聚合级L-乳酸的非粮生物质发酵研究进展

乳酸在化工、医药和食品加工等领域有着广泛的用途。随着聚乳酸产业的兴起,对聚合级L-乳酸的需求量也不断增加。开发低成本的非粮生物质乳酸发酵工艺、实现发酵-分离耦合是降低聚合级L-乳酸成本、摆脱原料价格不断上涨压力的技术趋势。文中简要综述了近2~3年使用非粮生物质发酵生产聚合级L-乳酸的技术进展,并对未来乳酸发酵工艺作了展望。     

微生物发酵产光学纯度D-乳酸研究进展

D-乳酸作为一种重要的手性中间体和聚乳酸合成的原料,其生产已越来越受到人们的重视。然而,低光学纯度D-乳酸在很多领域的应用都受到限制。微生物发酵法能够生产高光学纯度的D-乳酸。除了乳酸生产的传统菌株-乳酸细菌,研究者们还通过基因工程的手段不断探索其它种属菌株利用更廉价的可再生资源高产光学纯度D-乳酸的可行性。介绍了D-乳酸的物化性质及其在工业生产、化学加工和聚乳酸合成中的应用,并详细综述了国内外发酵法生产光学纯度D-乳酸的最新研究进展,着重介绍了采用基因工程育种策略提高菌株的D-乳酸产量、转化率、生产强度以及光学纯度,降低副产物的合成,扩大底物利用范围的研究成果。所涉及的菌株包括:乳酸细菌、大肠杆菌、谷氨酸棒杆菌以及酵母等。这些研究表明,应用基因工程手段改造生产菌株的代谢途径是选育D-乳酸发酵生产菌株的发展趋势。最后还对D-乳酸发酵生产的前景进行了展望。     

L-乳酸的发酵生产和聚L-乳酸的化学加工

L-乳酸广泛应用于食品、医药、日化和工业等各个领域。近年来随着石化资源的不断紧缺,众多化学合成的高分子材料的生产受到了限制。以生物质资源为基础的L-乳酸因此被大量用于加工生产成聚L-乳酸等环境友好型生物可降解材料。正是由于L-乳酸需求量的增大,如何高效低成本地生产L-乳酸显得尤为重要。系统综述了L-乳酸生产菌株的选育,用于L-乳酸发酵生产的廉价资源的开发利用,L-乳酸的发酵生产和L-乳酸的分离纯化等方面的研究进展。目前研究的热点和难点正是基于上述四个部分:菌种方面,以可以高效代谢利用廉价底物,且营养需求低的选育目标获得了多个优良的生产菌种,然而具备综合代谢优势的菌种还有待进一步选育;发酵底物方面,已开发利用多种廉价,来源丰富且易于菌种代谢并高效转化成乳酸的底物,但是对这些底物工业规模应用还有待进一步研究;发酵工艺方面,建立了环境友好型,劳动强度低的发酵工艺,然而实际应用中仍然存在成本高的问题;后提取方面,通过选育低营养需求的生产菌种和采用新型发酵工艺有效地简化了后提取过程,但是实际应用方面仍受发酵工艺成本高的制约。最后对聚L-乳酸的化学加工以及聚L-乳酸的生物降解进行了探讨并提出了一些建议。     

生物基乳酸生物转化研究进展

乳酸的发酵生产技术已取得了长足的进步,作为一种重要生物基化学品,乳酸除了可用于食品工业及生产聚乳酸外,亦可作为一种重要的平台化合物,用于生产丙烯酸、丙酮酸、1,2-丙二醇、乳酸酯等。文中重点综述了以生物基乳酸为原料经脱水、脱氢、还原及酯化反应生产乳酸衍生物的生物转化工艺,对该领域的发展趋势进行了展望。     

批式发酵法生产乳酸的几个重要因素

乳酸是一种重要的有机酸,在各个行业中均有广泛的应用,它作为生物可降解聚乳酸的原料尤其令人关注.本文对提高乳酸发酵生产中的几个重要因素如菌种、原料、工艺控制及其优化等作了简要探讨     

乳酸的发酵研究

本文从生产角度报道乳酸微生物发酵过程中应注意的有关问题,并以生产实践说明发酵培养基糊化时加α-淀粉酶所控制的温度及灭菌时的温度变化对乳酸发酵所产生的影响。     

重组大肠杆菌利用废纸水解液发酵产L-乳酸

前期通过基因工程手段,构建了一株大肠杆菌工程菌E.coli WL204,该菌株可以有效利用木糖为底物发酵产L-乳酸。以废纸为发酵原料,研究该菌株利用木质纤维素发酵产乳酸的特性。原料以稀硫酸预处理后,经纤维素酶酶解,得到的水解液用Ca(OH)2脱毒后,接种E.coli WL204,在7L发酵罐中发酵72h,每100g废纸可以产生31g乳酸,糖酸转化率为79%。结果表明,E.coli WL204可以木质纤维素原料为底物发酵生产L-乳酸,具有一定的工业化开发潜力。     

