姜黄素下调脊髓Toll样受体4及下游细胞因子减弱大鼠神经病理性痛

观察鞘内注射姜黄素对坐骨神经慢性压迫性损伤(CCI)大鼠痛阈和脊髓组织Toll样受体4(TLR4)及TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-10表达的影响．鞘内置管的120只大鼠随机均分为4组：假手术组(Sham),CCI组,溶剂对照组(SC),姜黄素治疗组(Cur,100 μg/天),建立CCI大鼠疼痛模型,术后第1、3、7、10和14天鞘内给药并测定痛阈,第3、7天取腰段脊髓第4～6节段(L4～L6)以Real-time PCR与Western blotting方法检测TLR4、HMGB1 mRNA和蛋白质的表达,ELISA法观察脊髓组织中TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-10表达变化．与Sham组相比,CCI组大鼠机械性痛阈与热痛阈显著降低(均P<0.05),同时脊髓组织TLR4、HMGB1 mRNA和蛋白质的表达明显增加(均P<0.05),TNF-α、IL-1β与IL-10的含量也明显升高(均P<0.05);鞘内注射姜黄素明显降低脊髓TLR4、高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1),TNF-α和IL-1β的表达,显著升高脊髓IL-10的表达,同时明显改善CCI大鼠疼痛行为(P<0.05)．姜黄素减轻神经病理性疼痛可能与下调TLR4途径促炎症因子表达有关,抑制TLR4途径有望成为治疗神经病理性疼痛的新策略．     

普瑞巴林对神经病理性痛大鼠行为学的影响

目的:探讨普瑞巴林对神经病理性痛大鼠行为学的影响.方法:建立大鼠神经病理性痛模型(CCI模型),取40只雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分成4组,Ⅰ组为空白对照组,Ⅱ组为假手术组,Ⅲ组为CCI+普瑞巴林治疗组,Ⅲ组在术后第1夭开始灌胃给予3 mg/kg普瑞巴林,Ⅳ组为CCI手术组.分别于术前0 d及术后1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、9 d、11 d、14d以热辐射法测定热缩足反射潜伏期(Paw withdrawal thermal latency, PWTL),观察神经病理性痛大鼠行为学变化.结果:术后14 d,Ⅳ组和Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组相比较,大鼠后爪的热痛敏阈值明显降低(P<0.01);Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间相比,大鼠后爪的热痛敏阚值差异没有显著性(P>0.05).结论:普瑞巴林可以缓解神经病理性痛大鼠的慢性神经病理痛行为学表现.     

神经病理性疼痛增强HCN2通道在大鼠触液核的表达

本文旨在研究超极化激活环核苷酸门控通道亚型2(hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels subtype2,HCN2)在触液核的分布及其在神经病理性疼痛条件下的表达变化,以期为揭示触液核的生物学功能及神经病理性疼痛的调控机制提供实验依据。以Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠为实验动物,用坐骨神经慢性压迫损伤(chronic constriction injury,CCI)法制作神经病理性疼痛模型,用侧脑室注射辣根过氧化物酶标记的霍乱毒素B亚单位复合物(CB-HRP)特异性标记触液核神经元,用热缩足潜伏期及机械缩足阈值作为定量指标研究痛行为,用免疫荧光法及Western blot检测触液核HCN2通道蛋白及c-Fos蛋白的表达量。结果显示,与正常大鼠相比,接受侧脑室CB-HRP注射的大鼠痛阈及触液核HCN2、c-Fos表达均无明显变化;而CCI术后第7、14天,神经病理性疼痛模型大鼠痛阈显著下降,且触液核神经元的HCN2通道蛋白及c-Fos蛋白的表达显著增加。使用HCN2阻断剂ZD7288后,CCI致痛大鼠痛阈显著提高,触液核神经元HCN2通道蛋白及c-Fos蛋白的表达较相应时间点模型组显著降低,以术后第7、14天为明显。以上结果提示,触液核可能参与了神经病理性疼痛的调制,且通过HCN2通道发挥重要作用。     

外源性的电磁干预对神经病理性疼痛大鼠的镇痛效果研究

目的:探讨外源性的电磁干预方法对神经病理性疼痛大鼠的镇痛效果。方法:将30只成熟的雄性SD大鼠随机等分成3组:空白对照组(Control),坐骨神经慢性压迫损伤(CCI)组以及坐骨神经慢性压迫损伤协同电磁刺激组(CCI+EMF)。CCI组和CCI+EMF组的20只大鼠建立坐骨神经慢性压迫损伤模型,CCI+EMF组大鼠行外源性的全身性电磁刺激干预(脉冲波形,频率15 Hz,强度30 Gs),每天刺激6小时。在CCI模型构建的第0、3、6、9、12及15天对大鼠测试和比较足底机械痛阈值、足底热痛阈值、运动功能评分和神经传导速率。结果:CCI组大鼠的足底机械痛阈值、足底热痛阈值及感觉神经传导速率从CCI手术后的第3天即出现显著性降低,其6、9、12、15天足底机械痛阈值、足底热痛阈值及感觉神经传导速率均显著低于Control组(P0.01),而运动功能评分均显著高于Control组(P0.05)。CCI+EMF组大鼠的足底机械痛阈值、足底热痛阈值及感觉神经传导速率在第9、12、15天显著高于CCI组大鼠(P0.05),而运动功能评分均显著高于CCI l组。结论:外源性的电磁刺激对于神经病理性疼痛大鼠具有良好的镇痛效果,有望成为一种临床治疗神经病理性疼痛的新的物理治疗手段。     

