率因猎物的密度而变化。其捕食常数(Q)和干扰系数(m)随密度的增加而增大,但随空间异质性的增加而减小;2)在笼罩的棉株上,一龄和二龄草蛉幼虫每天的食蚜量分别为13.6头和29.4头。幼虫较多地在上部叶片上捕食棉蚜;3)在笼罩的棉株上,无论是一龄幼虫还是二龄幼虫草蛉都更多地停留在下部的棉叶上,且在上部叶片和下部叶片上的草蛉幼虫的百分率存在明显差异     

异色飘虫幼虫对桃大尾蚜的捕食作用

试验研究了异色飘虫二－四龄幼虫对桃大尾蚜低龄和高龄若蚜的捕食作用,对低龄若蚜的捕食作用,三龄幼虫的捕食量在猎物密度为40头以上时显著高于二龄幼虫,四龄幼虫的捕食量在猎物密度为70头以上时显著高于三龄幼虫。对高龄若蚜的捕食作用,三龄幼虫的捕食量在猎物密度为20头以上时显著或极显著高于二龄幼虫,四龄幼虫的捕食量在猎物密度为30头以上时显著高于三龄幼虫。异色飘虫二－四龄幼虫对桃大尾蚜低龄和高龄若蚜的捕食功能反应均为HollingⅡ型。用a/Th来评价天敌对害虫的控制能力,异色飘虫蚴虫龄期愈大,对桃大尾蚜控制作用愈强。     

不同龄期异色瓢虫对烟蚜的捕食潜能研究

异色瓢虫是烟田烟蚜的优势天敌种类之一,本文在室内进行了异色瓢虫成虫及各龄幼虫对烟草蚜虫的捕食功能反应试验,采用Holling-Ⅱ型功能反应模型进行拟合以明确其捕食潜能,利用Hassell模型和Watt模型拟合并测定了异色瓢虫种内干扰以及自身密度对烟蚜捕食作用的影响,结果表明:异色瓢虫各虫态对烟蚜的捕食量有明显的差异,在相同的烟蚜密度条件下,异色瓢虫4龄幼虫的日最大捕食量最大,为107.41头;其次是成虫,其日最大捕食量为94.34头;3龄幼虫、2龄幼虫和1龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为40.32头、14.25头和12.15头。在一定空间和相同比例猎物存在的条件下,种内干扰作用对1龄异色瓢虫幼虫的捕食量影响最为明显,干扰常数为1.1731,而对4龄幼虫干扰最小。各虫态自身密度对其捕食作用的干扰效应明显,1-4龄异色瓢虫幼虫以及成虫的竞争参数b值分别为0.5199、0.1848、0.1351、0.6757、0.6528。本研究表明异色瓢虫对烟蚜捕食潜力很大,尤其是4龄幼虫及成虫对烟蚜具有较大的捕食潜能。     

云南板栗的种质资源

通过对云南省１４个地区（州）７２个县板栗产区的调查与种质收集,观察和测定,基本摸清了全省板栗的分布和种质资源,发现云南省板栗种质多样性十分丰富,坚果总体品质优良,并从生物学和生态地理学上分析该省板栗多样性形成的基础,认为云南省板栗品质兼有暖温带地区板栗的甜糯、美观的色泽以及亚热带地区板栗含水量较高的特点,是我国亚热带板栗分布区的一个独特产区,在调查分析基础上初选出了３０个优良单株。     

A methodology to evaluate disease severity: a case study of chestnut blight in El Bierzo region (northwestern Spain)

Correct knowledge of the incidence and severity of disease is essential for implementation of timely and effective management control strategies. In this article, multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) is applied to evaluate the severity of chestnut blight incited by the ascomyceteous fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. This economically important bark disease leads to the loss of an important part of the chestnut production and the progressive death of the tree. A total of 7240 living European chestnut (Castanea sativa) trees across 452 plots were surveyed in El Bierzo, NW Spain. For each tree, the main stem and canopy were visually assessed for signs of the pathogen and/or symptoms of the disease and the extent of the disease was classified on a qualitative ordinal scale consisting of six levels. The statistical procedure is useful because it quickly analyses measurable, discrete observations from assessed individuals to provide a disease severity measure related to tree features and disease extension inside the tree. The results indicated that the penetration of the pathogen is located in the lower part of the crown and spreads to the tips of the branches in the upper part of the crown. Thus, our results suggest that man‐made wounds, when the tree was grafted or pruned, are the main channel of pathogen penetration in El Bierzo region. Disease severity estimates and incidence data for C. parasitica across the region were compared. From the perspective of the management and control of the disease, a disease severity value provides a more accurate indication of the scenario of the disease in a region than presence or absence data alone.     

