基于RS和GIS的开封市土地覆盖分形

以RS和GIS为技术手段,利用开封市0.61m空间分辨率的QuickBird卫星遥感数据,采用分形几何方法研究了斑块的面积效应和覆盖类型分形的关系,并对覆盖类型的分形特征差异等进行了分析。结果表明,开封市防护林地和农田的平均斑块面积较大,分维数也较大,而水体的分维数较小,说明防护林和农田斑块的边界结构特征比水体更为复杂。斑块的分维值具有尺度依赖性,同一类型中大的斑块往往具有较大的分维值,其原因是大斑块经常出现不同类型的斑块相互嵌套,小斑块则很少出现甚至不出现这种现象。     

恢复演替中草地斑块动态及尺度转换分析

研究了９ａ草地恢复油潜系列中斑块边界形状和斑块面积分布动态,并进行了凡度转换分析。獐茅斑块的边界分维数和斑块化指数最高,羊草斑块的较低,碱蓬斑块的斑块化指数略小于羊草斑块,边界分维数大于洋草斑块。共他类型斑块的两种指数基本上介于獐茅斑块之间,斑块化指数的年限变动滞后于斑块边界分维数,斑块边发维数在整个试验的尺度范围内符合同一自相似规律,斑块的面积分布格局在不同的尺度上有不同的自相似规律。     

祁连山部分地区山地景观格局空间幅度效应的研究

三元图能有效反应多种斑块类型对景观格局的影响, 依据“斑块-廊道-基质”模式, 比较各斑块类型对整个研究区的响应。选择祁连山100 km×100 km的某正方形区域为研究区并运用景观格局指数法对研究区的空间幅度效应进行研究, 同时得出研究区尺度依赖性的有效幅度和特征尺度。结果表明: (1)草地为整个研究区景观结构的基质, 其面积最大, 在整个景观中占绝对优势; (2)在斑块类型中, 裸地在整个研究区中起主导作用; (3)12 km和88 km是研究区的两个特征尺度, 88 km幅度为研究区尺度依赖性的有效幅度, 超过这一幅度范围, 无论景观要素, 还是景观指数都失去了尺度依赖性。研究通过对祁连山部分地区景观格局与尺度效应的分析可以了解研究区景观格局空间特征及分布规律, 为祁连山的规划与管理、生态建设提供参考依据。     

山东泰山地区景观结构变化及其分形分析

将泰山风景区划分为 8个区域 11个基本景观类型 ,包括松林、栎林、刺槐林、侧柏林、针阔叶混交林、经济林、灌丛、裸岩、荒地、水体、建筑。在此基础上 ,利用 3S技术和分形理论对各个景观要素进行了分析 ,并讨论了景观特性及其变化的分形性质。结果表明 :(1)分维值的大小反映了景观斑块面积、斑块数量和平均斑块面积等因素的相互作用 ,在一定尺度下分维的大小反映了区域内景观斑块的不规则程度和复杂程度 ,斑块越不规则、越复杂 ,其分维越大 ,反之亦然。在泰山地区 ,自 1986年至 2 0 0 1年 ,刺槐林一直保持着较高的分维值 ,其它景观类型的分维值则差别不大 ,而针阔叶混交林的分维值变化较大 ;(2 )森林景观受多种因子的影响 ,在高海拔区域主要受垂直地带性规律影响为主 ,在旅游区主要受人类活动的影响为主 ,15 a来各个区域分形维数的总体变化趋势相似 ;(3)大部分区域在 2 0 0 1年的景观多样性、破碎度高于 1986年的 ,而景观优势度则略为下降     

甘肃永登县土地利用景观格局的空间尺度效应

依据“斑块-廊道-基质”模式,研究了甘肃省兰州市永登县景观格局的空间尺度效应.结果表明:草地为整个研究区景观结构的基质;廊道包括道路和河流;其余景观组分(耕地、林地、园地,住宅用地、工矿用地、公共管理与服务用地和其他土地)均为斑块.斑块类型水平指数与景观水平指数均表现出明显的空间幅度依赖性.不同景观组分的斑块类型指数的尺度效应在不同幅度区间存在差异性,景观水平指数的尺度效应在不同幅度区间也存在差异性.在1～20 km幅度区间,尺度效应的组分类型、指标类型之间差异最为明显;在21～90 km幅度区间,尺度效应的组分类型、指标类型之间差异较小;在>90 km幅度后,尺度效应消失.90 km×90 km为研究景观格局尺度依赖性的有效幅度.     