乳酸细菌和酸奶对免疫系统功能的调节作用

发酵乳制品对人体健康的保护作用自古为人所知。研究证实 ,食品生产中常用的乳酸菌种 ,如乳酸杆菌、嗜热链球菌和双歧杆菌等 ,均属于“益生菌( probiotics)”的范围。由乳酸细菌发酵而成的酸奶 ,作为典型的健康食品 ,更是受到医学界和营养学界的广泛重视。近 2 0年来的研究发现 ,乳酸细菌在体液免疫和细胞免疫中发挥着调节作用。由于人体的免疫系统承担着抵抗外来病菌和毒素、处理体内衰老细胞和异常细胞两方面的重要功能 ,保证免疫系统处于适当的活性状态 ,对人体健康十分重要。了解乳酸菌和发酵奶对免疫系统的影响 ,为揭示其保健作用的机…     

利用木薯淀粉产异丁醇的重组菌株的构建

目的:构建了一株直接利用木薯淀粉为原料生产异丁醇的重组菌株。方法:将地衣芽孢杆菌的淀粉酶基因克隆到生产异丁醇的大肠杆菌重组菌中,使大肠杆菌能够直接利用木薯淀粉为原料生产异丁醇。结果:木薯淀粉不需要预先加入淀粉酶进行糖化处理,就可以直接被作者研究所构建的重组菌株发酵生成异丁醇。结论:提供了一种直接发酵木薯淀粉生产异丁醇的方法。导入地衣芽孢杆菌的淀粉酶基因,能使只能利用葡萄糖作为发酵材料的异丁醇生产工程菌直接利用木薯淀粉为原料生产异丁醇。     

乳酸发酵动力学研究进展

对乳酸发酵过程中几种典型的发酵过程动力学,如游离细菌进行乳酸发酵动力学、海藻酸钙固定化米根霉的发酵动力学、转盘反应器固定化米根霉的发酵动力学以及聚氨酯固定化米根霉的发酵动力学进行了阐述。     

Effect of pH control on lactic acid fermentation of starch by Lactobacillus manihotivorans LMG 18010T

Lactic acid fermentation of starch by Lactobacillus manihotivorans LMG 18010T, a new amylolytic L(+) lactic acid producer, was investigated and compared with starch fermentation by Lact. plantarum A6. At non-controlled pH, growth and lactic acid production from starch by Lact. manihotivorans LMG 18010T lasted 25 h. Specific growth and lactic acid production rates continuously decreased from the onset of the fermentation, unlike Lact. plantarum A6 which was able to grow and convert starch product hydrolysis into lactic acid more rapidly and efficiently at a constant rate up to pH 4.5. In spite of complete and rapid starch hydrolysis by Lact. manihotivorans LMG 18010T during the first 6 h, only 45% of starch hydrolysis products were converted to lactic acid. When pH was maintained at 6.0, lactic acid, amylase and final biomass production by Lact. manihotivorans LMG 18010T increased markedly and the fermentation time was reduced by half. Under the same conditions, an increase only in amylase production was observed with Lact. plantarum A6. When grown on glucose or starch at pH 6.0, Lact. manihotivorans LMG 18010T had an identical maximum specific growth rate (0.35 h(-1)), whereas the maximum rate of specific lactic acid production was three times higher with glucose as substrate. Lactobacillus manihotivorans LMG 18010T did not produce amylase when grown on glucose. Based on the differences in the physiology between the two species and other amylolytic lactic acid bacteria, different applications may be expected.     

Amylolytic bacterial lactic acid fermentation - a review

Lactic acid, an enigmatic chemical has wide applications in food, pharmaceutical, leather, textile industries and as chemical feed stock. Novel applications in synthesis of biodegradable plastics have increased the demand for lactic acid. Microbial fermentations are preferred over chemical synthesis of lactic acid due to various factors. Refined sugars, though costly, are the choice substrates for lactic acid production using Lactobacillus sps. Complex natural starchy raw materials used for production of lactic acid involve pretreatment by gelatinization and liquefaction followed by enzymatic saccharification to glucose and subsequent conversion of glucose to lactic acid by Lactobacillus fermentation. Direct conversion of starchy biomass to lactic acid by bacteria possessing both amylolytic and lactic acid producing character will eliminate the two step process to make it economical. Very few amylolytic lactic acid bacteria with high potential to produce lactic acid at high substrate concentrations are reported till date. In this view, a search has been made for various amylolytic LAB involved in production of lactic acid and utilization of cheaply available renewable agricultural starchy biomass. Lactobacillus amylophilus GV6 is an efficient and widely studied amylolytic lactic acid producing bacteria capable of utilizing inexpensive carbon and nitrogen substrates with high lactic acid production efficiency. This is the first review on amylolytic bacterial lactic acid fermentations till date.     

