落叶松（Larix gemelinii）苗挥发物两种收集方法的对比分析

采用预浓缩和固相微萃取(SPME)2种方法对2年生兴安落叶松苗挥发物成分进行采集并做GC-MS分析.结果表明,落叶松苗挥发物主要成分为萜烯类化合物,其中α-蒎烯、4(10)-侧柏烯、莰烯、β-蒎烯、D-柠檬烯和β-水芹烯所占比例较高;整株、针叶和树皮挥发物的组成和含量存在差异,针叶中饱和烷烃含量较高,树皮中倍半萜烯、醇、酮和酯类挥发物含量较高,并且这2种组织经SPME采集检测的挥发物中石竹烯和α-蛇麻烯含量增加幅度较大,它们可能在昆虫近距离寄主定位中起作用.对2种气体收集方法的分析比较,认为预浓缩结果接近落叶松挥发物组分和含量的自然特征,SPME受萃取头纤维特性的影响,对倍半萜稀类化合物吸附作用强,对烷烃吸附差,并且不同化合物的同时存在可能影响其吸附效率,导致检测量准确度下降,因此预浓缩法更适合植物挥发物定性和定量分析.     

广东省3种野生香茅属植物精油的化学成分及含量分析

利用GC-MS技术分析了广东省3种野生香茅属(Cymbopogon Spreng.)植物叶片精油的化学成分及其相对含昔.结果表明,3种植物精油中的化学成分丰富.从橘草[C. goeringii(Steud.)A.Camus]精油中鉴定出25种化学成分,主要成分为香叶醇、香茅醛、Z-柠檬醛和E-柠檬醛,相对含量分别为26.56%、23.49%、19.65%和12.78%;从扭鞘香茅[C. hamatulus(Nees ex Hook.et Arn.)A.Camus]精油中鉴定出16种化学成分,主要成分为甲基丁香酚、甲基异丁香酚、3,5,3',5'-四甲基联苯和3,4-二乙基-1,1'-联苯,相对含量分别为19.46%、12.90%、16.88%和8.63%;从青香茅[C. caesius(Nees ex Hook.et Arn.)Stapf]精油中鉴定出28种化学成分,主要成分为甲基丁香酚、甲基异丁香酚和藜芦醛,相对含量分别为29.39%、22.25%和6.58%.香茅属植物的精油成分因种类和产地不同而有一定的差异,在实际生产中应根据需要对香茅属植物资源进行合理的开发和利用.     

华山松球果挥发性萜类成分研究

选择7月份的华山松球果。用GC-MS分析了健康果和受害果萜类挥发物成分。结果表明,华山松球果挥发成分25种,其中单萜17种。倍半萜8种,7种主要成分均为单萜组分,它们是a-蒎烯、β-非兰烯／4-侧柏烯、β-蒎烯、β-香叶烯、D-柠檬烯和异松油烯。球果受害后,单萜、倍半萜种类没有变化,除β-蒎烯含量减少外,单萜总量和各组分的含量明显增加。其中β-非兰烯／4-侧柏烯含量增加最多;而倍半萜各组分相对含量变化很小。同时,比较了水蒸气蒸馏和二氯甲烷浸提的分析结果。认为水蒸气蒸馏法不适合华山松球果挥发成分的研究。     

艾的挥发性物质化感作用研究

艾是我国常见的菊科多年生杂草,也是草本药用植物。研究表明,艾的茎叶在密闭系统中产生的挥发性物质对稗草、三叶鬼针草和青葙的幼苗生长有显著抑制作用。稗草的根长、苗高和鲜重分别比对照减少43.3%、30.8%和35.7%,三叶鬼针草分别比对照减少29.2%、30.0%和29.5%,青葙分别比对照减少26.3%、15.4%和27.9%。水蒸汽蒸馏法所得的挥发油对稗草、三叶鬼针草和青葙的幼苗生长也有显著抑制作用。稗草的根长、苗高和鲜重分别比对照减少71.5%、54.8%和30.5%,三叶鬼针草根长、苗高和鲜重分别比对照减少40.9%、49.2%和39.1%,青葙根长、苗高和鲜重分别比对照减少78.8%、29.1%和34.1%。结果显示,艾挥发物对邻近植物可能产生化感作用。     

华北落叶松枝叶挥发性物质的化学成分及其化感作用

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分析了华北落叶松枝叶挥发物的化学成分及其对自身种子萌发、胚根和胚轴生长的化感作用.结果表明：华北落叶松挥发物中含量较大的化合物有20种,其中萜烯类及其含氧衍生物占较大比例,有5个单萜、12个倍半萜.华北落叶松枝叶挥发物对自身种子的萌发率、萌发速度指数、胚根和胚轴伸长量、鲜质量均具有显著抑制作用,表明华北落叶松挥发物中存在潜在的化感物质,并可能与挥发物中较高含量的萜类化合物有关.华北落叶松枝叶挥发物的化感作用影响自身的更新,是华北落叶松人工纯林退化的一个主要原因.     