右美托咪啶对神经痛大鼠脊髓背角pERK、pCREB表达的影响

目的:评价右美托咪啶对神经病理性痛大鼠脊髓背角神经元磷酸化胞外反应激酶(phosphoryltion of extracellular regulated protein kinases,p ERK)、磷酸化c AMP反应元件结合蛋白(phosphoryltion of Camp response element bound protein,p CREB)蛋白表达的影响。方法:健康成年雄性Wistar大鼠54只,6~8周龄,体重180~220 g,采用随机数字表法,将其分为3组(n=18):假手术组(S组)、慢性神经病理性痛组(C组)和右美托咪啶组(D组)。S组仅分离坐骨神经但不结扎,C组和D组采用结扎坐骨神经的方法制备大鼠坐骨神经慢性压迫性损伤(chronic constriction injury,CCI)的神经病理性痛模型,D组于术后即刻开始至处死前1d腹腔注射右美托咪啶50μg/kg,1次/d,S组和C组注射等容量生理盐水。于术前1 d、术后3、7、14 d时以缩足阈值(paw withdrawal threshold,PWT)测定大鼠机械痛阈和辐射热的缩足潜伏期(paw withdrawl latency,PWL)测定大鼠的热痛阈,并于术后测定痛阈后灌注处死大鼠,取L4-6脊髓组织,采用免疫组织化学法检测脊髓背角神经元p ERK、p CREB的表达水平。结果:与S组比较,C组和D组术后3、7、14 d时MWT降低,TWL缩短,脊髓背角p ERK、p CREB表达上调(P0.05);与C组比较,D组术后3、7、14 d时MWT升高,TWL延长,脊髓背角p ERK、p CREB表达下调(P0.05)。与术前1 d比较,C组和D组术后3、7、14 d时MWT降低,TWL缩短;与术后3 d时比较,C组和D组7、14 d时MWT降低,TWL缩短,脊髓背角p ERK、p CREB表达上调(P0.05)。结论:右美托咪啶可减轻大鼠慢性神经病理性痛,抑制p ERK、p CREB的表达可能是其作用机制之一。     

人参皂苷Rg2对慢性坐骨神经损伤大鼠痛觉敏化和抑郁状态的影响*

目的:观察人参皂苷Rg₂对慢性坐骨神经损伤大鼠痛觉敏化、抑郁状态的影响。方法: 将50只 SD 大鼠随机分为 5组(n=10): 空白对照组(Normal+生理盐水腹腔注射)、假手术组(手术但不结扎+生理盐水腹腔注射) 、坐骨神经慢性压迫损伤(CCI)组(CCI +生理盐水腹腔注射) 、人参皂苷Rg₂低剂量组(CCI+ Rg₂ 5 mg/kg腹腔注射)、人参皂苷Rg₂高剂量组(CCI+ Rg₂ 10 mg/kg 腹腔注射)。CCI模型建立后,药物通过注射器进行腹腔内注射 5 ml/kg,每天1次,连续14 d。分别在术前1 d和术后 1、3、5、7、10、14 d测定大鼠的机械性缩足反射阈值(MWT)和热缩足潜伏期(TWL);术前1 d和术后第14日时检测明暗箱实验和强迫游泳试验。 结果:与假手术组比较,CCI组术后14 d机械痛阈值和热痛潜伏期明显缩短(P＜0.01),明箱内停留时间明显缩短(P＜0.01),穿梭次数明显减少(P＜0.01),游泳潜伏期明显延长(P＜0.01)。与CCI组比较,人参皂苷Rg₂组术后14 d机械痛阈和热痛潜伏期明显增加(P＜0.01),大鼠在明箱内时间明显延长(P＜0.01),穿梭次数明显增多(P＜0.01),且游泳潜伏期明显缩短(P＜0.01)。结论:人参皂苷Rg₂能抑制 CCI 大鼠的机械痛敏和热痛敏,同时改善其抑郁状态。     

甲醛炎性痛及痛过敏诱导大鼠脊髓后角环氧化酶-2表达的变化

目的:观察甲醛炎性痛及痛过敏过程中脊髓后角环氧化酶-2 (COX-2)表达的变化及其时间特征.方法:采用大鼠甲醛疼痛模型,用免疫组化法观察脊髓COX-2表达的变化.结果:与对照组相比,注射甲醛后4 h,1 d及3 d组脊髓后角Ⅰ-Ⅵ板层COX-2免疫反应阳性细胞的数目及染色深度均显著增加,以1 d组增加最为明显.结论:脊髓后角COX-2参与甲醛炎性痛及痛过敏.     

