植物对环境的适应和环境资源的利用

21世纪人类将取得前所未有的进步,也将面临更多的难题,如全球性的环境污染,天然资源和能源耗竭,人口膨胀,食品短缺等,这些难题直接或间接地都与环境问题有关。环境问题主要来自俩个方面：一是由于自然和人为原因引起的环境变化或恶化,如短期的、长期的或周期性的灾害性气候,生境多样性的大量损失等;二是由于人口剧增和科技发展对环境资源利用提出了更多的或更广的要求,如对资源的利用从陆地扩展到水体,从地球扩展到宇宙空间等。有待于研究的植物需要适应的环境条件的范围大大扩大了。这样就涉及一个生物学的基本问题即生物对环境…     

光生物调节疗法对细菌的双向调节作用的研究进展

非侵入性激光照射可以诱导细胞和组织的光生物调节效应。光生物调节（PBM）应用广泛,特别是在抗微生物感染和改善炎症方面有着很好的效果。然而,研究发现,PBM对细菌和炎症有双向调节现象,抗菌-促菌和抑炎-促炎在不同的试验条件下会发生变化。近些年来,PBM的临床应用受到越来越多的关注,特别是在抗菌领域,因为它是一种无创的策略,禁忌症少。然而,由于双向调节效应,研究人员仍然对PBM的应用方式存疑,必须根据其临床应用进行光照波长、剂量等参数的修改。因此,本文总结了PBM对细菌的双向调节效应,分析了这种双向调节效应产生的影响因素及其分子机制。PBM对细菌的双向调节作用受光照波长、剂量、细菌类别及细菌状态的影响。更好地了解低强度激光治疗中双向剂量反应的程度能够探索PBM使用的最可靠机制,并最终使各种疾病患者的治疗标准化,这对于优化临床治疗是必要的。此外,研究人员对PBM双向调节机制的合理利用使其可以达到促进或抑制细菌生长的作用,这在微生物制造、菌群调节、改善和治疗疾病等领域有广阔的应用前景。     

影响生物土壤结皮分布的环境因子

生物土壤结皮广泛分布于干旱荒漠地区,在干旱和荒漠生态系统中,有重要的生态功能。然而,并不是所有的干旱荒漠区都有生物土壤结皮的分布。在全球和区域尺度上,生物土壤结皮的分布与年降水、凝结水量和土壤含水量呈正相关趋势;温度对生物土壤结皮分布的影响因组成生物土壤结皮的物种而异。小尺度范围内,生物土壤结皮的分布受土壤类型、质地和养分的限制;维管植物对生物土壤结皮分布的影响,暂没有一致的结论。适度干扰对生物土壤结皮分布和生态功能无明显影响,但高强度干扰导致生物土壤结皮结构、功能和分布的退化与减少。全球变化背景下生物土壤结皮的分布变化、不同区域生物土壤结皮分布和演替的差异机理以及受损后恢复过程中的生态功能,将成为以后工作的重点。     

古诗词中“生物与环境”的科学解读

浙教版科学九年级（下）第二章《生物与环境》编排了“种群和生物群落”、“生态系统”和“生态系统的稳定性”三节内容。教材编写是以生物与环境的关系为中心,以种群——群落——生态系统——生物圈的结构层次为线索展开,主要内容有种群和生物群落的概念、生物与环境的相互作用、生态系统的多样性、生态系统的各组成成分的功能地位及相互关系、自然因素和人为因素对生态系统稳定陛的积极和消极影响等。     

四川画眉亚科鸟类对环境气温的适应分歧

东南亚及中国大陆南部的区系成分,有66.7——84.6舜的物种可以生活在夏季的气温条件下,只有19.0—30.8%的物种可以生活在严冬的气温条件下。川滇及喜马拉雅山地及华北的区系成分的生活环境全都不含夏季,有52.4—100%的物种可以生活在严冬的气温条件下。从地貌演变资料看来,分布在高海拔地带的川滇及喜马拉雅山地区系成分的耐寒性状,至少有一部分是就地起源的、是后来产生的。     

偃松次生木质部的结构及其对环境的适应

用光学显微镜,偏振光显微镜和扫描电镜野生与栽培偃松的次生木质部结构,研究表明,茎与要支条生长轮均呈现偏心生长、心;边材区明显,管胞具螺纹裂隙及径裂隙及径列条,胞间具明显的胞间隙。射线管胞分布于射线边缘或中间,或只由射线管胞组成低射线。横生树脂道位于纺锤形射线中,纵生树脂道的数目与生长轮宽度有负的相关性,交叉场纹孔式窗格状。野生的矮化偃松,表现出一定的应压木特征。     

苔藓植物对环境变化的响应和适应性

苔藓植物作为环境变化的指示植物在世界范围内已得到广泛应用.本文从温度、水分、干旱、光照、海拔以及着生基质等方面就苔藓植物对环境因子变化的响应和适应性进行了综述,以期促进苔藓植物的多样性保护以及环境污染和气候变化的苔藓生物监测研究.     