2D与3D景观指数测定山区植被景观格局变化对比分析

植被和土地覆盖变化是环境变化的一个重要因素,同时也是引起景观和生态系统变化的重要原因。景观指数是定量分析植被和土地覆盖变化的重要研究方法之一。以滇西北高山峡谷区为案例区,比较分析传统2D景观指数和3D景观指数进行植被变化定量测定的差异。研究主要选取了基于斑块面积和周长几个常用指数来进行比较分析。研究结果表明在斑块层次上,除了分维数指数,其他指数的三维方法计算值显著地高于二维方法计算值;在类型层次上,三维的类型面积指数、平均斑块面积指数、平均最小邻近距离指数测定的变化值显著大于二维的相应指数测定变化值,但是二维和三维平均形状指数和分维指数测定的植被斑块的平均形状变化结果没有显著差异;在景观层次,只有三维的平均斑块面积和最小邻近距离指数测定的变化结果显著高于二维的平均面积和最小邻近距离指数测定的变化结果,其它指数如形状指数、分维指数、多样性指数和均一度指数等测定出两个不同时期的植被图格局变化结果均无显著差异,主要由于这些指数是采用面积和周长的对数或者比值计算得出,从而缩小了斑块表面面积与平面面积,表面周长与平面周长之间的差异。总体而言,利用二维景观指数在进行定量分析山区植被格局变化时,往往低估了其类型面积、平均斑块面积、斑块邻近距离等指数变化量,而三维景观指数得到相对较精确的变化值。     

基于分形理论的云南红河县景观斑块尺度效应

运用分形理论,采用网格法作为基本尺度测度方法,选择云南红河县规普村作为研究区,对不同尺度下的景观斑块数量、相对频率、平均分维数、稳定性指数进行了分析。结果表明:从斑块面积上,研究区域景观斑块以灌木林地、其他草地、水田为主,裸地最小。从斑块个数上,水田最多,裸地最少。随着研究区域观测尺度(粒度)从4000、2000、1333、1000、800、667 m递减变化,每种景观斑块的数量和稳定性指数呈递增趋势,相对频率和平均分维数呈递减趋势。各景观斑块平均分维数介于1.029~1.959,其中河流水面斑块形状最复杂,农村居民点斑块最简单。景观斑块分维数受尺度影响呈中小程度变异;景观斑块个数受尺度影响呈中度变异,斑块个数比斑块分维数受尺度影响更显著。景观斑块分维数对尺度响应过程揭示了研究区域景观斑块空间分布尺度变化的规律性。     

科尔沁沙地景观研究中的尺度效应

从研究区域取样尺度和分析尺度两个方面入手 ,对科尔沁沙地景观的尺度效应进行了分析 ,结果表明 :取样尺度的尺度效应可以通过回归分析和统计分析来判断其变化趋势和范围。回归分析的结果表明 ,景观中斑块数量 ( y)与取样面积 ( x)之间有很好的拟合关系 y=- 7.1 2 82 x+ 2 2 0 .31 ( R=0 .95 8>0 .70 8=α0 .0 1(10 ) ) ;最大斑块面积 ( y)和取样面积 ( x)二者的关系为 y=0 .0 0 4 x2 - 0 .0 0 96x+ 0 .3346( R=0 .947>0 .70 8=α0 .0 1(10 ) ) ,关系密切。取样面积对景观结构特征的影响分析显示 ,在取样面积最小为 0 .2 8的情况下 ,景观多样性指数的变化为抛物线型 ,在取样面积约为研究区面积的一半左右时 ,景观多样性最高 ,为1 .931。不同取样面积的平均多样性指数为 1 .863(± 0 .0 75 )。从景观优势度指数的变化来看 ,呈倒抛物线型。在取样面积约为研究区面积的一半左右时 ,优势度最低 ,为 0 .467。不同取样面积的平均优势度指数为0 .5 34(± 0 .0 75 )。在取样面积不变的情况下 ,研究尺度的分析表明 ,沙地景观间隙度具有分形结构。间隙度与研究斑块的占有概率有关 ,占有概率越高 ,分维数越大。在研究对象占有概率相同的情况下 ,不同分布格局存在不同的景观间隙度 ,研究尺度越大 ,差别越大。相对而     