三白草花、叶和茎挥发性成分的比较分析

采用顶空固相微萃取提取三白草花、叶和茎中的挥发性成分,利用GC-MS对比分析三者中的挥发性成分.从三白草花、叶和茎分别鉴定出的31、22和22个成分,分别占总挥发性成分的95.64％、98.75％和98.54％.三者共有18个化学成分,其主要化合物类型是萜类(单萜和倍半萜,其中单萜含量最高),分别占总挥发性成分的92.18％、98.19％和97.74％,还含有两个芳香族化合物:枯茗醇和姜黄烯,此外,4-(1,5-二甲基己基-4-烯)环己烯-2-酮和二十一烷两个脂肪族化合物仅存在于花中,三者的主要化合物均为柠檬烯、柠檬醛(含顺式柠檬醛)、蒎烯(含α和β构型)和β-月桂烯,另外大根香叶烯D、姜黄烯、1-b-红没药烯和β-倍半水芹烯在花中的含量均高于叶和茎.叶茎中化合物种类和含量差别均不大,但与花有较大的差别.     

豚草的化感作用研究

本文研究了在我国东北地区广泛蔓延的菊科杂草－－豚草对大豆、玉米、小麦、水稻的化感作用,实验针对豚草的挥发物、茎叶和根的淋溶物、根区土壤水浸液等的化感活性进行了研究,研究发现豚草的挥发物对大豆和玉米的种子萌发有一定抑制作用,根区土壤对农作物无明显的作用;茎叶部分的水浸液对几种农作物的种子萌发和幼苗的幼根伸长有明显的抑制作用,同时使根系形态发生较大的变化,根系的水浸液对作物的幼芽伸长有一定的促进作用。     

云南柠檬草油化学成份研究

采用气—质—计算机联用法对云南柠檬草油进行定性定量分析,分离出22种成份,占全精油含量的98.23%,鉴定了其中的15种成份,其中主要成份是:月桂烯(14.61％),顺-β-罗勒烯(0.61％),芳樟醇(1.98％),香茅醛(0.65％),柠檬烯氧化物(6.43％),反-柠檬醛b(35.24％),顺-柠檬醛a(36.69％)。     

离体蒜苗挥发物的化感作用及其成分分析

采用半密闭容器法研究了离体蒜苗挥发物对黄瓜、番茄、萝卜的化感作用,并对其成分进行了GC-MS分析。结果表明:蒜苗挥发物对黄瓜的种子萌发及幼苗生长表现为低促高抑的双重浓度效应,对番茄和萝卜则表现出抑制作用,并且随供体蒜苗质量的增大,抑制作用增强;供体蒜苗质量低于400g时,受体植株SOD、POD、CAT、PPO、PAL等活性增强,供体质量为400g时,受体作物上述酶活性均降低;离体蒜苗挥发物的主要化学成分为二烯丙基二硫化物(23.33%)、1,3-二噻烷(18.34%)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(6.30%)。     

香茅psbA-trnH序列鉴定及挥发油成分气质联用分析

目的:鉴定得到的植物为香茅,分析香茅挥发油主要成分及其含量。方法:使用通用DNA条形码片段(psbA-trnH)对香茅的DNA进行扩增测序,利用BLAST生物信息学软件对数据进行处理分析,绘制遗传距离树,进行种属鉴定,利用水蒸气蒸馏法提取香茅挥发油并通过GC-MS气质联用技术对香茅挥发油各组分含量进行分析。结果:psbA-trnH序列扩增测序确认所测植物为香茅属植物且具有较高的成功率;通过GC-MS共分离出43个峰,数据分析结果显示各组分占比如下:香茅醇(12.76%)、香叶醇(14.54%)、柠檬醛(5.33%)、榄香醇(12.57%)。结论:叶绿体间隔区的psbA-trnH序列可以作为香茅的条形码候选序列。福建香茅的主要挥发成分为香茅醇、香叶醇、柠檬醛、榄香醇等萜类及其含氧衍生物。     

香根草挥发物化学成分的分析

The chemical components of the volatiles from Vetiveria zizanioides were analyzed by SPME and GC-MS. In the roots, the main component was valencene (30.36%), while in the shoots and leaves, they were 9-octadece-namide (33.50 % ), 2, 6, 10, 15, 19, 23-hexamethyl-2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22-tetracosahexaene (27.46% ), and 1,2-benzendicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester(18.29% ). The results showed that there were many terpenoids in the volatils. In shoot volatiles, there existed 3 monoterpenes, 2 sesquiterpenes and 1 triterpene. Most of the volatiles in roots were sesquiterpenes.     

