冬青油与肉桂油对淡色库蚊的生物活性

为进一步明确冬青油（wintergreen oil）与肉桂油（cinnamon oil）对蚊虫的生物活性, 本研究采用浸液法、 “Y”型嗅觉仪法和密闭三角瓶熏蒸法, 分别测定了两种精油对淡色库蚊Culex pipiens pallens幼虫的毒杀作用以及对成虫的驱避和熏杀活性。结果显示： 肉桂油和冬青油对淡色库蚊幼虫均具有较强的毒杀作用, 处理24 h的LC₅₀分别为71.87 mg/L和 102.83 mg/L。在0.5 μL的供试剂量下, 冬青油与肉桂油在20 min内对淡色库蚊的驱避率均在80%以上, 显示了较好的驱蚊活性。冬青油对淡色库蚊具有明显的熏蒸击倒作用, 12 μL/L浓度下的KT₅₀为3.97 min; 而肉桂油则具有较好的熏蒸致死活性, 熏蒸5 h的LC₅₀ 为0.31 μL/L。冬青油与肉桂油按1∶1体积比混配后对淡色库蚊表现出较好的击倒和致死效果。冬青油和肉桂油既对淡色库蚊幼虫具有较强的毒杀作用, 又对淡色库蚊雌成虫表现出较好的驱避和熏杀活性, 具有开发成为植物源蚊虫防控剂的潜力。     

EVALUATION OF EXTRACTS FROM BAMBOO FOR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AGAINST CULEX PIPIENS PALLENS

The extracts from 7 species of bamboo were tested for larvicidal activity against Culex pipiens pallens. At the tested concentration, the extracts of selected bamboo had different degree of toxic effects on the fourth instar larvae of Culex pipiens pallens. Among them,the extracts of Pleioblastus juxianensis, Brachystachyum albostriatum, Phyllostachys platyglossa and Pleioblastus amarus were found to be effective with LC50values at 24h of 30.65mg/L,53.94mg/L, 41.21 mg/L and 54.49 mg/L respectively, against Culex pipiens pallens larvae. The extract of Pleioblastus juxianensis by Soxhlet method showed stronger activity than the extract obtained by interval-shaking, the LC50 of which were 30.65 mg/L and 48.34 mg/L, respectively.The diethyl ether extract of Pleioblastus juxianensis exhibited better larvicidal activity than the methanol extract and the petroleum ether extract. The results would help to provide the basis for the study of environment acceptable pesticide for mosquito control, and also help to comprehensively utilize the source of bamboo.     

三叶蔓荆提取物对几种害虫的生物活性研究

在实验室条件下研究了三叶蔓荆Vitex trifolia L叶片提取物对甘蓝蚜Brevicoryne brassicae L的拒食、对菜粉蝶Pieris rapae L幼虫的生长发育抑制以及对家蝇Musca domestica的毒杀活性。试验结果表明：10 mg/mL的乙酸乙酯提取物在24 h和48 h对蚜虫的拒食率分别为8889％和8636％,拒食效果明显。几种溶剂提取物对5龄菜粉蝶幼虫的生长发育均有不同程度的影响,其中乙酸乙酯提取物的体重增长抑制率第1天达7535%。各溶剂提取物在高浓度下对家蝇2龄幼虫均有一定的毒杀作用,低浓度下效果较差。乙酸乙酯提取物48 h的LC50为2278 mg/mL,远高于拒食和生长发育抑制试验设定的浓度。结果表明乙酸乙酯提取物拒食活性和生长发育抑制活性显著。     

杠柳毒素NW的杀虫活性

杠柳毒素NW是从杠柳(Periploca sepium Bunge)中分离的新化合物,是其主要的杀虫成分。对杠柳毒素NW的杀虫活性进行了测定,结果表明:杠柳毒素NW对小地老虎无明显的胃毒活性,对3龄的小菜蛾、粘虫和菜粉蝶幼虫均有较强的胃毒活性,处理后24h的致死中浓(LC50)分别是866.17,927.92和1107.08mg·L-1;对上述供试昆虫均无明显的触杀活性。此外,杠柳毒素NW对棉蚜、棉红蜘蛛及卫生害虫家蝇3龄幼虫和淡色库蚊3龄幼虫均有很好的毒杀活性,处理后24h的LC50分别为1743.17,2179.49,714.94和653.29mg·L-1。     