桂西北喀斯特区域景观结构特征与石漠化的关系

采用典范对应分析方法（CCA），从景观类型和景观两个层次选取了16个景观格局指数来表征景观结构特征，分析了广西省环江县喀斯特区域的景观结构与石漠化强度的关系.结果表明，平均斑块面积、平均旱地斑块面积、景观形状指数和聚集度指数与CCA排序的前两个排序轴相关性强，对区域石漠化过程具有重要影响.研究区潜在石漠化主要与平均旱地斑块面积、平均旱地斑块分维数和平均灌木林地斑块分维数呈较强的正相关，与旱地斑块数呈负相关;轻度石漠化与分维数、平均未利用地斑块分维数和灌木林地斑块数的正相关性较强;中度石漠化和重度石漠化主要与平均未利用地斑块面积呈正相关、与平均灌木林地斑块分维数呈负相关，说明景观结构特征对土地石漠化程度具有一定的指示意义.排序分析结果较清晰地解释了研究区石漠化程度沿景观结构特征梯度的变化规律.     

艾比湖区域景观格局空间特征与地表水质的关联分析

为进一步明确区域土地利用/覆被—景观格局对河流水质影响的空间尺度。选择新疆艾比湖区域为研究对象,以25个水质采样点为中心,建立5种尺度的河流缓冲区并提取不同尺度下的土地利用/覆被-景观格局数据。首先,通过主成分分析获得水环境的主要水质变量。其次,利用冗余分析(RDA)方法探讨研究区不同宽度缓冲区土地利用/覆被—景观格局对河流水质的影响,获得水质管理的有效缓冲区。最后,引入突变点分析方法进一步寻找导致水质变量沿景观梯度突变的特定位置。结果表明:(1)土地利用/覆被—景观格局在不同宽度缓冲区内对河流水质的影响不同。4 km缓冲区土地利用/覆被—景观格局对区域水质有较强的分异解释能力,因此4 km缓冲区的景观格局合理配置对河流水质管理尤为重要。(2)通过偏RDA分析发现4 km缓冲区中,影响区域水质的主要环境变量为景观水平斑块密度、类型水平耕地斑块密度和森林聚集度。(3)在偏RDA分析的基础上,对4 km缓冲区内的景观指数进行突变点分析研究,发现区域景观水平斑块密度为90—105 m/hm~2,类型水平耕地的斑块密度ED值在90—110 m/hm~2、林草地的AI值在70%—90%,是艾比湖区域水质保护的最佳突变值,该值为艾比湖区域水质保护的阈值。本研究从多个角度对新疆艾比区域的土地利用/覆被—景观格局对区域水质的影响进行定量分析,揭示该地区景观生态变化的规律,为区域景观格局优化和土地合理规划提供理论依据,并对改善"丝绸之路经济带"生态环境、实现资源可持续利用具有重要的现实意义和理论价值。     

THE EFFECT OF HOST PLANT PATCH SIZE VARIATION ON THE POPULATION STRUCTURE OF A SPECIALIST HERBIVORE INSECT,TETRAOPES TETRAOPHTHALMUS