Mechanism for the differential translocation of amiben in plants

The proportion of the total plant radioactivity present in shoots at the end of a 24-hour exposure of the roots to 0.5 milligram per liter ¹⁴C-3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (¹⁴C-amiben) ranged from 1.4 to 74.3% in 13 species. When roots of 10-day-old wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell., Triumph) and 13-day-old barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli L. Beauv.) plants were treated with 0.5 milligram per liter ¹⁴C-amiben for 12 or 24 hours, barnyard grass shoots contained at least eight times more of the total plant radioactivity than did wheat shoots. In similar experiments with ¹⁴C-2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamine)-s-triazine (¹⁴C-atrazine), there were no differences in translocation between these two species.     

香根草挥发物化学成分的分析

The chemical components of the volatiles from Vetiveria zizanioides were analyzed by SPME and GC-MS. In the roots, the main component was valencene (30.36%) abstract, while in the shoots and leaves, they were 9-octadecenamide (33.50%) abstract, 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene (27.46%) abstract, and 1,2-benzendicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester(18.29%) abstract The results showed that there were many terpenoids in the volatils. In shoot volatiles, there existed 3 monoterpenes, 2 sesquiterpenes and 1 triterpene. Most of the volatiles in roots were sesquiterpenes.     

Organ-specific-active allelopathic substance in red pine needles

An organ-specific-growth inhibitory substance was isolated from an aqueous methanol extract of red pine needles and determined by spectral data as 1-mono(16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl)glycerol. This substance inhibited root growth of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv) seedlings at concentrations greater than 0.01 and 0.03???M, respectively. The concentrations required for 50?% growth inhibition on roots of cress and barnyard grass were 0.16 and 3.4???M, respectively. However, the inhibitory activity of the substance on shoots of cress and barnyard grass was very weak. The endogenous concentration of 1-mono(16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl)glycerol in the pine needles was 4.6???mol?kg^?1. Two related compounds, 1-monohexadecanoylglycerol and 16-hydroxyhexadecanlic acid had no activity up to 1,000???M on cress roots and shoots. The effectiveness of 1-mono(16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl)glycerol on root growth inhibition and the occurrence of 1-mono(16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl)glycerol in pine needles suggest the substance may play an important role in the allelopathy of red pine. Root-specific-growth-inhibition by the substance may be one of the strategies for red pine to compete with neighboring plants for nutrients and space because root growth of competitive plants may be very important for their whole plant development.     

Weeds as a source of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in agricultural soils.

The influence of plant growth promoting (PGP) activity of bacterial communities recovered from each of six weed species (barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusfalli (L.) Beauv.), corn spurrey (Spergula arvensis L.), goldenrod (Sonchus sp.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), and quack grass (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.)) was examined in relation to the effect it had on the growth of the potato cultivar Russet Burbank. Bacterial species composition and community structure were compared, species-abundance relationships were determined, and those members conferring positive benefits for potato growth and development were identified. Of the genera identified, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas were the most common, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was the most frequent species recovered across all sources. Significantly higher population densities were found in the root zones of quack grass, compared with Italian ryegrass and lamb's-quarters. There were no significant differences in species richness among the root zones; however, evenness indices (species distribution) were significantly lower in corn spurrey (P = 0.05). Significantly higher diversity indices (Hill-1 and Hill-2 numbers) (P = 0.05) were found in the root zone soil communities of potato and goldenrod, indicating a decrease in the proportional abundance of common and very abundant species, respectively, while in barnyard grass, corn spurrey, and Italian ryegrass the reverse was the case. In both years of the study, Italian ryegrass and corn spurrey were consistently better sources of PGP rhizobacteria for potatoes, significantly (P < 0.001) increasing the mean wet weight of shoots and roots in in vitro bacterization studies. Barnyard grass was a consistently poor source of such isolates. Species-abundance measures of root zone bacterial biodiversity were not found, in this instance, to be a particularly good predictor of the presence or absence of PGP rhizobacteria. We consider that the study of complementary crops and soil-conditioning treatments should not preclude the examination of weed species as possible beneficials, as alterations in rhizobacterial biodiversity and functional versatility can influence the numbers and types of PGP bacterial strains, and consequently may serve to improve soil quality.     