藁本提取物杀虫活性初步研究

分别采用点滴法、三角瓶熏蒸法和小叶碟添加法测定了藁本（Ligusticum sinense Oliv．）提取物对粘虫（Mythimna separata Walker）和小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella L．）幼虫的触杀、熏蒸和拒食活性,同时也测定了对黄粉虫（Tenebrio molitor L．）蛹的生长发育有抑制作用,并对其致毒症状、作用方式进行了初步探讨。结果表明,不同溶剂提取物中,丙酮冷浸提取物对粘虫毒杀活性较高;其丙酮提取物对粘虫和小菜蛾3龄幼虫均具有较高触杀及熏蒸活性,24h触杀LD50分别为0．062 3mg干样／头和0．150 2mg干样／头;12h熏蒸LC530分别为24．3422 mg干样／L和10．601 5mg干样／L;对黄粉虫（Tenebrio molitor L）蛹的生长发育有抑制作用,ID50为6．5157mg干样／头;粘虫中毒后先后表现出兴奋、痉挛、麻痹等症状,最后死亡;对黄粉虫蛹生长发育的抑制作用类似于保幼激素活性。     

啶虫脒对淡色库蚊幼虫的致死和亚致死影响

啶虫脒是日本曹达公司新开发的一种氯代烟碱类杀虫剂,为了探讨其用于蚊虫幼虫控制的可能性,我们在室内用浸渍法测定了啶虫脒对淡色库蚊幼虫的致死和亚致死影响,结果表明,淡色库蚊幼虫对啶虫脒较敏感,幼虫的死亡高峰出现在处理后第3天,幼虫的四个龄期中,一龄最敏感,四龄耐药力最强,二在处理后72h时的LC50值分别为0.020mg/L/升和0.296mg/L。幼虫在亚致死浓度的啶虫脒溶液作用下,发育期延长,蛹重下降。说明啶虫脒可用于蚊虫幼虫的控制。     

黄蒿挥发油对蚊虫的毒杀活性及其化学成分

采用培养板浸液法和三角瓶药膜法研究了黄蒿挥发油对蚊虫幼虫和成虫的毒杀效果,采用GC MS-DS联用分析了其化学成分.结果表明,挥发油对淡色库蚊幼虫和成虫具有较高的作用效果,且作用速度较快.对幼虫处理后2 d的LC₅₀值约为12.5 mg·L^-1.综合毒力测定显示,挥发油对成虫具有明显的击倒和致死作用,1 μg·cm^-2和10 μg·cm^-2剂量24 h致死率分别为70%和100%.黄蒿含挥发油0.38％,共鉴定出38种化合物,检出物占总质量87.53％,其中萜烯类12种,占45.04％,为黄蒿挥发油的主要成分.     

马齿苋干粉提取物对棉蚜的毒杀和拒食活性

采用9种极性不同的溶剂利用冷浸法从马齿苋(Portulaca oleracea L.)干粉中制备提取物,测定了其对棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)的毒杀和拒食活性.浸渍法实验结果表明,处理24h后,马齿苋甲醇提取物对棉蚜的毒杀活性最高,LC50为6.63 mg·Ml-1(以干粉计,下同);二氯甲烷提取物在质量浓度为100mg·Ml-1时对棉蚜的拒食率最高,达83.03%.处理48 h后,丙酮提取物对棉蚜的毒杀活性最高,LC50为1.88mg·Ml-1;二氯甲烷提取物在质量浓度为100mg·Ml-1时拒食率仍表现为最高,达83.97%.在质量浓度为25mg·Ml-1时,以石油醚提取物的拒食率最高,处理24和48 h对棉蚜的拒食率分别达到71.25%和81.20%.     

黄杜鹃对美洲斑潜蝇的生物活性研究(英文)

试验结果表明 ,闹羊花素 Ⅲ 50 0mg/L对美洲斑潜蝇 2龄和 3龄幼虫的取食抑制率分别为 77 34%和6 7 6 6 % ,高于杀虫单的取食抑制率。对 2龄和 3龄幼虫的LC50 分别为 2 0 8 6 5mg/L和 30 0 6 2mg/L。药膜法测得对成虫 2 4h的LC50 为 159 0 7mg/L ;4 8h为 54 85mg/L。黄杜鹃花几种粗提物也表现出不同程度的取食抑制作用和毒杀作用。     

