黑水虻抗菌肽诱导条件优化及粗提物活性研究

采用不同诱导方法、不同诱导剂量及不同诱导时间诱导黑水虻Hermetia illucens L.幼虫产生抗菌肽，通过研磨提取法提取幼虫抗菌肽粗提物，并对所提取粗提物进行抑菌活性的比较研究，以优化黑水虻幼虫抗菌肽的诱导条件，为黑水虻抗菌肽的分离纯化提供最佳的实验方法。结果表明，不同龄期黑水虻幼虫产生抗菌肽的抑菌活性不同，最佳诱导龄期为5龄；不同诱导方法产生抗菌肽对大肠杆菌抑菌活性不同，大肠杆菌菌液针刺浸泡60 s，诱导后饲养24 h提取抗菌肽抑菌活性最好，其次为超声波100 W诱导20 min产生抗菌肽抑菌活性，但二者活性相比差异不显著；大肠杆菌菌液、金黄色葡萄球菌菌液注射诱导、金黄色葡萄球菌菌液针刺浸泡诱导及40 w超声波诱导所产生抗菌肽虽有一定的抑菌效果但与前两种方法相比差异显著。     

华南十大功劳提取物抑菌活性初步研究

以超声提取和索氏提取方法,比较华南十大功劳叶和茎提取物经不同溶剂和不同极性萃取物萃取的抑菌活性大小。结果表明,叶和茎均含有抑菌活性物质,而叶的抑菌效果更强;索氏提取物与超声提取抑菌效果差异不大;华南十大功劳提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌、藤黄球菌、白色念珠菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为0.6 g/mL、1.0 g/mL、0.8 g/mL、1.0 g/mL、2.0 g/mL;其最小杀菌浓度均为2.0 g/mL,但其对黑曲霉没有抑制作用;不同溶剂提取物中,无水甲醇溶液提取物具有最佳抑菌效果。提取物易溶解于极性萃取物。5种敏感菌对华南十大功劳提取物的敏感性由强到弱依次为：金黄色葡萄球菌菌＞枯草杆菌＞藤黄球菌＞大肠杆菌＞白色念珠菌。     

超临界CO_2萃取法提取棘托竹荪中的活性物质及其抑菌效果研究

本文研究了超临界CO2萃取法的不同提取条件对棘托竹荪中活性物质的抑菌效果影响。通过L16(43)正交实验,选取萃取压力、萃取温度与萃取时间为主要影响因素,采用超临界CO2萃取法,以活性物质对单增李斯特菌和副溶血性弧菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)与抑菌率作为提取效果指标,设计棘托竹荪抑菌活性物质的最佳提取条件。由不同提取条件对两种菌抑菌效果的影响程度与显著性分析得出:萃取时间萃取温度萃取压力。棘托竹荪活性物质提取的最佳条件为:萃取压力为20 MPa,萃取温度35℃,萃取时间120 min,所得活性物质对单增李斯特菌与副溶血性弧菌的MIC均为15.0 mg/m L。当抑菌活性物质浓度为MIC时,处理24 h后其对单增李斯特菌与副溶血性弧菌的最佳抑制率分别为85.7%与98.2%。     

野生与栽培乌拉尔甘草不同部位甘草酸含量分析

采用超声提取法结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)对黑龙江省西部野生与栽培乌拉尔甘草不同部位的甘草酸含量进行测定,结果表明:超声方法提取甘草酸是便捷、有效的方法之一,最佳提取条件为50%甲醇提取液,超声提取45m in。甘草地下部分甘草酸含量较高,野生甘草的甘草酸含量主根 > 横根茎 > 不定根 > 垂根茎;栽培甘草则为不定根 > 主根 > 横根茎;总体上看地上部分甘草酸含量是微量的,其中叶的甘草酸含量相对较多,地上茎、种子等器官甘草酸含量较低。无论野生甘草还是栽培甘草, 10月份甘草地下部分甘草酸含量大于5月份,并且这种差别在栽培甘草中表现更明显。人工管理措施对甘草酸含量具有较大影响,野生甘草和栽培甘草经过土壤翻松和良好的田间管理模式反而使甘草酸含量下降,按种植农作物模式对栽培甘草进行管理对提升甘草酸含量效果不佳,给予一定的环境胁迫可以提高甘草酸的含量。在黑龙江省西部,野生甘草主根在1.0~2.0 m深度为甘草酸含量分布较高的部位;栽培甘草主根甘草酸含量随土壤深度的增加而增加,其根尾的甘草酸含量最高,表明栽培甘草主根尚未伸长到其甘草酸含量最高的土壤深度。     

同时提取光果甘草中光甘草定和甘草酸的工艺研究

本文主要对光果甘草中光甘草定、甘草酸两种重要活性成分的同时提取工艺进行了研究。通过单因素试验确定了影响提取的主要因素及适宜水平范围,通过正交试验确定了其最佳提取条件为:用含0.6%氨水的60%乙醇溶液作为提取剂,料液比为1∶20(w:v),在75℃条件下提取2 h。最佳提取条件下光甘草定的得率为0.238%±0.002%,甘草酸的得率为5.08%±0.03%。该工艺操作简单,投入一批原料,即可同时提取其中的光甘草定和甘草酸,为实现甘草资源高附加值的综合加工利用奠定了基础。     

