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1.
羊桂英  郭梅霞  于保庭  胡寅  莫建初 《菌物学报》2019,38(11):1747-1759
蚁巢伞属真菌是一类极具市场开发价值的野生食用真菌。本文对蚁巢伞属真菌的分类、与白蚁的共生关系、活性成分和作用、人工培养研究以及产生的相关木质纤维素降解酶类等方面进行综述,总结了近年来该属真菌的研究现状,指出了研究过程中出现的分类混乱、重名异名现象严重等问题,展望了未来有望开发菌丝体相关产品及深化出菇机制以逐步实现蚁巢伞人工栽培的研究方向,以期为未来的研究提供依据。  相似文献   

2.
在云南绿春观察大白蚁亚科4种土白蚁的分飞活动,研究大白蚁亚科白蚁和蚁巢伞之间的关系,得知:大白蚁亚科不同种类白蚁分飞孔形状不相同,分飞时分布于孔口周围的白蚁型、数目和扩散范围存在差异,这些蚁巢的外露特征可以作为白蚁种类识别的辅助依据。采集32巢白蚁以及其巢上生长的蚁巢伞,结果显示,大白蚁亚科每一个白蚁巢仅生长一种蚁巢伞Termitomyces子实体。与小果蚁巢伞共生的白蚁也与其他蚁巢伞共生,推测真菌能改变白蚁的行为。对白蚁种类和蚁巢伞种类对应关系的研究表明在小地域内,白蚁和蚁巢伞不仅存在属间高度专一性,而且种间也显示较高的共生专一性。  相似文献   

3.
周琳琳  赵玉  李夏雨  桂昊  王雨婷  龙雁华 《菌物学报》2022,41(10):1597-1606
蚁巢伞属真菌尖盾蚁巢伞Termitomyces clypeatus是一类与大白蚁亚科昆虫共生的野生食用真菌,因味道鲜美备受消费者喜爱。为进一步对蚁巢伞属真菌开展相关生物学和遗传学研究,本试验选取8个候选内参基因[3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)、磷酸葡萄糖变异酶(PGM)、β微管蛋白(TUB)、β肌动蛋白(ACT)、翻译延长因子1-α (EF1)、蛋白磷酸酶2A (PP2A)、聚泛素(UBQ)和翻译延伸因子2 (EF2)],对其在T. clypeatus菌株不同生长发育时期(菌丝体、巢内萌发期及成熟子实体)的表达稳定性进行评估,通过4种软件(geNorm、NormFinder、BestKeeper以及RefFinder)进行数据分析,结果表明:在供试条件下,ACTEF1TUB的相对表达量处于较稳定的状态,可作为蚁巢伞属真菌功能基因转录水平分析的内参基因。  相似文献   

4.
蚁巢伞的活性物质与营养成分   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
蚁巢伞属的种类与大白蚁亚科白蚁专一性共生,是一类著名的美味食用菌,亦具有重 要的药用价值,极具开发利用前景.该文综述了蚁巢伞的食用和药用价值、营养成分和活性 物质研究,以及其在食品工业及保健方面的应用现状.对现有研究中存在的问题进行了论述 ,并展望了蚁巢伞属菌物在生物技术产业中的应用前景,为蚁巢伞的进一步开发研究提供参考.  相似文献   

5.
白蚁菌圃存在于白蚁巢中,具有硬而脆的多孔结构,是特殊的真菌生存环境。当有白蚁在白蚁巢内活动时,蚁巢伞Termitomyces是菌圃上的优势菌;当白蚁巢被废弃,炭角菌Xylaria成为菌圃上的优势真菌。菌圃中还存在其他微生物如无性型真菌(anamorphic fungi)和酵母等。菌圃中的真菌很多具有潜在药用价值或其他经济价值。从蚁巢伞、炭角菌等主要真菌类群出发,结合分子生态学研究菌圃真菌多样性的方法,综述了白蚁菌圃真菌多样性的研究进展,揭示了目前的研究热点及存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出可能的发展方向。  相似文献   

6.
本文基于2019年对新疆针叶林和草原地区5个样地的15个样方的研究,借助高通量测序技术对样方土壤大型真菌群落组成进行分析,快速挖掘大型真菌资源;利用冗余分析和典范对应分析研究新疆大型真菌多样性与不同生境型及大型真菌发生的其他因子的关系。结果表明,新疆针叶林和草原大型真菌主要涉及丝膜菌科Cortinariaceae、丝盖伞科Inocybaceae、珊瑚菌科Clavariaceae和蜡伞菌科Hygrophoraceae等,其中口蘑属Tricholoma、黏滑菇属Hebeloma、乳牛肝属Suillus、红菇属Russula、丝膜菌属Cortinarius、蜡伞属Hygrophorus和丝盖伞属Inocybe为优势属。  相似文献   