Isolation and characterization of new amylolytic strains of Lactobacillus fermentum from fermented maize doughs (mawè and ogi) from Benin

Twelve amylolytic heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria were isolated in Benin from the fermentation processes of maize sour dough, namely ogi and mawè. Discrimination of strains was performed by DNA restriction patterns and compared with carbohydrate fermentation profiles. This allowed two new amylolytic strains, Ogi E1 and Mw2, belonging to the species Lactobacillus fermentum , to be distinguished. Strains Ogi E1 and Mw2 presented different amylolytic activities; amylase from strain Mw2 was more acidophilic and mesophilic than amylase produced by strain Ogi E1.     

Microbial and Physiological Characterization of Weakly Amylolytic but Fast-Growing Lactic Acid Bacteria: a Functional Role in Supporting Microbial Diversity in Pozol, a Mexican Fermented Maize Beverage

Pozol is an acid beverage obtained from the natural fermentation of nixtamal (heat- and alkali-treated maize) dough. The concentration of mono- and disaccharides from maize is reduced during nixtamalization, so that starch is the main carbohydrate available for lactic acid fermentation. In order to provide some basis to understand the role of amylolytic lactic acid bacteria (ALAB) in this fermented food, their diversity and physiological characteristics were determined. Forty amylolytic strains were characterized by phenotypic and molecular taxonomic methods. Four different biotypes were distinguished via ribotyping; Streptococcus bovis strains were found to be predominant. Streptococcus macedonicus, Lactococcus lactis, and Enterococcus sulfureus strains were also identified. S. bovis strain 25124 showed extremely low amylase yield relative to biomass (139 U g [cell dry weight]⁻¹) and specific rate of amylase production (130.7 U g [cell dry weight]⁻¹ h⁻¹). In contrast, it showed a high specific growth rate (0.94 h⁻¹) and an efficient energy conversion yield to bacterial cell biomass (0.31 g of biomass g of substrate⁻¹). These would confer on the strain a competitive advantage and are the possible reasons for its dominance. Transient accumulation of maltooligosaccharides during fermentation could presumably serve as energy sources for nonamylolytic species in pozol fermentation. This would explain the observed diversity and the dominance of nonamylolytic lactic acid bacteria at the end of fermentation. These results are the first step to understanding the importance of ALAB during pozol fermentation.     

Microbial and physiological characterization of weakly amylolytic but fast-growing lactic acid bacteria: a functional role in supporting microbial diversity in pozol,a Mexican fermented maize beverage

Pozol is an acid beverage obtained from the natural fermentation of nixtamal (heat- and alkali-treated maize) dough. The concentration of mono- and disaccharides from maize is reduced during nixtamalization, so that starch is the main carbohydrate available for lactic acid fermentation. In order to provide some basis to understand the role of amylolytic lactic acid bacteria (ALAB) in this fermented food, their diversity and physiological characteristics were determined. Forty amylolytic strains were characterized by phenotypic and molecular taxonomic methods. Four different biotypes were distinguished via ribotyping; Streptococcus bovis strains were found to be predominant. Streptococcus macedonicus, Lactococcus lactis, and Enterococcus sulfureus strains were also identified. S. bovis strain 25124 showed extremely low amylase yield relative to biomass (139 U g [cell dry weight](-1)) and specific rate of amylase production (130.7 U g [cell dry weight](-1) h(-1)). In contrast, it showed a high specific growth rate (0.94 h(-1)) and an efficient energy conversion yield to bacterial cell biomass (0.31 g of biomass g of substrate(-1)). These would confer on the strain a competitive advantage and are the possible reasons for its dominance. Transient accumulation of maltooligosaccharides during fermentation could presumably serve as energy sources for nonamylolytic species in pozol fermentation. This would explain the observed diversity and the dominance of nonamylolytic lactic acid bacteria at the end of fermentation. These results are the first step to understanding the importance of ALAB during pozol fermentation.     

