定量评价人类活动对净初级生产力的影响

以人类活动为主导的城市扩张和土地覆被变化对城市生态环境产生了重要影响,并与气候变化共同影响植被净初级生产力(NPP),但目前从时空尺度上脱离气候干扰仅以人类活动为主导因素来定量分析其对植被NPP影响的研究尚不充分.本研究以广州市为研究区,利用CASA模型估算2001—2013年实际净初级生产力(NPP_act),结合CHIKUGO模型估算得到的潜在净初级生产力(NPP_p)计算因土地覆被变化导致的NPP损失(NPP_lulc),并建立相对贡献指数(RCI)定量分析和评价在城市扩张过程中人类活动对NPP的影响.结果表明:2001—2013年间,广州总体及其5片区NPP_act和NPP_lulc分别呈减少和增加趋势,并存在明显的空间差异性;RCI呈明显增加趋势,东北片区RCI值最低,为0.31,表明气候变化是其NPP变化的主要原因,其他4个片区的RCI值均高于0.5,说明4个片区人为干扰严重,人类活动是其NPP减少的主导因素;广州市及其5片区的RCI变化斜率均大于0,人类活动对植被的干扰逐年增强,北部片区RCI变化斜率值最大(0.693),人为干扰增加趋势最明显.     

土地利用变化对三峡库区重庆段植被净初级生产力的影响

研究土地利用变化对区域植被净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity,NPP)的影响对于明确区域植被固碳能力与土地利用变化的关系,以及维持生态系统结构稳定具有重要意义。以三峡库区重庆段为例,基于2000—2015年MOD17A3数据和土地利用数据,分析研究区NPP时空分布特征并从景观生态学的角度探讨土地利用变化对区域植被NPP的影响。研究表明:(1)NPP年均值16年间波动不大,空间分布上从东到西逐渐减少;(2)研究期内林地面积增加,耕地和草地面积减小,而NPP总量从25.6 TgC增加到了28.5 TgC,其中耕地NPP约占总量的44%,林地次之(40%),草地最少(14%),2000—2005年、2005—2010年、2010—2015年土地利用变化对NPP变化的贡献率分别为26.49%、59.76%、17.27%;(3)区域生态景观指数中的香农多样性指数SHDI、斑块密度PD与NPP呈正相关,而聚合度AI与NPP呈负相关,景观格局类型和景观格局变化均影响区域植被NPP的增长。要提高区域植被NPP,需优化土地利用格局,增加景观异质性和斑块密度,重视培育幼龄林,并控制成熟林的数量。     

植物与微生物碳利用效率及影响因子研究进展

陆地生态系统碳循环是生物地球化学循环的关键过程之一。碳利用效率（carbon use efficiency,CUE）是描述生物用于形成生物量的碳占其所吸收总碳比例的一个定量指标,反映了生物的碳同化能力和固碳潜力,是研究生态系统碳循环中碳通量和碳分配模式的重要参数,能有效预测生物与周围环境之间的碳流通和碳反馈。目前,关于CUE的研究还不充分,尤其是对CUE及其影响因子的系统性综合论述还较少。为此,本文综述了国内外有关碳利用效率（植物碳利用效率（CUE_a）和微生物碳利用效率（CUE_h））的研究方法和研究进展,分析了CUE_a和CUE_h的异同、内在联系及作用机理。基于分析对今后的研究提出几点展望：（1）优化测量手段和计算方法,适当地调整参数,将模型方法与实测数据结合,使CUE的定量描述结果更准确;（2）结合不同尺度的研究结果,探究个体、种群、群落、生态系统等不同空间尺度和时间尺度上CUE的联系及变化规律,为碳循环和碳流通的时空变化规律提供新证据;（3）研究CUE对全球变化（如高温、干旱、CO₂浓度增加等）的响应,探讨CUE对未来气候情景的响应和适应机制;（4）开展有关物种丰富度或生物多样性的梯度变化对CUE的影响研究,阐释物种多样性减少或物种灭绝等现象对碳循环过程的影响,将生态系统物种多样性与生态系统功能相联系;（5）加强对CUE_h的研究,定量探究其与CUE_a的异同,并将二者结合起来,更全面地解释地上-地下生态系统碳的分配特征。同时适当开展动物CUE的研究,目前该类研究还缺乏系统性。     