7.
离褶伞属Lyophyllum (Fr.) Singer真菌是一类野生食药用菌,富含丰富的化学成分和广泛的生物活性,具有极高的食药用价值。文中介绍了离褶伞属真菌的常见种类,综述了离褶伞属真菌中含有的化学成分及生物活性,回顾了近20年离褶伞属的研究进程,并初步探讨了离褶伞属真菌中尚需完善的问题,为该属真菌的进一步研究、开发和利用提供理论依据。  相似文献   

8.
鬼伞类真菌涉及蘑菇科的鬼伞属Coprinus以及小脆柄菇科的小鬼伞属Coprinellus、拟鬼伞属Coprinopsis、近地伞属Parasola、刺毛鬼伞属Tulosesus和心孢鬼伞属Narcissea。基于标本研究和文献记载,确认我国该类真菌57种:小鬼伞属9种,刺毛鬼伞属10种,心孢鬼伞属3种,拟鬼伞属25种,近地伞属8种,鬼伞属2种。本文记载1个新组合——速亡型心孢鬼伞Narcissea ephemeroides,中国新记录种11个:黄鳞小鬼伞Coprinellus ellisii、甜味小鬼伞Coprinellus saccharinus、锐突拟鬼伞Coprinopsis acuminata、非洲雪白拟鬼伞Coprinopsis afronivea、美丽拟鬼伞Coprinopsis bellula、钟孢拟鬼伞Coprinopsis mitraespora、麻醉拟鬼伞Coprinopsis narcotica、厚壁拟鬼伞Coprinopsis pachyderma、近雪白拟鬼伞Coprinopsis pseudonivea、施罗特近地伞Parasola schroeteri和刺毛近地伞Parasola setulosa。编制了中国鬼伞类真菌分种检索表,对新组合和中国新记录种进行形态学描述,并提供线条图。结合ITS和LSU序列片段,采用了最大似然法和贝叶斯分析法建立系统发育树,反映各类群之间的系统演化关系。  相似文献   

9.
陈俊良  李玉 《菌物研究》2013,11(1):3-13,37
文中对中国蜡伞科(Hygrophoraceae)真菌进行了整理、修订,简要介绍了其生境和分布,并对该科的分类学问题进行了讨论。重点整理了文献记载该科的102个种,广泛分布于28个省区。其中有效名称86个,包括蜡伞属(Hygrophorus)47个,湿伞属(Hygrocybe)36个,湿皮伞属(Humidicutis)1个,坛杯伞属(Ampulloditocybe)1个,金盖菇属(Chrysomphalina)1个,应转移到其他科的有5种,错拼名称有9种,另有存疑种2种。  相似文献   

10.
安徽黄山属于黄山-怀玉山生物多样性保护优先区域,孕育了极为丰富的生物资源。为了解该区的大型真菌物种多样性,2018-2020年对该区的大型真菌展开了野外调查和标本采集,通过分子生物学方法及子实体形态特征检索比较对获得的标本进行鉴定,并对该区的物种组成、属级地理区系成分、经济真菌和特有成分等进行了统计分析。该地区共发现大型真菌421种,隶属于9纲19目72科200属,其中包含食用菌68种,药用菌31种,毒菌39种,特有种66种。优势科有牛肝菌科Boletaceae、鹅膏科Amanitaceae、红菇科Russulaceae、多孔菌科Polyporaceae、蘑菇科Agaricaceae、小皮伞科Marasmiaceae、光茸菌科Omphalotaceae、球盖菇科Strophariaceae、粉褶菌科Entolomataceae和口蘑科Tricholomataceae 10科,优势属为鹅膏属Amanita、乳菇属Lactarius、蘑菇属Agaricus、金牛肝菌属Aureoboletus、红菇属Russula、粉褶菌属Entoloma、小皮伞属Marasmius、小菇属Mycena、裸脚伞属Gymnopus、粉孢牛肝菌属Tylopilus、栓孔菌属Trametes、丝膜菌属Cortinarius、灵芝属Ganoderma和多汁乳菇属Lactifluus 14属。对黄山大型真菌属级地理成分分析发现该区大型真菌的区系地理成分可分为9类,主要以世界广布成分为主(66.5%),其次是北温带成分(15.5%)和泛热带成分(10.5%)。本研究表明黄山的大型真菌具有丰富的物种多样性,其中食用菌资源较为丰富,主要为世界广布成分,同时也具有较高的特异性。  相似文献   