土荆芥的石油醚提取物及精油对冈比亚按蚊的杀虫活性

在室内条件下测试了土荆芥Chenopodium ambrosioides 叶片的石油醚提取物及精油对冈比亚按蚊Anopheles gambiae 0～2 d龄成虫和1～4龄幼虫的毒性。每一龄期各取30头幼虫分别接触50,100,250,500,750和1 000 mg/L提取物和精油,于24 h和48 h后记录死亡幼虫的数目。30头成虫在密封的长方形玻璃笼子中分别接触0.8,1.6,2.4 μL/L土荆芥精油蒸气, 24 h后记录死亡率。结果表明,测试的提取物和精油对冈比亚按蚊的各龄幼虫和成虫均具有毒性。48 h致死中浓度（LC50）的测试结果表明,石油醚提取物对1龄幼虫的毒性最强（14.89 mg/L）,其次是对4龄幼虫（18.90 mg/L）,对3龄幼虫的毒性最低（183.77 mg/L）; 精油对4龄幼虫毒性最强（36.62 mg/L）,其次是对1龄幼虫（90.75 mg/L）。推算的土荆芥精油对冈比亚按蚊的LC50为1.01 μL/L。本研究揭示了土荆芥对冈比亚按蚊的防治潜力。     

EVALUATION OF EXTRACTS FROM BAMBOO FOR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AGAINST CULEX PIPIENS PALLENS

Abstract The extracts from 7 species of bamboo were tested for larvicidal activity against Culex pipiens pallens . At the tested concentration, the extracts of selected bamboo had different degree of toxic effects on the fourth instar larvae of Culex pipiens pallens . Among them, the extracts of Pleioblastus juxianensis, Brachystachyum albostriatum, Phyllostachys platyglossa and Pleioblastus amarus were found to be effective with LC₅₀values at 24 h of 30.65 mg/L, 53.94 mg/L, 41.21 mg/L and 54.49 mg/L respectively, against Culex pipiens pallens larvae. The extract of Pleioblastus juxianensis by Soxhlet method showed stronger activity than the extract obtained by interval-shaking, the LC₅₀ of which were 30.65 mg/L and 48.34 mg/L, respectively. The diethyl ether extract of Pleioblastus juxianensis exhibited better larvicidal activity than the methanol extract and the petroleum ether extract. The results would help to provide the basis for the study of environment acceptable pesticide for mosquito control, and also help to comprehensively utilize the source of bamboo.     

LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF ACETAMIPRID ON THE LARVAE OF CULEX PIPIENS PALLENS

Abstract Acetamiprid is a novel neonicotinoid insecticide invented by Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. To explore the possibility of acetamiprid as larvicide of mosquitoes, lethal and sublethal effects of acetamiprid on the larvae of Culex pipiens pallens were studied by immersion method in the laboratory. The results indicated that the larvae of Culex pipiens pallens were sensitive to acetamiprid. The mortality of larvae peaked at 72 h after treatment. The 1 st instar larvae was the most susceptible to acetamiprid, and the 4th instar larvae was the most tolerant to acetamiprid, the LC, values were 0. 020 mg/L and 0. 296 mg/L at 72 h after treatment, respectively. Sublethal concentrations of acetamiprid could delay the development of larvae and decrease the weight of pupa. We suggested that acetarniprid is a safe and effective substitute for the using larvicides of mosquitoes.     

Efficacy of two tropical plant extracts for the control of mosquitoes

The larvicidal activity of seed and leaf extracts of Calophyllum inophyllum and leaf extract of Rhinacanthus nasutus on the juveniles of Culex quinquefasciatus , Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti was determined. Ethyl acetate (EA) soluble fractions of C. inophyllum and petroleum ether (PE) fraction of R. nasutus extracts showed very high larvicidal activity. Irrespective of the species of the mosquitoes tested, at concentrations ranging from 3.91 to 9.39 ppm, 9.04 to 35.49 ppm and 13.21 to 28.92 ppm of the active fractions of seed and leaf extracts of C. inophyllum and the leaf extract of R. nasutus , respectively, killed 50% of the treated larvae. The fractions also interfered with adult emergence. Exposure of the mosquitoes at any stage of their larval development to less than 0.86, 5.49 and 6.81 ppm of the active fractions of seed and leaf extracts of C. inophyllum and the leaf extract of R. nasutus , respectively, inhibited 50% of the treated larvae from emerging as adults. Experiments under laboratory and semi-field conditions showed that the activity of the extracts persisted for up to 10 days.     