Use of inexpensive nitrogen sources and starch for L(+) lactic acid production in anaerobic submerged fermentation

L(+) Lactic acid fermentation was studied by Lactobacillus amylophilus GV6 under the influence of inexpensive nitrogen sources (red lentil-RL, and Baker's yeast cells-YC) and starch by response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to determine maximum lactic acid production at optimum values for process variables RL, YC and incubation period (IP) and a satisfactory fit model was realized. Lactic acid production was significantly affected by RL and IP interactions as well as by independent variables RL and YC. Maximum lactic acid production of 13.5 g/15.2g starch was obtained with RL 0.8%, YC 1% and IP of 48 h, with 92% lactic acid yield efficiency (g lactic acid produced/g substrate utilized) and 40% increase (from 50 g to 92 g/100 g starch utilized) in lactic acid production. This is the first report on response optimization in direct fermentation of starch to lactic acid using inexpensive nitrogen sources substituting peptone and yeast extract in anaerobic submerged fermentation by amylolytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB).     

固定化细胞利用离子交换树脂萃取发酵乳酸的研究

本文提出了利用海藻酸钙凝胶包埋固定化乳酸菌生产乳酸,用离子交换树脂从发酵液中分离出乳酸的新方法。该法成功地消除了产物乳酸对乳酸菌生长和产物乳酸形成的抑制作用,使发酵时间由１２０小时缩短到９６小时,乳酸的体积生产率由０．３２８ｇ／Ｌ·ｈ提高到０．４３２ｇ／Ｌ·ｈ。     

Original properties of ropy strains of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from the sour cassava starch fermentation

C. FIGUEROA, A.M. DAVILA AND J. POURQUIÉ 1997. Sour cassava starch is the result of a lactic fermentation of raw cassava starch followed by sun drying. Lactobacillus plantarum strains are commonly isolated from this fermentation. Among them, a particular group of strains has been characterized by a strong ropy phenotype, the production of a thickening factor under submerged cultures conditions, a low nutritional requirement for organic nitrogen and an absence of amylolytic activity. However, these strains have been shown to thrive on starch, through commensalistic interactions with amylolytic lactic acid bacteria. These results explain the frequent occurrence of ropy, non-amylolytic strains in sour starch fermentation, and support the hypothesis of exopolysaccharides production during this fermentation.     

清香型白酒中乳酸菌和酵母菌的相互作用

【目的】探究清香型白酒中不同乳酸菌和酵母菌的相互作用,了解不同菌株的发酵性能,为更深入地认识白酒发酵机理、实现发酵过程优化提供理论基础。【方法】利用程序控温和固态发酵模拟清香型白酒酿造环境,测定纯培养和共培养中菌株的理化指标、活菌数以及主要代谢产物的变化。【结果】Saccharomyces cerevisiae YJ1糖消耗快产乙醇和酯类物质多,Lactobacillus plantarum JMRS4糖消耗快产酸较多。共培养中乳酸菌对Saccharomyces cerevisiae YJ1的生长和产乙醇抑制较大,对Candida aaseri MJ7产乙醇几乎无影响。乳酸菌对Pichia kudriavzevii MJ14的生物量和乙醇代谢抑制作用较小,还对其产己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯和异戊醇等代谢产物有促进作用;而反过来Pichia kudriavzevii MJ14对3株乳酸菌产乳酸均有抑制作用,对产乙酸则有促进作用。【结论】建立了一种固态培养方法,结合清香型白酒发酵温度变化规律,有效模拟了实际发酵环境。Pichia kudriavzevii MJ14在与乳酸菌共培养中受到的抑制较小并能有效抑制乳酸菌产乳酸,Saccharomyces cerevisiae YJ1能代谢产生多种风味物质,对清香型白酒酿造有重要意义。     

Batch fermentations on synthetic mixed sugar and starch medium with amylolytic lactic acid bacteria

The green crop drying industry in Denmark uses Italian rye grass, clover, and alfalfa as raw materials for the production of green pellets. The green crop drying industry solves its energy economical problems by heating and pressing of the green crop before drying. The produced sidestream is called brown juice. Brown juice was shown to be an excellent medium for lactic acid fermentation. The aim of this study was to investigate the utilisation of brown juice in the production of polylactic acid, where wheat starch would be added to increase the lactic acid yield and, thus, the feasibility of the process. A number of amylolytic lactic acid bacteria have been identified, and in this work, six different strains were tested for their ability to produce α-amylase and to utilise all sugars with high lactic acid yield in a medium with a complex composition of free sugars (brown juice) and starch. Lactobacillus plantarum A6 was the only strain that showed both a good lactic acid production and utilisation of starch in this medium. The growth rate of this strain was approximately 0.4 h⁻¹ and the lactic acid yield was 0.7.