11.
ERIC CHWANG 《Bioethics》2010,24(1):14-22
The 2006 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, 'Ethical Considerations for Research Involving Prisoners', recommended five main changes to current US Common Rule regulations on prisoner research. Their third recommendation was to shift from a category-based to a risk-benefit approach to research review, similar to current guidelines on pediatric research. However, prisoners are not children, so risk-benefit constraints on prisoner research must be justified in a different way from those on pediatric research. In this paper I argue that additional risk-benefit constraints on prisoner research are unnecessary: the current Common Rule regulations, omitting category-based restrictions but conjoined with the IOM report's other four main recommendations, ensure that prisoner research is as ethical as non-prisoner research is. I explain why four problems which which may be more prevalent in prisons and which risk-benefit constraints may seem to address – coercion, undue inducements, exploitation, and protection from harm – are in fact not solved by adding further risk-benefit constraints on prisoner research.  相似文献   

12.
Reigning regulatory frameworks for biomedical research impose on researchers and research ethics committees an obligation to protect research participants from risks that are unnecessary, disproportionate to potential research benefits, and non‐minimized. Where the research has no potential to produce results of direct benefit to the subjects and the subjects are unable to give consent, these requirements are strengthened by an additional condition, that risks should not exceed a certain minimal threshold. In this article, I address the question of whether there should be limits of permissible risks in non‐therapeutic research involving competent and healthy subjects. Some commentators argue that competent and informed individuals should have a right to participate even in extremely risky research and that research ethics committees should never reject studies because they are too dangerous. To use David Shaw's expression, competent volunteers should have ‘a right to participate in high‐risk research’. I argue that this idea is ill‐founded, as it does not take into account the social mission and complex collaborative nature of research practice as well as the inequity of power between researchers and subjects. Imposition of limits on permissible risks for healthy volunteers is justified by the need to protect research enterprise and the need to protect the weaker party, namely the subjects. Also, I suggest that the best way to set boundaries on research risks is to leave the judgment of risk acceptability to research ethics committees.  相似文献   

13.
Synthetic biology is considered as an emerging research field that will bring new opportunities to biotechnology. There is an expectation that synthetic biology will not only enhance knowledge in basic science, but will also have great potential for practical applications. Synthetic biology is still in an early developmental stage in China. We provide here a review of current Chinese research activities in synthetic biology and its different subfields, such as research on genetic circuits, minimal genomes, chemical synthetic biology, protocells and DNA synthesis, using literature reviews and personal communications with Chinese researchers. To meet the increasing demand for a sustainable development, research on genetic circuits to harness biomass is the most pursed research within Chinese researchers. The environmental concerns are driven force of research on the genetic circuits for bioremediation. The research on minimal genomes is carried on identifying the smallest number of genomes needed for engineering minimal cell factories and research on chemical synthetic biology is focused on artificial proteins and expanded genetic code. The research on protocells is more in combination with the research on molecular-scale motors. The research on DNA synthesis and its commercialisation are also reviewed. As for the perspective on potential future Chinese R&D activities, it will be discussed based on the research capacity and governmental policy.  相似文献   

14.
生态系统服务供给和需求研究评述及框架体系构建   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
易丹  肖善才  韩逸  欧名豪 《应用生态学报》2021,32(11):3942-3952
生态系统服务供给和需求联系着自然生态系统与社会经济系统,对生态系统服务供给和需求的研究有助于加强生态系统管理和实现资源优化配置,从而保障区域生态安全与社会经济可持续发展。本文在系统梳理国内外相关研究的基础上,对生态系统服务供给和需求的概念内涵、评估方法和实践应用等方面进行全面综述。从理论发展的角度看,虽然目前已取得较为丰富的研究成果,但是现有研究仍较为分散,缺乏统一的生态系统服务供需研究框架体系。鉴于此,本文在对生态系统服务供给和需求的研究范畴进行拓展的基础上,按照“理论-方法-实践”相统一的研究脉络,构建了“定性-定位-定量-定策”的生态系统服务供给和需求研究框架体系,最后提出未来研究应围绕“重点关注生态系统服务供给和需求的空间转移规律、加强生态系统服务供给和需求的定量方法研究、深化生态系统服务供给和需求应用管理实践和建立生态系统服务供给和需求应用评价机制”等方面展开,以期促进生态系统服务供给和需求的理论与实践研究。  相似文献   

