“藏茵陈”的基原植物和药用亲缘学

详细比较藏药"藏茵陈"基原植物川西獐牙菜及其混淆品(代用品)抱茎獐牙菜、紫红獐牙菜、四数獐牙菜、红直獐牙菜、大籽獐牙菜、狭叶獐牙菜和椭圆叶花锚的外部形态特征及化学成分,澄清了这一类群在分类上的混乱,发现川西獐牙菜与紫红獐牙菜在习性,花部特征,种子形态和化学成分组成等方面相似性最高,印证了核基因ITS序列的结果。同时分析"藏茵陈"混淆的原因是多种来源和形态相似性造成的,讨论了"藏茵陈"鉴定的方法。通过对獐牙菜属系统关系的分析,提出紫红獐牙菜作为川西獐牙菜替代品的理论依据。     

2种藏茵陈类植物的引种地繁殖系统研究

通过观察、套袋、人工授粉对引种至低海拔栽培地的2种藏茵陈"类植物——川西獐牙菜(Swertia mus-sotii)和抱茎獐牙菜(S.franchetiana)繁育系统进行研究.结果表明:(1)引种的2种植物均为雌雄同株、自交亲和,但大部分花雌雄异熟(dichogamy)和雌雄异位(herkogamy),雌雄同熟的比例为24%,且雌雄同熟的雄蕊群远离雌蕊,需要靠传粉昆虫等传粉媒介传粉.(2)引种到低海拔的2种藏茵陈"类植物结实率和发芽率均较高,其中川西獐牙菜柱头张开第2天的授粉结实率达76.54%,种子发芽率达84.29%.(3)低海拔栽培的川西獐牙菜的传粉昆虫是家养蜜蜂,抱茎獐牙菜的开花时间较川西獐牙菜晚20 d,有效的传粉昆虫由家养蜜蜂变成一种很小的蜂类.研究表明,川西獐牙菜和抱茎獐牙菜由高海拔引种到低海拔地区后,结实率和种子发芽率均较高,可以用引种栽培的方式进行藏茵陈"药材的繁殖.     

几种化学药剂对川西獐牙菜种子萌发的影响

川西獐牙菜(Swertia mussotii)属龙胆科(Gentianaceae)一年生草本植物,为高寒藏药,藏名蒂达,产于青海海拔3 600～3 800 m的高寒地区.植物以全草入药,有清热解毒、舒肝利胆之功效,专治黄疸性肝炎和病毒性肝炎.目前,川西獐牙菜仍处于野生状态,其野生资源远远不能满足医药生产和外贸出口的需求.     

7种獐牙菜属药用植物形态组织学研究

本文报道了水灵芝(Swertia davidii Franch)、双斑獐牙菜(S.bimaculata(S.et Z.)HK.f.Thoms)、江浙獐牙菜(S.hickinii Burk)、贵州獐牙菜(S.koui-tchensis Franch)、大籽獐牙菜(S.macrosperma C.B.Clarke)、翼梗獐牙菜(S.nervosa Wall)、紫红獐牙菜(S.punicea Hemsl.)等7种獐牙菜属药用植物的药材性状、根茎叶的显微构造和解离组织及粉末特征,为合理开发和利用这一药物资源提供了鉴别依据,也为獐牙菜属植物的形态组织学研究提供了有价值的资料。     

藏药提宗龙胆和线叶龙胆花中四种苦苷类成分的HPLC测定

应用HPLC分析方法同时测定藏药提宗龙胆和线叶龙胆两种植物花中落干酸、獐牙菜苦苷、龙胆苦苷、獐牙菜苷4种苦苷类成分的含量.采用Econosphere C18色谱柱(250×4.6 mm,5 μm),以甲醇-0.5%乙酸为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min;检测波长为245 nm.结果表明,除提宗龙胆中未检出獐牙菜苦苷外,其它成分均在两种植物中存在,但含量存在一定的差异.     

7种獐牙菜属植物花粉形态的研究

本文应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,对龙胆科(Gentianaceae)獐牙菜属(Swertia L.)7种植物(獐牙菜Swertia bimaculata(S.et z.)HK.f.Thoms.、水灵芝S.davidii Franch.、江浙獐牙菜S.hickinii Burkill.、贵州獐牙菜S.kouitchensisFranch.、大籽獐牙菜S.macrosperma C.B.Clarke.、翼梗獐牙菜S.nervosa Wall.、紫红獐牙菜S.punicea Hemsl.)的花粉形态作了比较观察,找出了它们的鉴别特征,阐明了獐牙菜属植物花粉的外壁外层表面纹饰的三种类型为条纹—网状、网状和瘤状雕纹。     

HPLC法同时测定藏药岷县龙胆中4种有效成分的含量

采用高效液相色谱法同时测定藏药岷县龙胆中獐牙菜苦苷、龙胆苦苷、獐牙菜苷和异荭草苷含量。结果测定岷县龙胆中獐牙菜苦苷、龙胆苦苷、獐牙菜苷和异荭草苷的含量分别为0.108%、1.46%、2.21%、1.61%。色谱条件为:色谱柱:XDB-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);柱温:25℃;流速:1.0 mL/min;流动相:甲醇/0.01%乙酸水溶液梯度洗脱;检测波长260 nm。本方法快速、准确、重复性好,适用于岷县龙胆中4种有效成分的含量测定,可为藏药岷县龙胆药材的质量控制提供依据。     

重要藏药川西獐牙菜种子萌发的研究

比较了温度、生长素(赤霉素GA3)和储藏条件对川西獐牙菜(SwertiamussotiiFranch)高海拔野生自然种群和低海拔栽培后种子发芽率的影响。未经任何处理的高海拔野生自然种群种子的发芽率明显高于低海拔栽培种群。无论是赤霉素处理还是低温处理对种子的发芽率都有显著提高。经过处理后,两种来源的种子最终发芽率没有明显的变化。结果表明:(i)野生的或栽培的川西獐牙菜种子都存在休眠现象;(ii)通过引种栽培不能打破川西獐牙菜种子的休眠,该机制可能是受遗传因素的控制;(iii)赤霉素处理和4℃低温冷藏对打破种子的休眠具有重要作用。     

“藏茵陈”——川西獐牙菜的大孢子发生及雌配子体发育

首次报道了藏茵陈川西獐牙菜的大孢子发生及雌配子体发育。川西獐牙菜为倒生胚珠 ,薄珠心 ,单珠被 ,线形大孢子四分体 ,胚囊发育为蓼型 ,反足细胞分裂为 5～ 8个 ,宿存 ,每个细胞均异常膨大 ,并多核。反足细胞在龙胆科一些一年生高山植物中的宿存和分裂具有重要的生殖适应和进化意义 ,这对于这些植物在青藏高原严酷的自然环境下 ,在短时间内完成其生活史是非常重要的     

獐牙菜属生药形态组织学的研究Ⅰ.

作者较系统地研究了国产獐牙菜属生药和形态组织学特征。对其进行了详细描述并给出了性状鉴别和显微鉴别的检索表、比较表以及组织特征图。首次测量了叶的栅表比、气孔指数与气孔数。研究结果为该类生药的准确鉴定、质量评价及资源的开发利用提供了详实的科学依据。本文首先报告其中的5种,即:獐牙菜Swertia bimaculata;西南獐牙菜S. cmcta;狭叶獐牙菜S. angustifolia;紫红獐牙菜S.punicea;以及显脉獐牙菜S. neruosa。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.