现代狩猎在野生动物管理中的作用

尽管现代狩猎有别于传统狩猎,但仍是一个备受争议的话题.国际上有大量学者从生态学、行为学、遗传学、经济学等角度研究狩猎对野生动物的影响.本文综合国内外文献,综述了狩猎在种群动态、行为、基因及表型方面可能对野生动物产生的影响.研究表明： 规范管理下的适当狩猎是管理野生动物种群的有效方式,有利于野外种群数量的恢复甚至增加.但过度或不当的狩猎会影响野生动物种群性比、出生率和死亡率,改变动物觅食行为及社群空间行为,对动物基因及表型产生人工选择.国际上很多国家已成功开展适当的狩猎活动,而我国要想在野生动物管理中科学应用狩猎,应基于生态学、经济学理论,参考国际上的成功案例,科学制定狩猎限额,加强狩猎监督管理,兼顾生态保护与经济发展.     

高寒矮嵩草草甸物种多样性与功能多样性对初级生产力的影响

自然生态系统中植物物种多样性是否随功能多样性变化而影响初级生产力的问题存在很大争议。在高寒矮嵩草草甸,对不同放牧强度、不同利用格局和土壤资源水平的4种生境（Ⅰ.畜圈：重度放牧、资源丰富;Ⅱ.牧道：中度放牧、资源适中;Ⅲ.人工草地：轻-中度放牧、资源贫乏;Ⅳ.封育草地：不放牧、资源贫乏）中物种多样性与功能多样性的变化及其对初级生产力的影响进行了研究。结果表明：物种多样性在牧道生境最高,符合中度干扰理论的预测;人工草地物种多样性低但功能多样性却最高;封育草地物种多样性和功能多样性均较高;物种多样性与地上生物量呈正相关,而功能多样性则与地上生物量呈负相关。表明功能多样性不随物种多样性而变化,二者可能在一定程度上是相互独立地作用于生产力的。群落生产力和生物多样性受生境资源、物种特征、放牧历史和放牧强度等因素的综合影响。     

生物生产力的“4P”概念、估算及其相互关系

生物生产力是指从个体、群体到生态系统、区域乃至生物圈等不同生命层次的物质生产能力,它决定着系统的物质循环和能量流动,也是指示系统健康状况的重要指标。表示生物生产力的概念有总初级生产力（GP P）、净初级生产力（NPP）、净态生态系统生产力（NEP）和净生物群区生产力（NBP）,本文简称“4P”。主要探讨了“4P”概念的内涵和估算以及全球变化对它们的影响;通过生态系统的碳循环,建立“4P” 之间的相互联系,并对若干衍生概念进行定义。尽管生态系统的最终产物（NBP或现存量）占光合总产量的很少一部分,但它是决定物质再生物的资本,维持和决定生态系统的物质再生产。     

森林生态系统碳循环的基本概念和野外测定方法评述

全球气候变化与森林生态系统碳循环息息相关,定量评估森林碳收支是生态系统与全球变化研究的重要任务。30年来森林生态系统碳循环研究已经取得了长足的进展,但全球和区域森林碳收支仍然存在很大的不确定性。这一方面与森林生态系统本身的复杂性有关,另一方面也与具体研究方法有关。评述了森林生态系统碳循环的基本概念和主要野外测定方法,为我国森林生态系统碳循环研究提供可参考的方法论。从生态系统碳浓度、密度、通量、分配和周转5个方面回顾了碳循环相关概念,指出碳浓度和碳储量是对碳库的静态描述,而碳通量和碳周转是对碳库的动态描述。净初级生产力是测量最普遍的碳通量组分,但大多数情况下因忽略了一些细节而被系统低估。普遍使用的净生态系统生产力,由于没有包含非CO2形式的水文、气象和干扰过程产生的碳通量,通常情况下高于生态系统净碳累积速率。在详细介绍碳通量组分的基础上,改进了森林生态系统碳循环的概念模型。重点讨论了碳通量的3种地面实测方法:测树学方法、箱法和涡度协方差法,并指出了其注意事项和不确定性来源。针对当前碳循环研究的突出问题,建议从4个方面减小碳循环测定的不确定性:(1)恰当运用生物量方程估算乔木生物量;(2)尽可能全面测定生态系统碳组分;(3)给出碳通量估算值的不确定性;(4)多种途径交互验证。     