水稻和稗草共生土壤微生物生物量碳及酶活性的变化

以稻田稗草、化感水稻PI312777和普通水稻辽粳9为试材,研究了田间稗草和水稻1∶1共生条件下,土壤微生物生物量碳及脱氢酶、脲酶和转化酶活性的变化.结果表明：在稗草 的干扰下,化感水稻PI312777根区土壤微生物生物量碳含量比单作减少了 50.52％（P<0.01）,而行间土壤微生物生物量碳含量增加;普通水稻辽粳9根区土壤 微生物生物量碳含量比单作减少了38.99％（P<0.01）,但其行间土壤微生物生物量碳含量无明显变化.两个水稻品种根区土壤脱氢酶活性均被显著抑制（P<0.05）,下降率都在20％以上;PI312777根区土壤脲酶和转化酶活性均被显著促进（P<0.01）;而辽粳9根区土壤转化酶活性也被显著抑制（P<0.01）,但脲酶活性无明显变化.化感水稻根区土壤微生物生物量碳含量的显著减少及脲酶、转化酶活性的增加是其化感特性的表现,表明土壤微生物和酶均参与了水稻和稗草的种间作用,化感水稻具有抗稗草干扰的明显优势.     

小麦秸秆水浸提液对五种植物化感作用的研究

该文研究了不同浓度的小麦秸秆水浸提液对徐州地区2种玉米(郑单958和农大108)和3种常见玉米田间杂草(马唐、稗草和反枝苋)种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:当小麦秸秆浸提液浓度分别大于75、50和25 g·L~-1时,马唐、稗草和反枝苋种子的萌发受到显著的抑制;当小麦秸秆浸提液浓度分别大于50和37.5 g·L~-1时,玉米郑单958和农大108种子的萌发受到显著的抑制;但当小麦秸秆浸提液浓度大于37.5 g·L~-1时,马唐、稗草和反枝苋幼苗根和芽的生长均受到明显的抑制;当小麦秸秆浸提液浓度小于75 g·L~-1时,玉米郑单958和农大108幼苗根与芽的生长受到明显的促进,且郑单958幼苗叶片中叶绿素的含量以及郑单958的POD酶活性均得到提高。该研究结果表明较高浓度的小麦秸秆浸提液(50 g·L~-1)会抑制杂草的生长,有利于玉米郑单958的生长,为小麦秸秆还田和玉米田杂草的生态防治提供了理论基础。     

Enterobacter cloacae is an endophytic symbiont of corn

The bacteriumEnterobacter cloacae is presently used for biocontrol of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables and as a preplant seed treatment for suppression of damping-off. This bacterium has apparent affinities for several grass species, but it is not considered to be an endophyte. While screening corn for fungi and bacteria with potential for biocontrol of various corn diseases, the surface-sterilized kernels of one unknown Italian corn cultivar produced fungus-free corn seedlings with roots endophytically infected byE. cloacae. This paper describes the microscopic nature ofE. cloacae RRC 101 with corn, and the in vitro control ofFusarium moniliforme and other fungi with this bacterium. Light and electron microscopy determined that this isolate ofE. cloacae was biologically associated with corn seedling roots, where it was distributed intercellularly within the cortex and stele. This is a first report of a strain of this bacterium as an endophytic symbiont of roots. Following a topical application ofE. cloacae to kernels, and upon germination this bacterium readily infected roots of two other corn cultivars. The bacterium was observed within the endosperm of germinating corn seedling, but germination was not affected. Further, the bacterium was isolated from leaves and stems of 3- to 6-week-old seedlings indicating that the above ground portions of corn were also colonized. There was no evidence of damage to cells of the root during a three to four week observation period. This bacterium was antagonistic to several isolates of the corn pathogenFusarium moniliforme, and to two other species of fungi, all of which produce mycotoxins on corn.     

Plantlet regeneration from somatic hybrids of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing)

Summary Somatic hybridization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa oryzicola), a close relative of barnyard millet, was attempted using electrofusion and a new culture method developed for rice protoplasts (Kyozuka et al. 1987) to incorporate some of the agronomically important characters of the latter species into rice. Selection of hybrids was based on inactivation of rice protoplasts by iodoacetamide and the inability of barnyard grass protoplasts to divide. A total of 166 calli were identified as hybrids by isozyme and chromosome analyses. Hybrid calli were highly morphogenic, and 44 shoots were obtained. Most of them, however, were abnormal, and nine grew to plantlets whose morphology was distinct from that of either parent. Our study clearly demonstrates the totipotency of protoplasts in graminaceous monocots.