Tree Diversity Limits the Impact of an Invasive Forest Pest

The impact of invasive herbivore species may be lower in more diverse plant communities due to mechanisms of associational resistance. According to the “resource concentration hypothesis” the amount and accessibility of host plants is reduced in diverse plant communities, thus limiting the exploitation of resources by consumers. In addition, the “natural enemy hypothesis” suggests that richer plant assemblages provide natural enemies with more complementary resources and habitats, thus promoting top down regulation of herbivores. We tested these two hypotheses by comparing crown damage by the invasive Asian chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus) on chestnut trees (Castanea sativa) in pure and mixed stands in Italy. We estimated the defoliation on 70 chestnut trees in 15 mature stands sampled in the same region along a gradient of tree species richness ranging from one species (chestnut monocultures) to four species (mixtures of chestnut and three broadleaved species). Chestnut defoliation was significantly lower in stands with higher tree diversity. Damage on individual chestnut trees decreased with increasing height of neighboring, heterospecific trees. These results suggest that conservation biological control method based on tree species mixtures might help to reduce the impact of the Asian chestnut gall.     

Effects of transgenic American chestnut leaf litter on growth and survival of wood frog larvae

Biotechnology offers a new approach for the restoration of tree species affected by exotic pathogens; however, nontarget impacts of this novel strategy on other organisms have not been comprehensively assessed. We evaluated the effect of transgenic American chestnut (Castanea dentata) leaf litter on the growth and survival of larval wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus), a forest‐dwelling amphibian species widely sympatric with American chestnut, that forage almost entirely on periphyton and litter detritus that accumulate in temporary vernal pools in forests. We reared wood frog larvae on Castanea leaf litter (American chestnut genetically engineered for blight tolerance, nontransgenic American chestnut, Chinese chestnut [Castanea mollissima], and an American–Chinese chestnut hybrid) and litter from two non‐Castanea, nontransgenic “control” tree species, coupled with two levels of supplementary food. We observed no differences in growth or survival of wood frog larvae reared on transgenic versus nontransgenic American chestnut leaves. Without supplementary food, wood frog larvae provided leaves from American chestnut (both types) developed faster and grew larger than those exposed to other leaf litter treatments. Results of this study provide preliminary evidence that (1) American chestnut may have formerly been an important source of food for forest‐dwelling amphibians and (2) transgenic American chestnut litter generated as part of chestnut restoration efforts is unlikely to present direct novel risks to developing amphibian larvae in the forest environment.     

针叶小爪螨研究进展

针叶小爪螨是我国南方用材树种杉木和北方经济林树种板栗上的主要害螨。本文综述了20世纪70年代以来国内外有关针叶小爪螨的生物学、生态学、防治等方面的研究,以期为植保工作者较为全面地了解该螨、更有效地防控该螨提供参考.     

樟个木虱形态特征及生物学特性

樟个木虱Triozacamphorae是近年来上海地区香樟上发生的一种新害虫。作者对其形态和生物学特性进行了研究。樟个木虱在上海以 1年发生 2代为主 ,偶发 3代。樟个木虱以低龄若虫在叶片上越冬 ,3月下旬至 4月上旬越冬代羽化 ;第 1代开始于 3月下旬 ,羽化高峰在 6月份 ;第 2代开始于 5月下旬 ,并主要以该代若虫越冬 ;第 3代若虫偶发 ,开始于 7月上旬 ,以若虫越冬。樟个木虱第 1代若虫的平均发育历期为 5 0 72d,1～ 5龄若虫的历期分别为 :1 8 .3 1± 2 .2 1d ,1 4. 90± 9. 92d,6 .1 1± 2 . 2 0d,5 .80±3 . 61d ,5 60± 1 5 1d。成虫的寿命为 3～ 1 1d ,平均寿命为 6 41d。樟个木虱的产卵量为 3 9. 1粒 雌虫。2 4℃下 ,卵历期 5～ 7d不等 ,平均为 5. 3 4± 0 . 5 7d ,卵平均孵化率为 83 . 7%。樟个木虱低龄若虫中 3龄若虫最耐高温 ,其次为 2龄若虫 ,1龄若虫最不耐高温。     