气候变化对阔叶红松林不同演替阶段红松种群生产力的影响

本文以长白山地区阔叶红松林不同演替阶段(次生杨桦林、次生针阔混交林、原始红松林)内红松种群作为研究对象,采用树轮学与相对生长式相结合,获取红松种群净初级生产力(NPP)连年生长(1921—2006年)数据以及相对增长率的年际变化数据,建立红松种群NPP与年际和季节性气候因子的关系,分析不同气候时期长白山阔叶红松林不同演替阶段内红松种群NPP年际变化特征及其对气候变化的响应差异.结果表明： 研究期间,不同演替阶段红松种群NPP与气候因子响应关系存在差异.随着温度上升,次生杨桦林红松种群NPP与上年生长季和当年生长季低温由显著负相关关系转变为显著正相关关系;次生针阔混交林红松种群NPP由与当年春季最低温度的正相关关系转变为与上年和当年生长季温度的显著正相关关系,气候因素对次生针阔混交林红松种群NPP影响的滞后效应增强;原始红松林红松种群NPP与温度的相关性减弱,与上年生长季降水量的正相关关系增强.研究区气候变化表现为低温和平均温度显著上升,而最高温度和降水没有明显变化.气候变化有利于提高演替初级阶段次生杨桦林和演替中级阶段次生针阔混交林内红松种群生产力,尤其是次生针阔混交林,而对演替顶极阶段红松种群NPP影响不明显.     

一年生植物群落内取样效应和互补效应的分离

利用人工建植的1年生植物群落对物种多样性．生产力关系及其潜在作用机理——取样效应和互补效应进行了研究。结果表明,不同多样性水平内群落生产力变化幅度较大,不同的物种组合对生产力水平也有较大的影响。植物种多样性与群落生产力之间呈二次函数关系。计算表明,所有混播群落均程度不同地存在多样性净效应,但不同多样性水平间及同一多样性水平内,净效应变化较大。物种多样性与生产力净效应间亦呈二次函数关系。多样性净效应与群落生产力水平呈显著正相关关系。多样性净效应的两个组成部分——取样效应和互补效应对多样性的变化有不同的反应：互补效应与物种多样性间呈单峰格局关系;而取样效应与多样性间呈显著的正相关关系。取样效应和互补效应均随着群落生产力的提高而显著增强。结果还表明,除物种多样性外,物种的组成（或物种的特性）对群落生产力、多样性净效应及其分解成分——取样效应和互补效应均有显著影响。据此,可以认为在短期多样性实验中,取样效应和互补效应均对多样性．生产力正相互关系产生作用,但取样效应的强度要大于互补效应。     

西双版纳大卡老寨农地景观与物种保护的关系

应用参与式农村评估法从村级水平对西双版纳大卡老寨农地景观与物种保护关系进行了初步调查与分析。斑块物种丰富度与斑块的平均大小、破碎度和分离度相关性较复杂。由于橡胶、西番莲、砂仁斑块面积的迅速发展,多样性、均匀度有所增加,而以集体林为主的景观优势度下降,景观格局的改变使得物种保护呈现出两种不同结果,一是新增加的斑块类型使物种数增加,提高了农业生态系统的多样性,另一方面则是减少或消失的斑块类型造成物种流失。而森林景观是整个农地景观的重要环节,应严格加以保护和合理利用。     

Use of indigenous knowledge for rapidly assessing trends in biodiversity: a case study from Chiapas, Mexico