蝎对干旱环境的适应进化

蝎类是荒漠环境中占优势的无脊椎动物捕食者,在长期的适应进化过程中,发展出了一系列适应性特征。从形态结构、生理学、生物学和行为学等几个方面初步阐述了荒漠蝎类对干旱环境的适应进化问题。     

MicroRNA 对获得性免疫的调节作用

微RNA(MicroRNA,miRNA)是一类在转录后水平调节基因表达的大约22 nt的非编 码内源单链RNA.已经表明,它们与许多重要的生理和病理过程相关,包括发育、分化、细胞 凋亡、脂肪代谢、病毒感染和癌症.越来越多的证据表明,miRNA参与了获得性免疫的调节. 有趣的是,不同于开关式的调节,miRNA表现出定量的基因调节,它们能精细调节细胞免疫 反应以响应外界刺激.深入理解miRNAs对获得性免疫的调节作用有助于调节宿主免疫应答和 保护感染组织间的平衡,鉴定免疫调节新靶标和开发基于miRNA的有效疗法.本文综述了miRN A包括病毒miRNA对获得性免疫的调节作用,特别是miRNA在调节免疫活性细胞、T细胞功 能和抗体产生中的作用.     

Diversity of Snow Bacteria from the Zangser Kangri Glacier in the Tibetan Plateau Environment

Bacterial abundance and community diversity were investigated in a snow pit on the Zangser Kangri (ZSGR) glacier on the Tibetan Plateau by epifluorescence microscopy and small subunit 16 S rRNA gene sequence analyses. Cell abundance and bacterial colony-forming units (CFUs) ranged from 3 × 10³ to 1.5 × 10⁴ cells/ml and 0 to 2.2 CFU/ml, respectively. All isolates were classified into four major groups: Actinobacteria (68%), Alphaproteobacteria (18%), Gammaproteobacteria (9%) and Firmicutes (5%). Principal component analysis of the biochemical data combined with linear correlation analysis revealed two main sources of bacteria on the ZSGR glacier. Considerable amounts of bacteria were probably emitted by vegetation of Qangtang Grassland and transported by the Indian monsoon, some of which might have originated from the Taklimakan Desert and undergone long-range transportation by westerly winds. Bacterial abundance was positively correlated with both Ca²⁺ and HCOO^? concentrations, suggesting two microbial transport carriers, including mineral and organic particles. Members of Caulobacter and Roseomonas that participate in nitrogen transformations were observed in the uppermost snow pit layer, suggesting that they are involved in nitrogen cycling on this glacial surface.     

Community Attachment: The Complexity and Consequence of the Natural Environment Facet

The primary objective of this paper is to examine more closely the complex nature of the natural environment dimension of community attachment using the narratives of local community members. This work seeks to build and elaborate on previous quantitative analyses that demonstrated two distinct dimensions of community attachment––social and natural environment. The findings reveal several distinct facets of the natural environment dimension of community attachment and demonstrate both a discreet perception of the natural environment in terms of community attachment as well as one that is more embedded within the social context of a particular lifestyle. The findings further demonstrate the need to include consideration of the natural environment in the broader assessment of community attachment and bolster previous quantitative research findings.

地域环境对青藏高原特有植物藏川杨生物学特性的影响

通过对西藏中、南部16个藏川杨种源地环境特征、植株和枝叶形态特征、生长习性等生物学特性的观测比较,发现藏川杨为高大、长寿乔木,株龄逾千年、株高达45 m、冠幅22 m,分布海拔高度2000～4500 m、分布区域跨越湿润、半湿润、半干旱和干旱区,随着分布区环境变化,不同种源藏川杨的树皮、枝条、芽、叶等形态特征呈现规律性变化,空气湿度增加、树干颜色变深、枝条被毛加重、顶生冬芽变窄、叶片长/宽比增加;半湿润区和灌溉区植株的叶面积、枝条长度增加,湿润区、阴湿地或环境条件恶劣地区植株叶片和枝条生长不佳,枝条干湿比相对较小。结果表明:藏川杨具有很强的环境适应能力和可塑性,耐旱,喜光、抗强光辐射,耐贫瘠、喜中性或弱碱性土壤,具有很高的生态和经济价值。     

药用植物次生代谢的生物学作用及生态环境因子的影响

药用植物的很多有效成分为植物的次生代谢产物,包括生物碱、萜类、酚类、甙类等。这些次生代谢产物在植物的生理调节、自身保护、生存竞争、协调与环境关系等生命活动的许多方面均起着重要作用。各种生态环境因素包括光、温度、土壤、空气以及生物因素均影响到药用植物的次生代谢过程。对药用植物次生代谢成分与生态环境因素的关系进行研究有利于揭示药用植物药用有效成分地域性差异的原因,可为药用植物的育种、栽培提供理论依据。     