蝉蜕活性成分的提取及其抑菌活性的研究

本文报道了对传统中药蝉蜕抑菌活性成分提取与抑菌活性研究结果。对4种提取方法和7种提取溶剂的提取效果进行了平行比较研究,研究结果显示,以体积分数95%乙醇作为提取溶剂,4种提取方法中,以超声波法提取时的浸膏得率最高。采用超声波提取法时,在7种提取溶剂中,以95%乙醇提取浸膏的得率最高。抑菌试验结果表明,不同方法获得提取物与对照组相比对Escheridia coli均有明显的抑菌作用(P≤0.05),但不同提取方法得到的提取物之间,并无显著的抑菌活性差异。其中采用超声波提取法,以95%乙醇为提取溶剂时,所得提取物的抑菌活性最高,对E.coli的最小抑菌浓度为0.078 mg/mL。该研究结果是蝉蜕抑菌成分的首次报道。     

星点设计-效应面法优化戊己丸提取工艺

本文旨在优化戊己丸中抑菌活性物质的提取工艺。通过单因素试验考察了提取方法、提取溶剂、提取时间、液固比及溶剂体积分数对抑菌活性的影响,在此基础上,采用星点设计-效应面法对其提取工艺进行进一步优化,并对结果进行验证。研究中以金黄色葡萄球菌为指示菌,以抑菌直径为活性追踪指标。单因素试验表明:用乙醇为溶剂,回流提取戊己丸的抑菌效果最佳。通过星点设计-效应面法优化确定最佳提取工艺参数:乙醇体积分数80.5%,提取时间38 min,液固比8.3 m L/g,回流提取2次。在此工艺条件下得到戊己丸提取液的抑菌效果最好,抑菌圈直径达到22.20 mm。最终确定提取工艺简单易行,所建立的数学模型预测性好。     

抑菌蛋白Reg3A的表达纯化与功能

利用原核表达系统表达人源抑菌蛋白Reg3A,经包涵体的复性和纯化获得有体外抑菌功能的活性抑菌蛋白,并对其体外抑菌功能进行初步研究。构建Reg3A原核表达载体PET-32a-Reg3A转化补充稀缺tRNA基因的表达菌株大肠杆菌BL21-Codonplus,阳性重组子采用诱导培养基诱导5h后,采用超声破碎的方法提取包涵体蛋白,经包涵体蛋白的纯化和透析复性后通过Ni-NTA亲和层析交换柱,获得纯度达95%的蛋白质。Western blot鉴定显示在15 kD处有特异性条带。使用纯化后的蛋白进一步进行抑菌圈实验和抑菌活性实验,对获得蛋白的体外抑菌活性进行评估,从而为进一步进行Reg3A蛋白功能的评估及应用奠定基础。     

乌梅有机酸的提取工艺及其抑菌活性

优化乌梅中有机酸的提取工艺并对其抑菌活性进行了研究。首先通过单因素试验考察不同提取方法、溶剂浓度、提取时间、超声频率以及料液比对有机酸得率的影响,然后通过正交试验确定最佳提取工艺,并进行抑菌实验。获得最佳提取条件:超声波提取法、乙醇95%(体积分数)、料液比(g/m L)为1∶25、提取时间60 min以及提取频率为100 k Hz。验证试验结果表明:乌梅有机酸得率可达到12.17%;抑菌试验表明:乌梅提取液对枯草杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和四联球菌有明显的抑制作用,最小抑菌质量浓度分别为15.625、15.625、31.25和31.25 mg/m L。本超声波提取法提取有机酸工艺用时少、得率高,且有机酸表现出较强的抗菌作用,为乌梅有机酸的深入研究和应用开发提供了一定的参考。     

23种中草药的体外抗菌活性筛选研究

为考察中草药抗菌物质基础筛选出活性提取物,该研究通过80%乙醇冷浸和95%乙醇回流提取制备23种中草药的提取物,采用琼脂扩散法测量抑菌圈直径,用微量液体培养基倍比稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration,MBC/MFC),并测定了提取物对临床4种常见病原菌体外抗菌活性。结果表明:紫珠草、千斤拔、黄龙尾等9种中草药对金黄色葡萄球菌有较强的抑菌活性,其MIC/MBC值除个别菌是12.5 mg·mL~(-1)外,其他都在0.09～3.12 mg·mL~(-1)之间;千斤拔、大红袍、过江龙等5种中草药对铜绿假单胞菌有较强抑菌活性,其MIC/MBC值在3.12～12.5 mg·mL~(-1)之间;紫珠草、千里光、石楠等13种中草药对大肠埃希菌有较强的抑菌活性,其MIC/MBC值在0.09～6.25 mg·mL~(-1)之间;八角对白色念珠菌有较强抑菌活性,其MIC/MFC值在0.78～12.5 mg·mL~(-1)之间。23种中草药的抗细菌活性较好,尤其是千斤拔、大红袍、过江龙、八角、黄药子对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌都具有较好的抑菌活性,具有广谱抗菌活性;但对真菌抑菌效果不明显,仅有八角对白色念珠菌有抑菌活性。此外,提取溶剂浓度、提取温度和提取时间对中草药的提取率和活性均有影响,冷提稍优于热提。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.