In order to evaluate the usefulness of rapid surveys of indigenous knowledge for assessing trends in biodiversity, a case study was undertaken in two rural communities, Juznajab and Muquenal, in Chiapas, Mexico. This involved the use of a variety of rapid rural appraisal (RRA) and participatory rural appraisal (PRA) techniques, including semi-structured interviews, transect walks and participatory mapping. These approaches were used in conjunction with analysis of land use maps and aerial photographs to evaluate recent changes in vegetation cover and abundance of utilised species. In both communities, the extent of forest cover was considered by local people to have declined substantially in recent decades, with an annual decline in forest cover of 0.3% and 0.6% estimated by local people in Juznajab and Muquenal, respectively. Results from RRA indicated that this has been accompanied by significant declines in the abundance of useful species. In Juznajab 60% and 79%, and in Muquenal 96% and 85% of plants and animal species, respectively, were considered to have declined within living memory. These declines appear to result from over-utilization as well as habitat changes. For example, most of the tree species used for timber and the animal species used for meat were considered to have declined substantially in both communities. These results indicate that indigenous knowledge is potentially a valuable source of information about biodiversity trends, which could be assessed during Rapid Biodiversity Assessments and incorporated into the process of resource management by local communities. However, the contradictions recorded between assessments of vegetation change by local people and data obtained from other sources indicates the need for caution in the use of indigenous knowledge for this purpose.     

Road Development and the Geography of Hunting by an Amazonian Indigenous Group: Consequences for Wildlife Conservation

Protected areas are essential for conservation of wildlife populations. However, in the tropics there are two important factors that may interact to threaten this objective: 1) road development associated with large-scale resource extraction near or within protected areas; and 2) historical occupancy by traditional or indigenous groups that depend on wildlife for their survival. To manage wildlife populations in the tropics, it is critical to understand the effects of roads on the spatial extent of hunting and how wildlife is used. A geographical analysis can help us answer questions such as: How do roads affect spatial extent of hunting? How does market vicinity relate to local consumption and trade of bushmeat? How does vicinity to markets influence choice of game? A geographical analysis also can help evaluate the consequences of increased accessibility in landscapes that function as source-sink systems. We applied spatial analyses to evaluate the effects of increased landscape and market accessibility by road development on spatial extent of harvested areas and wildlife use by indigenous hunters. Our study was conducted in Yasuní Biosphere Reserve, Ecuador, which is impacted by road development for oil extraction, and inhabited by the Waorani indigenous group. Hunting activities were self-reported for 12–14 months and each kill was georeferenced. Presence of roads was associated with a two-fold increase of the extraction area. Rates of bushmeat extraction and trade were higher closer to markets than further away. Hunters located closer to markets concentrated their effort on large-bodied species. Our results clearly demonstrate that placing roads within protected areas can seriously reduce their capacity to sustain wildlife populations and potentially threaten livelihoods of indigenous groups who depend on these resources for their survival. Our results critically inform current policy debates regarding resource extraction and road building near or within protected areas.     

A participatory counting method to monitor populations of large mammals in non-protected areas: a case study of bicycle counts in the Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe

The sustainable use of wildlife resources within community-based programmes is considered as a valuable option to enhance development and conservation objectives. The application of such a concept in communal lands requires the strong support of local communities through their active involvement in wildlife management. Precise and regular information on wildlife abundance is also essential for effective conservation. In this paper, we present an innovative participatory monitoring method based on bicycle counts developed within the framework of an integrated conservation and development project in the Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe. Results from the 1999 count of population density and structure of common species as well as diversity of large to medium size species are presented. We demonstrate the efficiency of this method, which allowed a high census intensity with efficient animal detection, and hence appeared appropriate for use in a non-protected area. The method gave high levels of precision for the density estimates obtained (10–30% cv) and is therefore useful as a repeatable monitoring tool. In addition, this method is inexpensive to run and is easy to implement for local people. We emphasise the technical and financial autonomy offered by the bicycle counts for communities to monitor their wildlife resources, and we discuss the contribution of this method to the wildlife management process.     