用刘氏中剑水蚤防治蚊幼虫(英文)

本研究在室内评价了在济宁采集的捕食性刘氏中剑水蚤单用及与球形芽孢杆菌(B.s.)或苏云金杆菌以色列变种(B.t.i.)合用对蚊幼虫的控制效果。在室内,刘氏中剑水蚤对白蚊伊蚊Ⅰ龄幼虫的捕食效果好于对中华按蚊和淡色库蚊幼虫的效果。蚊笼模拟试验表明,刘氏中剑水蚤可分别于9、10和7周内消灭淡色库蚊、中华按蚊和白蚊伊蚊的幼虫种群。该剑水蚤增长速率快,大量培养经济易行。现场试验证明,刘氏中剑水蚤虽可在蚊虫孳生地存活时间长于蚊虫季节,但单用该剑水蚤不能象化学杀虫剂一样快速完全地控制三种蚊虫。刘氏中剑水蚤与B.s.或B.t.i.合用,应用刘氏中剑水蚤的长持效和生物杀虫剂的速效,取得了高效、持久的防治效果。因此二者合用可用于蚊虫防治并可作为蚊虫综合防治的一个组成部分。     

淡色库蚊对四种化学物质的嗅觉反应

在室内条件下通过Y型嗅觉仪测试了淡色库蚊Culexpipiens pallens雌成虫对乳酸、丙酮、氨水、辛醇、正庚酸、对甲酚、间甲酚等7种化学物质的嗅觉反应。结果表明:与对照相比,1和10mg/L氨水,1,10和100mg/L正庚酸,1mg/L辛醇,0.1和1mg/L对甲酚对淡色库蚊雌成虫具有显著的引诱作用。比较各处理的相对引诱率,最高的为10mg/L正庚酸,达50%以上;其他处理相对引诱率均低于40%,最低的为0.1mg/L对甲酚。     

Laboratory evaluation of three mosquito pathogenic strains of Bacillus sphaericus isolated in Egypt

Three strains of Bacillus sphaericus H-5a5b designated Ghar. 1 & 10, Ghar. 2 & 20, and Ghar. 3 & 30 were tested for growth, virulence, and larvicidal activity against Culex pipiens in the laboratory. Incubation temperature was positively correlated (r = 0.91) to the rate of bacterial growth (strain Ghar. 2 & 20). All three strains retained their virulence through 25 successive transfers on nutrient agar. Acetone powder preparations showed high larvicidal activity against C. pipiens, although second instar larvae were more susceptible than fourth instars to all three strains. The most active strain was Ghar. 2 & 20 with LC50 values of 0.51 mg/liter (second instar) and 1.62 mg/liter (fourth instar) after 48 hr of exposure. Mortality rates in fourth instar larvae exposed to an acetone powder form of strain Ghar. 2 & 20 were significantly greater at higher than at lower temperatures.     

Efficacy of bioactive compounds from Curcuma longa L. against mosquito larvae

To identify larvicidal compounds from the ethanolic extracts of Curcuma longa root, the active compounds were isolated using activity‐guided fractionation with column chromatography and identified based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) data. The dipping method was used to determine the larvicidal activities of each compound against 4th‐instar larvae of Culex pipiens pallens. Two compounds were isolated and identified, ar‐turmerone and 8‐hydroxyl‐ar‐turmerone. The two compounds exhibited larvicidal activities against the 4th‐instar larvae of C. pipiens pallens after 24 hr of treatment with LC₅₀ values of 138.86 and 257.68 ppm, respectively. The larvicidal activities of ar‐turmerone and 8‐hydroxyl‐ar‐turmerone against C. pipiens pallens are reported herein for the first time. The elucidation of the structure of these phytochemicals and their insecticidal activities are important for assessing the potential of this plant as a botanical insecticide.     

Larvicidal activity of extracts from Artemisia species against Culex pipiens L. mosquito: comparing endemic versus ubiquist species for effectiveness

The larvicidal activity of ethanolic leaf extracts from two Artemisia species, Artemisia campestris var. glutinosa and A. molinieri, on mosquito Culex pipiens Linnaeus (Diptera, Culicidae) larvae was investigated. Since A. molinieri is a rare and protected species confined to temporary ponds of Southern France, its toxic activity may help to value this species and to finance its conservation. A. molinieri extracts showed a higher larvicidal activity (from 50 ppm (K=9.488, DDL=4, P<0.001)) than those from A. campestris var glutinosa (from 500 ppm (K=9.488, DDL=4, P<0.01)) after 48 h of exposure. Calculated lethal concentrations, after 48 h of exposure, (LC(50)) were low, 9091 and 9898 ppm for A. molinieri and A. campestris var. glutinosa extracts, respectively, but using a non-pollutant solvent (ethanol). However, A. molinieri may be valued as an environmentally friendly biocide and developing its culture may be of interest for both pesticide activity and conservation purpose.