The patchy local distribution of the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca, organizes populations of a beetle that feeds on it, Tetraopes tetraophthalmus, into numerous local demes. Genetic and ecological characteristics of demes of adult milkweed beetles occupying two naturally occurring size classes of patches, defined as large and small, were studied in order to describe the effect of patch size variation on local population structure. Allele frequency variance in two of three protein polymorphisms was significantly greater in collections of beetles from an array of 13 small patches when compared to collections from an array of 11 large populations. A multivariate measure of variance using information from all 3 genetic markers confirmed that the small patches displayed greater overall genetic differentiation. This was further quantified by computing an F_st value, combined across loci, of 0.018 for the small patches and 0.004 for the large patches. No significant difference between patch size classes in mean allele frequency was detected. Mark and recapture studies of the adults found in five small and four large patches showed the residence times of adults in small patches to be less than half of those found in large patches. This was interpreted as resulting from higher emigration rates from small patches. It is proposed that greater genetic differentiation is found among demes from smaller patches because smaller patches support smaller population sizes and further because smaller patches act as net exporters of migrants while larger patches act as net migrant importers.     

Genetic estimates of immigration and emigration rates in relation to population density and forest patch area in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Peromyscus leucopus</Emphasis>

An emerging pattern is that population densities of generalist rodents are higher in small compared to large forest patches in fragmented landscapes. We used genetically based measures of migration between patches to test two dispersal-based hypotheses for this negative density-area relationship: (1) emigration rates from small patches should be relatively lower compared to large patches (“inhibited dispersal hypothesis”), or (2) immigration rates should be higher into small than large patches (“immigration hypothesis”). Neither hypothesis was supported using data on dispersal inferred from eight microsatellite loci for 12 populations of Peromyscus leucopus in six small (1.3–2.7 ha) and six large (8–150 ha) forest patches. Emigration rates were not lower from and immigration rates were not higher into small than large patches. In fact, contrary to both hypotheses, emigration rates were higher from populations of P. leucopus in small compared to large patches. Based on a combination of genetic and field data, we speculate that higher reproduction in smaller patches resulted in higher densities which led to higher emigration rates from those patches. Rates of reproduction (presumably driven by better habitat conditions in smaller patches), rather than dispersal, seems to drive density differences in forest patches. We conclude that smaller forest patches within an agricultural matrix act as a source of individuals, and that migration rates are fairly high among forest patches regardless of size.     

利用IKONOS卫星数据和分形方法研究南麂岛土地覆盖状况

研究南麂岛的土地覆盖类型及其空间分布和结构特征。利用具有1米空间分辨率的IKONOS卫星遥感数据,提取南麂岛的植被覆盖和土地利用信息,获得草地、灌木林地、庄稼地和居民地等主要土地覆盖类型及其分布图。然后利用分形几何方法建立南麂岛土地覆盖类型特性分析模型,从斑块的面积效应、覆盖类型的分形分析、单个斑块的分形分析和覆盖类型分形特征差异显著性等方面进行分析讨论。研究结果表明,南麂岛的草地和灌木林地的分形维数较大,而庄稼地和居民地的分形维数较小,说明草地和灌木林地的斑块的结构特征和边界比庄稼地和居民地更为复杂。进一步研究表明,斑块的分形特性与其受人类活动的干扰程度密切相关。     

北京东灵山地区景观格局及破碎化评价

 人类活动已将北京东灵山地区地带性原生暖温带落叶阔叶林破坏殆尽。本项研究基于植被图,在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,选择多种景观格局指数,从斑块面积、斑块数、斑块周长、分形维数和多样性的角度进行了格局分析和破碎化评价。结果表明,该区景观类型以次生林和灌丛为主,面积分布极不均衡,且多呈小面积零散分布。各森林类型的分布面积、周长和斑块数一般小于灌丛、草地和农田,且边界密度和斑块密度较高,显示出较高程度的破碎化。各景观类型的平均斑块面积和周长遵从分形规律,分形维数1.30,景观整体的斑块边界的褶皱程度较低。景观多样性的Shannon指数,景观组分的类型面积(2.262)<类型周长(2.435)<类型斑块数(2.675),均小于等概率情形(2.940)。上述结果均显示,该区森林景观破碎化程度较高。     