15.
目的:对我国公立医院集团的相关研究进行文献分析,找出特点与重要结论进行归纳。方法:通过适宜的文献检索策略,在相关数据库获取合适的文献,根据文献研究的要求,对其进行分析汇总。结果:筛选确定18篇实证研究文献、3篇理论研究文献,并根据之前确定的文献分析方法分析其研究内容与结论,通过计量的方式总结目前实证研究的重点,同时通过归纳,总结目前理论研究的成果。结论:医疗机构外部环境、内部环境与合作条件是研究我国公立医院集团的几个最常见的因素。  相似文献   

16.
通过计量分析方法对近30年来住区环境设计预防犯罪领域的文献进行关键词共现分析、关键词时区分析以及关键词聚类分析等,总结了该领域在国内的研究进程及学科发展趋势。以CPTED理论为分析框架,简要梳理了该领域当前的研究方法、数据来源类型和研究发现,并结合现有城市居住区规划设计规范内容探讨其在犯罪环境预防方面的启示;在此基础上从数据来源、研究的地域性和案件类型的差异性以及研究成果的实践应用等方面对当前的研究进展进行剖析与反思。针对当前该领域实践与理论研究中存在的不足与瓶颈,对未来这一研究领域的发展和实践提出具体建议。  相似文献   

17.
There is increasing interest in the need to address the ethical dilemmas related to the engagement of adolescents in sexual and reproductive health (SRH) research. Research projects, including those that address issues related to STIs and HIV, adverse pregnancy outcomes, violence, and mental health, must be designed and implemented to address the needs of adolescents. Decisions on when an individual has adequate capacity to give consent for research most commonly use age as a surrogate rather than directly assessing capacity to understand the issues and make an informed decision on whether to participate in research or not. There is a perception that adolescents participating in research are more likely to be coerced and may therefore not fully comprehend the risk they may be taking when engaging in research. This paper examines the various ethical issues that may impact stakeholders' decision making when considering engaging adolescents in SRH research in Nigeria. It makes a case for lowering the age of consent for adolescents. While some experts believe it is possible to extrapolate relevant information from adult research, studies on ethical aspects of adolescents' participation in research are still needed, especially in the field of sexual and reproductive health where there are often differences in knowledge, attitudes and practices compared to adults. The particular challenges of applying the fundamental principles of research ethics to adolescent research, especially research about sex and sexuality, will only become clear if more studies are conducted.  相似文献   

18.
Gbadegesin S  Wendler D 《Bioethics》2006,20(5):248-253
Guidelines for health research focus on protecting individual research subjects. Yet several commentators have argued that protecting individual subjects, while undoubtedly important, is not sufficient to ensure ethical research. It is also vital to protect the communities involved in health research. In particular, a number of studies have been criticized on the grounds that they exploited host communities. Although these criticisms have received a good deal of attention, there has been no systematic analysis of what constitutes community exploitation in health research, nor an assessment of what safeguards are needed to protect against it. This is a serious deficiency. The absence of an analysis of community exploitation makes it impossible to ensure that host communities are protected against exploitation. The absence of an analysis also raises the possibility that charges of exploitation may block important research, without any way of assessing whether the charges are warranted. The present paper attempts to address these concerns by providing an analysis of community exploitation and, based on this analysis, determining what safeguards are needed to protect communities in health research against exploitation.  相似文献   

19.
How has the development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) modified the trajectory of stem cell research? Here, coauthorship networks of stem cell research articles and analysis of cell lines used in stem cell research indicate that hiPSCs are not replacing human embryonic stem cells, but instead, the two cell types are complementary, interdependent research tools. Thus, we conclude that a ban on funding for embryonic stem cell research could have unexpected negative ramifications on the nascent field of hiPSCs.  相似文献   

20.
与环境管理有关的生态学研究展望   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
当今世界 ,自然资源和环境管理间有许多问题需要解决。决策者们不断寻求能够实现环境质量改善和有效、持续利用资源的途径和手段。而环境资源的有限性和稀缺性也决定了必须进行有效的环境管理 ,这就需要借助生态学知识作出有效可行的管理决策 [10 ,11]。然而 ,在我国目前的条件下 ,生态学家和环境管理人员之间通常缺乏联系 ,在许多方面难以达成共识。其原因 ,既有人为造成的 ,也有历史发展的原因。在解决有关生态保护、环境管理和可持续发展之间的种种问题时 ,对生态学研究所处的地位和作用缺乏理论上的探索。另一方面 ,生态系统管理比我们…  相似文献   

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