四川马边大风顶自然保护区周边社区对当地自然保护的影响

采用参与式评估和KAP研究等方法,对马边县境内大风顶自然保护区周边社区的社会经济及居民生态保护意识和行为进行调查。结果表明,社区经济落后、人口增长、教育水平偏低的现状构成对保护区影响的主要因素,另外当地的传统观念及生活习惯也对保护区动植物存在一定影响。通过分析,结合当地情况,为社区及保护区将来的发展提出参考建议。     

Wildlife in the life of local people of the semi-arid Argentine Chaco

The semi-arid Argentine Chaco is inhabited by mestizo people, who live on an economy of subsistence based on the use of natural resources and livestock ranching. I investigated the dietary and economic importance of wildlife for local people. Through interviews and participant observation, I found that wildlife is used primarily as food, providing about a third of the total meat consumed by local peasants. Local people use at least 26 species of wildlife although they concentrate on few species. Small species, Chacoan cavies and armadillos, are consumed most, representing 48% of the total wild meat consumed. Consumption of wild meat follows seasonal patterns determined by hunting methods, preferences for meat quality and species activity patterns. The consumptive value of wild meat is high in comparison with wages, but lower in comparison with forest exploitation. Illegal commercialization of wildlife is practiced mainly by villagers and by outsiders and it affects endangered species. Patterns of use of wildlife by local people differ from other Latin American groups in terms of the range of species hunted and the role that hunting plays in local people’ livelihoods. The first steps towards conservation of this increasingly threatened region should involve decreasing hunting by local people of the more vulnerable species and controlling all illegal commercial hunting.     

人与大型兽类的冲突: 野生动物保护所面临的新挑战

人和大型兽类的冲突已经成为人们日益关注的问题。野生动物损害庄稼,捕食家畜,甚至危及到人身安全。人兽冲突增加了野生兽类保护工作的困难。目前,导致人兽冲突比较典型的物种包括野生非洲象和野生亚洲象、绝大多数食肉动物和鹿类等等。引发人和大型兽类冲突的具体原因包括人口增长、野生动物栖息地丧失、土地利用方式的改变以及实施保护后野生动物种群的恢复,多数情况是多种因素共同作用的结果。减少人和大型兽类的冲突应从两方面着手:加强野生兽类管理,利用各种方法减缓损失;另一方面,关注当地社区,在提高当地人的保护意识的同时也要提高当地的经济水平。     

Seasonal shifts in large mammal activity relative to fruit availability and hunting risk along a protected area boundary in Borneo

Understanding wildlife spatiotemporal dynamics at protected area boundaries is critical to conservation. In SE Asia, protected areas are often bordered by indigenous communities whose traditional practices result in increased landscape heterogeneity within their community managed forests (CF). Because SE Asian forests exhibit supra-annual mast fruiting (3–7 yrs) and sustained fruit scarcity, wildlife using CF may benefit from greater availability of fruits and seeds encouraged by traditional management, but incur greater risk of being hunted. We examined shifts in wildlife activity in forests within and adjacent to Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary (LEWS), in Sarawak, Malaysia. Using camera traps and surveys of fruiting phenology, we related presence of fruits and seeds to shifts in large mammal activity over 3 years (October 2016–2019). We first compared relative frequency of five focal species (sun bear, bearded pig, muntjac, mouse deer, and sambar) by forest type for a given survey year and season (rainy vs. dry). We then modeled activity to assess how fruit availability, landscape features, and proxies for hunting risk, influence seasonal shifts in habitat use. Our results suggested seasonal variation in concert with increased landscape heterogeneity influenced patterns of activity. We found no evidence that CF excluded any detected mammal species, suggesting CF contribute important habitat to wildlife, particularly during periods of fruit scarcity in primary forest. However, our findings also imply increased hunting risk for wildlife attracted to resources near human settlements, emphasizing the need to consider the influence of both annual and supra-annual seasonality when developing best practices for the sustainable management.     