分子进化研究：Ⅱ.5SrRNA序列的分形与分子进化的关系

本文根据分形理论的原理和方法,在对现行的计算核酸序列分维的方法进行修改的基础上,对各类生物的80余种5SrRNA序列的分维进行了计算,并结合耗散结构理论就其分维与分子进化的关系问题进行了研究和探讨。作者认为,5SrRNA序列的分维与其分子进化间的关系是一种复杂的非线性关系,在分子进化的过程中,序列的分维表现为随机涨落。     

红树植物木榄幼树斑块形状的分形分析

应用分形理论分析了山口国家级红树林自然保护区木榄幼树斑块形状的分形特征。木榄幼树斑块在整体水平上的分形维数为 1 .1 2 ,而单个斑块的分形维数介于 1 .1 7～ 1 .3 7之间。分形维数的大小与斑块形状的复杂程度密切相关。频谱法和周长 -面积法都适用于分析幼树斑块形状的分形特征。     

THE EFFECTS OF THE RELATIVE GEOGRAPHIC SCALES OF GENE FLOW AND SELECTION ON MORPH FREQUENCIES IN THE WALKING-STICK TIMEMA CRISTINAE

Gene frequencies in large populations are determined by a balance between selection and gene flow between neighborhoods of different selection regimes. This balance is affected by the area of the patches of a given selection regime relative to the gene-flow distance. If patches are small relative to gene-flow distance, similarity in the total area occupied by different patch types is a crucial condition for the stability of polymorphisms. However, if patches are larger than the gene-flow distance, then the relative area of different patch types is less important because of reduced gene flow resulting from isolation by distance. Two morphs (striped and unstriped) of the walking-stick Timema cristinae were each strongly associated with patches of distinct species of food plants on which they are most cryptic. The frequency of a morph was high on the plant on which it is most cryptic when either: (1) the area occupied by the food plant (patch) was very large; (2) the patch was completely isolated from other patches; or (3) the patch was larger than adjacent patches. Results (1) and (2) are consistent with isolation-by-distance models, and result (3) is consistent with Levene's multiple-niche polymorphism model.     

Annual Survival and Turnover Rates of an Afrotropical Robin in a Fragmented Forest

Whether or not subdivided populations persist in fragmented landscapes primarily depends on how well individuals can survive within discrete habitat patches. Using data from six capture–recapture sessions, survival probabilities of the white-starred robin were estimated in seven indigenous forest patches in the highly fragmented Taita Hills forests, SE Kenya. We found no significant differences in survival probability either among fragment-size categories (large 135 ha, medium 95 ha, and small 2–8 ha) or between adult and first-year birds. However, males had a higher probability of survival from one year to the next than females. Turnover rates of adult birds were higher for females than males, but also higher in the medium and small patches than in the large one within each sex. That survival probability was similar among fragments, but turnover rates differed denoted that different processes caused extirpation from the patches. We suggest that mortality associated with dispersal was probably a more important cause of extirpation than within-patch mortality in the largest habitat, which had the lowest turnover rates. Conversely, high within-patch mortality, for instance due to predation during incubation, could have been more important in the smaller, more disturbed habitats. These results lend support to the proposition that avian conservation efforts should be focussed both at the landscape level to improve connectivity between fragments and reduce mortality during dispersal, and at the patch level to exclude other mortality sources such as nest predation.     

Dendritic field structure of the large ganglion cells in the retina of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pholidapus dybowskii</Emphasis> Steindachner, 1880 (Pisces: Perciformes: Stichaeidae)

This paper deals with the dendritic field structure of three large ganglion cell types in the retina of a marine teleost, Pholidapus dybowskii. Cells were retrograde labeled with horseradish peroxidase applied to lesioned fibers of the optic nerve. Their morphology was studied in wholemounted retinae. Dendritic fields of α_ab cells were more complex. Their structural complexity measured using Kolmogorov and information fractal dimensions exceeded significantly those of α_a and biplexiform cells. The latter two types exhibited no significant differences in complexity and spatial heterogeneity of dendritic field. The cell types studied differed dramatically in the relationships between fractal and nonfractal parameters of their dendritic arbors. The functional and evolutionary implications of the dendritic field structure of retinal ganglion cells are discussed.