土壤-植物下垫面对微生态环境的影响

综述了土壤植物下垫面对辐射平衡、热量条件、土壤侵蚀、土壤肥力、光能利用率等微生态环境的影响．结果表明,有植被下垫面的反射率、有效辐射、土壤热通量的日变幅和感热通量均小于荒坡裸地;坡地植草和减少翻耕次数有利于水土保持;下垫面栽种牧草可提高土壤肥力和光能利用率．这对合理开发和利用土地资源具有一定的参考价值     

Effect of carbon and nitrogen input on the bacterial community structure of Neocaledonian nickel mine spoils

Neocaledonian mine spoils are considered as an extreme environment because of their edaphic conditions, which are unfavourable for life. The principal characteristics of this soil are the high nickel content (20,000 ppm) and the very low carbon (0.2%) and nitrogen (0.01%) levels, which are certainly among the major limiting factors for heterotrophic bacterial growth. The aim of this work was to determine what changes could occur in the bacterial community structure of the mine spoils when a carbon and a nitrogen source were added. Soil bacterial response to nutrient addition was examined in both the mine spoils and an agricultural soil, which is characterized by normal levels of nutrients. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries constructed to characterize changes occurring in the different soil bacterial communities showed an important selection of Actinobacteria in the mine spoils as a consequence of nutrient amendment: Actinobacteria represented 75% and 96% of the bacterial community structure after succinate and glucose addition, respectively. This was observed only in the mine spoils and is probably a consequence of the extreme environmental conditions. Carbon amendment in the agricultural soil led to an increase in Firmicutes, mainly Bacillus sp.     

Growth Control by Ethylene: Adjusting Phenotypes to the Environment

Plants phenotypically adjust to environmental challenges, and the gaseous plant hormone ethylene modulates many of these growth adjustments. Ethylene can be involved in environmentally induced growth inhibition as well as growth stimulation. Still, ethylene has long been considered a growth inhibitory hormone. There is, however, accumulating evidence indicating that growth promotion is a common feature in ethylene responses. This is evident in environmental challenges, such as flooding and competition, where the resulting avoidance responses can help plants avoid adversity. To show how ethylene-mediated growth enhancement can facilitate plant performance under adverse conditions, we explored a number of these examples. To escape adversity, plants can optimize growth and thereby tolerate abiotic stresses such as drought, and this response can also involve ethylene. In this article we indicate how opposing effects of ethylene on plant growth can be brought about, by discussing a unifying, biphasic ethylene response model. To understand the mechanistic basis for this multitude of ethylene-mediated growth responses, the involvement of ethylene in processes that control cell expansion is also reviewed.     

四川大头茶地理分布与环境因子的关系

植物的分布受环境因子的影响,而水热条件及其配合情况是限制植物分布的主要因子,植物的分布与气候因子尤其是水热因子的关系已从定性描述发展到定量研究。日本吉良曾用温暖指数（ＷＩ）及其提出寒冷指数（ＣＩ）、干湿度指数（Ｋ）分析了日本森林与水热的关系［１］,朝鲜任良宰据此方法对朝鲜半岛的森林与气候关系作过不少研究［２］。之后,我国一些学者［３～５］也应用吉良的热量指标对我国部分地区的森林树种分布与气候关系进行了有益的研究。最近,倪健［６］提出生物温暖指数（ＢＷＩ）、生物寒冷指数（ＢＣＩ）及生物干湿度指数（…     

红火蚁入侵对玉米地蜘蛛类群多样性的影响

采用陷阱法和目测法系统研究了红火蚁入侵玉米地对蜘蛛类群多样性的影响.期间共调查到蜘蛛8科16种,其中红火蚁发生区有6科10种,药防区4科5种,对照区8科11种;蜘蛛种类以游猎型为主,隶属于猫蛛科和跳蛛科,优势种包括斜纹猫蛛、乔氏蚁蛛和蚁蛛.在红火蚁发生区,从玉米心叶后期开始红火蚁种群数量不断增加,在玉米抽穗开花期达到最大,为225头,之后缓慢降低,相应的猫蛛属蜘蛛种群数量则逐渐降低,降幅达79.2％;而蚁蛛属蜘蛛的种群数量变化不大.随着玉米植株的生长,红火蚁发生区和药防区的蜘蛛种类、多样性指数和均匀度指数逐渐降低,生态优势度指数却不断升高,而对照区相关指标则相反.表明红火蚁入侵显著改变了玉米地蜘蛛的类群结构.