BK_(Ca)通道激动剂NS1619和Kv通道拮抗剂4-AP对眶下神经慢性缩窄环术大鼠面部机械痛阈的影响

三叉神经痛(trigeminal neuralgia)是临床上的顽疾,长期以来为医学界所重视,但其发病机制尚不清晰,临床上也无有效的治疗方法。本研究首先通过免疫荧光化学法和动物行为学测定,对经眶下孔达三叉神经节目标注射给药法的效果进行了评价,然后行眶下神经慢性缩窄环术(chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve,ION-CCI)建立三叉神经病理性痛大鼠模型,用经眶下孔达三叉神经节目标注射法分别注射BKCa通道激动剂NS1619和Kv通道拮抗剂4-AP,观察药物对大鼠面部机械痛阈的影响。结果显示,通过经眶下孔达三叉神经节目标注射法,药物可以准确到达三叉神经节,并产生了比一般眶下孔注射给药法更为持久的注射效果。ION-CCI术后第6天大鼠术侧面部触须垫部产生了显著的异常性疼痛(allodynia),并可以维持到至少术后第42天。在ION-CCI术后第15天大鼠,运用经眶下孔达三叉神经节目标注射法注射BKCa通道激动剂NS1619可以剂量依赖性地显著提高ION-CCI组大鼠的面部机械痛阈,逆转面部痛觉过敏;而在ION-CCI术后第35天痛阈部分恢复的大鼠,同样方法注射Kv通道拮抗剂4-AP又可以显著降低面部痛阈。以上结果表明,BKCa通道激动剂NS1619和Kv通道拮抗剂4-AP可以显著影响ION-CCI大鼠的面部机械痛阈,提示激活BKCa通道可以抑制由ION-CCI引起的三叉神经病理性痛,而激活Kv通道可能对ION-CCI引起的三叉神经病理痛有紧张性的抑制作用。     

右美托咪啶可通过下调Toll样受体4(TLR4)和核因子-kappa b(NF-κB)来减轻神经病理性痛

为了探讨右美托咪啶对神经病理性痛大鼠脊髓背角Toll样受体4(toll like receptor 4,TLR4)和核因子-kappa b(nuclear factor-kappa b,NF-κB)表达的影响,我们选取了54只6~8周的雄性Wistar大鼠,将大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和观察组,每组18只,其中模型组和观察组大鼠建立慢性压迫性损伤(chronic constriction injury,CCI)模型。我们检测了各组机械痛阈(mechanical withdrawal threshold,MWT)和热痛阈(thermal withdrawl latency,TWL),并采用RT-PCR和Western blotting方法检测了各组大鼠脊髓4~6节段TLR4和NF-κB的mRNA和蛋白表达。我们发现,术后7 d和14 d模型组和观察组大鼠的MWT和TWL明显低于假手术组(p0.05),且较术前有所降低(p0.05);观察组术后7 d和14 d的MWT和TWL均明显高于模型组(p0.05);模型组和观察组术后7 d和14 d TLR4和NF-κB的mRNA和蛋白表达水平明显高于假手术组(p0.05),且较术前有所增高(p0.05);观察组术后7 d和14 d TLR4和NF-κB mRNA的表达均明显低于模型组(p0.05);观察组术后7 d和14 d TLR4和NF-κB蛋白的表达均明显低于模型组(p0.05)。研究表明,右美托咪啶可减轻神经病理性痛,且与其下调TLR4和NF-κB表达有一定的关系。我们的研究为神经病理性痛机制的研究及治疗提供了一定的帮助。     

川芎嗪对慢性压迫性损伤大鼠神经病理痛行为学的影响

目的探讨川芎嗪对慢性压迫性损伤（CCI）大鼠行为学的影响。方法建立大鼠坐骨神经CCI神经病理痛模型,取40只雄性大鼠随机分成4组,Ⅰ组为空白对照组,Ⅱ组为假手术组,Ⅲ组为CCI＋川芎嗪治疗组,Ⅲ组在术后第1天开始腹腔注射100 mg/kg川芎嗪注射液,Ⅳ组为CCI手术组。分别于术前（0 d）及术后1、3、5、7、91、1、14 d以von Frey细丝法和热辐射法测定机械缩足反射阈值（mechanical withdrawal threshold,MWT）和热缩足反射潜伏期（thermal withdrawal latency,TWL）,观察CCI大鼠神经病理痛的行为学变化。结果术后14 d,Ⅳ组和I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组相比较,大鼠后爪的机械和热痛敏阈值明显降低（P〈0.01）;I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组之间相比,大鼠后爪的机械和热痛敏阈值差异没有显著性（P〉0.05）。结论川芎嗪可以缓解CCI大鼠的慢性神经病理痛行为学表现。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.