Enhancement of American chestnut somatic seedling production

Somatic embryogenesis holds promise for mass propagation of American chestnut trees bred or genetically engineered for resistance to chestnut blight. However, low germination frequency of chestnut somatic embryos has limited somatic seedling production for this forest tree. We tested the effects of culture regime (semi-solid versus liquid), cold treatment, AC and somatic embryo morphology (i.e., cotyledon number) on germination and conversion of the somatic embryos. Cold treatment for 12 weeks was critical for conversion of chestnut somatic embryos to somatic seedlings, raising conversion frequencies for one line to 47%, compared to 7% with no cold treatment. AC improved germination and conversion frequency for one line to 77% and 59%, respectively, and kept roots from darkening. For two lines that produced embryos with one, two or three-plus cotyledons, cotyledon number did not affect germination or conversion frequency. We also established embryogenic American chestnut suspension cultures and adapted a fractionation/plating system that allowed us to produce populations of relatively synchronous somatic embryos for multiple lines. Embryos derived from suspension cultures of two lines tested had higher conversion frequencies (46% and 48%) than those from cultures maintained on semi-solid medium (7% and 30%). The improvements in manipulation of American chestnut embryogenic cultures described in this study have allowed over a 100-fold increase in somatic seedling production efficiency over what we reported previously and thus constitute a substantial advance toward the application of somatic embryogenesis for mass clonal propagation of the tree.     

Spatio-temporal distribution of Ricania shantungensis (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae) in chestnut fields: Implications for site-specific management

Chestnut is one of most important forest products in Korea. However, Ricania shantungensis, an invasive species, has been increasingly causing economic damage to chestnut. To increase management efficiency of R. shantungensis in chestnut fields, its spatio-temporal distributions were analyzed using spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) and semivariogram. Experiments were conducted by observing selected, marked, and geo-referenced trees in two commercial chestnut fields for each developmental stage (i.e., spring egg, nymph, adult, and fall egg) of R. shantungensis from 2017 to 2019. Spatial distributions of R. shantungensis were statistically (P < 0.05) aggregated except for its nymphal stage. Spatial associations of its distributions also showed the statistically (P < 0.05) positive associations regardless of years or developmental stages except for the spatial relationship between egg and nymphal stages. These results indicated that site-specific management for R. shantungensis would be applicable. In application of site-specific management for R. shantungensis, the distance of spatial dependence for nymphs, 60 m, should be considered to minimize reoccurrence possibility and additional samplings. Incorporating site-specific management into pest control program of R. shantungensis could increase its control efficiency in chestnut fields.     

栗的 PGI遗传和多样性

采用超薄聚丙烯酰４胺平板凝胶等电聚焦电泳和单株后代法,分析了栗属种的ＰＧＩ同工酶的遗传,研究发现Ｐｇｉ位点（Ｐｇｉ－ｉ）主要有３个等位基因并呈共显性遗传。在栗属的自然居群中还检测了出现频率较少的另外２个等位基因。     

Dynamics of twolined chestnut borer Agrilus bilineatus as influenced by defoliation and selection thinning

1 The twolined chestnut borer, Agrilus bilineatus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is a major mortality agent of stressed oak trees. However, patterns of abundance and population change are not well understood. 2 We studied the spatial and temporal variation in abundance of twolined chestnut borer adults during a gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymnatriidae), outbreak and examined the influence of both defoliation and thinning on twolined chestnut borer abundance. 3 In stands that were defoliated by gypsy moth, extensive defoliation occurred in one year, and major overstory tree mortality followed in the next. Most mortality occurred in the year preceding the peak year of twolined chestnut borer abundance and abundance of twolined chestnut borer was positively associated with defoliation and mortality in the previous year. 4 Twolined chestnut borers were more frequently associated with poor or fair crown condition trees than trees with good crown condition and were more abundant on members of the red oak group than the white oak group.