植被、海拔、人为干扰对大中型野生动物分布的影响——以九寨沟自然保护区为例

利用九寨沟自然保护区内8条动物监测样线在2003—2010年的生态监测数据,分析了植被、海拔、人为干扰对大中型野生动物分布的影响,结果显示:1)本监测共记录到保护区内大中型野生动物26种,其中兽类18种,鸟类8种,属于我国Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级保护动物的分别有5种和11种。2)针阔混交林和针叶林是大中型野生动物种类最丰富的两种植被类型(分别有26种和17种),阔叶林和灌丛次之(分别为10种和12种),草地最少(2种)。3)海拔2400 m以下的地方,大中型野生动物种类稀少,为10种,2400—2599 m海拔段物种数增加至20种,之后随海拔上升物种丰富度下降。4)人为干扰显著影响大中型野生动物的空间分布:历史上的人类活动将原生森林植被转化为次生的落叶阔叶林、灌丛和草地,使树正、亚纳和尖盘等地下坡位(相对海拔0—199 m)的大中型野生动物的物种丰富度降低(分别为4、2、2种)。包括旅游活动和交通在内的人为干扰,可能导致附近50m海拔范围内保护动物的缺失,并使下坡位的某些物种向高海拔处移动。生境破碎化则使野生动物的种类组成发生改变,使原有森林内部优势种,如羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor),逐渐被适应能力强的物种,如豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis)、雉鸡(Phasianuscolchicus)和野猪(Sus scrofa)等所取代,并将长期影响野生动物种群的存活。当前九寨沟自然保护区大中型野生动物的分布是植被、海拔与人为干扰综合作用的结果。     

Bird naming systems by Akan people in Ghana follow scientific nomenclature with potentials for conservation monitoring

Background

Studies on indigenous knowledge of fauna particular birds and its potential use in biodiversity conservation and management are rare globally. Characteristics used in creating indigenous bird names in many Ghanaian languages are undocumented. The main aim of this study is to answer the question “whether indigenous bird naming systems by the Akan tribes in Ghana follow scientific nomenclature and whether indigenous Akan bird knowledge can potentially help improve bird conservation efforts in Ghana.

Methods

Purposive sampling technique was employed in selecting 10 respondents from 25 communities in the five administrative districts in the Central Region. The study was conducted between November 2014 and March 2015. A mixed method approach was adopted in the data collection including key person interviews, focus group discussion, and structured interview supported by a participatory field observation.

Results

Indigenous people in the study area have reported 143 species of birds belonging to 44 families representing 57 % of total number of species with known local names in Ghana. The study revealed that just as Latin and common English naming systems, indigenous Akan bird names originated from features of the bird, including plumage, vocalizations or behavioural characteristics and belief systems of the indigenous people. The study also discovered that indigenous people in the study area have distinct names for different species within a particular family for most of the birds they could identify. However, they occasionally assign a single general name for either the entire family or all species therein.

Conclusions

The study found evidence to support the prediction that indigenous bird naming systems in the Akan language follow scientific nomenclature. Indigenous knowledge and understanding of birds in the study area can be tapped and used in conservation planning and monitoring of birds. This research thus provides sufficient evidence to prove that indigenous knowledge by the Akan tribes in the study area can be useful in bird conservation and monitoring programs in Ghana. Further research in other Ghanaian languages is recommended.

     

Beetle assemblages of kahikatea forest fragments in a pasture- dominated landscape

Fragments of kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) forest provide a major opportunity for conservation of indigenous biodiversity in the heavily deforested landscape of the Waikato Basin, New Zealand. However, there is little documented information on what indigenous fauna survives in these fragments. Using Malaise traps set 20 m and 50 m into fragments and 20 m and 50 m into the adjacent pasture, we analysed the beetle (Coleoptera) assemblages associated with two such kahikatea forest fragments in the south Waikato Basin in order to determine the scope of biotic invasion by adventive species and use of the surrounding pasture by indigenous species. A total of 3706 beetles were caught, encompassing 37 families and 206 recognisable taxonomic units. The forest fragments had a sharply defined edge, and were dominated by indigenous beetle species, with only a few adventive species present. Beetle assemblages sampled in the surrounding pasture were numerically dominated by adventive species. Despite no indigenous plant species being present in the pastures, 55 indigenous beetles species (61% of total species sampled in the pasture) were recorded in this habitat. Traps in the pasture of greatest floral diversity caught the most indigenous beetle species. Beetles of the detritivore guild dominated the samples from forest, but in samples from pasture, detritovores and predatores were co-dominant. Indigenous herbivore species were poorly represented in samples from pasture compared to other guilds. The kahikatea fragments have a rich indigenous beetle fauna and represent important refuges in the pastoral landscape of the Waikato. Many indigenous species are utilising the pasture to some degree, although their abundance and species richness declines with distance from the forest edge. This may have implications for successful dispersal to new patches. Species that could potentially be used as indicators of kahikatea forest fragment community structure and its resistance to invasion are suggested.