油田中子测井人员染色体畸变的初步观察

在慢性辐射损伤的诊断和防治中,早期诊 断及生物剂量的估算是一个重要环节。人体细 胞染色体对辐射的高度敏感性在剂量和畸变量 之间存在一定的线性关系,这不仅可用于察觉 早期的放射损伤,而且可望作为一个灵敏的“生 物剂量仪”。目前多数看法认为,染色体畸变 是估测生物诱变指标中比较好的一种方法。至 今,X射线和7射线对人体的生物效应,国内 已做了不少工作,而慢性中子损伤对人体的生 物效应,特别是中子测井人员的体细胞染色体 畸变尚未见到报道。为探讨中子对人体的慢性 损伤程度,中子测井人员染色体畸变与工龄、工 种的关系,受中子小剂量慢性照射下染色体畸 变的规律及累积剂量等关系,我们于1975年底 对65名油田中子测井人员进行了体细胞染色 体畸变的初步观察。现将结果报告如下。     

中子小剂量慢性照射对家兔睾丸损伤和修复的观察

睾丸对中子的辐射敏感性很高,其相对生物效应为5.1—9.7。有关中子小剂量慢性照射对睾丸的损伤和修复规律,国内未见报道。中子射线在探矿、育种、测井、活化分析、医疗等方面的研究和应用日渐广泛,人们接触中子的照射机会增多,因此中子生物效应的研究日益受到人们的关注。探索慢性小剂量中子对睾丸的损伤、修复规律,可作为采用预防措施的根据,为此目的,我们选用了23只家兔,进行了中子对睾丸作用的动态观察。一、材料和方法 1.照射条件选择体重为1.5—2.0公斤健     

低能量激光照射对小鼠脾脏NK细胞活性影响的试验研究

目的：研究能量激光照射对小鼠NK细胞活性的影响,以便从NK细胞活性的角度阐明其免疫调节效应。方法：以BALB／c小鼠为研究对象,应用7.337J/cm^2,11．00J/cm^2,14．67J/cm^2,22．00J/cm^2和36．67J/cm^2五种剂量的氦氖激光作小鼠内眼角照射,连续照射8d,并于照射开始后第3d,6d,9d,13d和第17d,动脉监测实验鼠脾脏NK细胞活性。结果：以日剂量为7.33J/cm^2,11.00J/cm^2,14.67J/cm^2和22.00J/cm^2LELI照射小鼠四个剂量组均可增强NL细胞的活性（P＜0．01或P＜0．05）,但其峰值的出现随着LELI剂量的增大而加快,22．00J/cm^2剂量组在第3d就达到峰值,而其余三组则分别在第9d或第13d时达到峰值,与相相反,大剂量36.6J/cm^2ELEI组NK活性则表现出明显的抑制效应。结论：适当剂量的低能量激光照射剂可对小鼠脾脏NK细胞活性产生增强效应,而过大剂是LELI则产生抑制效应。     

高通量低功率激光照射诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的分子机制研究

低功率激光照射（low—power laser irradiation,LPLI）能够引起广泛的促细胞增殖、分化等生物刺激效应。基于这些效应,低功率激光治疗已经成为一种临床上广泛应用的有效的激光理疗手段。从2005年开始,邢达小组开始对LPu在较高激光通量（剂量）时的肿瘤细胞杀伤效应进行初步探讨。研究发现,高通量低功率激光照射（high fluencelow—power laser irradiation,HF—LPLI）通过激活内源光受体来触发线粒体氧应激,进而激活线粒体凋亡通路。该研究工作加深了对LPLI生物刺激效应分子机制的了解,为低功率激光治疗在临床应用时激光剂量的合理选择提供重要理论参考依据。与此同时,基于HF—LPLI有效杀死肿瘤细胞的效应,HF—LPLI可以作为一种潜在的、有效的临床肿瘤治疗手段。     

山野木层孔菌子实体中抑制H22荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的活性成分研究

采用梯度提取法对山野木层孔菌子实体进行提取,得到石油醚层、甲醇层及水层3 种提取物及石油醚层中获得化合物4,6,8(14),22(23)-四烯-3-酮-麦角甾烷,并采用H22 荷瘤小鼠进行体内抗肿瘤活性研究,以抑瘤率、免疫器官指数、免疫因子为指标检测抗肿瘤活性。结果表明,石油醚高剂量组（100mg/kg）、单体化合物中剂量组（7.5mg/kg）抑制率分别为62.21%、57.67%;脾指数、胸腺指数均高于对照组和环磷酰胺（CTX）组,白介素-2（IL-2）的含量明显高于对照组和环磷酰胺（CTX）组（P＜0.01）;肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）含量明显低于对照组（P＜0.01）。因此认为上述石油醚提取物和单体化合物对H22荷瘤小鼠肿瘤有抑制作用,并且均能改善小鼠的免疫功能。     

牡蛎肽对小鼠免疫功能影响的研究

目的：研究牡蛎肽对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法：将牡蛎肽按0.5、1、2g/kgBW配置为不同浓度,ICR雌性小鼠按0.2 mL/10 g BW经口灌胃30d后,测定免疫器官重量、迟发型变态反应（足趾增厚法）、抗体生成细胞、血清溶血素含量,并镜观察胸腺组织形态。结果：牡蛎肽可以增加免疫器官相对重量和血清溶血素含量,并能显著增加抗体生成细胞和迟发型变态反应（P<0.05）。结论：牡蛎肽可在一定程度上增强小鼠免疫功能。     

HPM长期辐照的眼生物效应研究

目的：研究高功率微波（HPM）在不同平均功率和不同重复频率条件下长期多次照射对眼组织结构的生物效应,为我国HPM安全防护提供生物学依据。方法：采用自行研制的HPM效应模拟源远场平面波（峰值功率密度50W／cm^2）分3个不同平均功率水平,每天6min持续照射1个月,并在照后5个时间点通过眼底镜、裂隙灯观察、组织病理学方法等研究HPM长期照射对动物眼重要部位结构的生物效应。结果：HPM照射后眼角膜、晶状体、眼底等组织结构都出现了不同程度的病理变化,并呈现出一定的时效和量效关系;其中角膜病变依剂量不同可分别于照后2月到照后6月恢复正常,而晶状体病变在观察期内（照后6月）仍未见恢复,照射后动物眼底动静脉和毛细血管稍有扩张充血,但未见瘢痕、裂隙、出血等表现。结论：实验所用剂量范围内的HPM重复照射可以对动物角膜、晶状体、玻璃体等部位造成一定程度的生物效应,并呈现出一定的量效关系;在实验的观察期内,角膜和眼底依照射剂量不同可分别于照后不同期间恢复正常,但晶状体混浊在观察期末仍未见恢复,能否发展成微波白内障尚需观察。     

军事医学科学院放射与辐射剂量学研究进展与展望

本文系统介绍了60年来军事医学科学院放射与辐射医学研究所从防原医学至放射与辐射医学研究各个阶段辐射剂量学研究的主要情况,包括核试验剂量保证、生物效应照射实验条件及剂量学方法的建立、事故照射剂量重建技术、辐射防护学及其剂量评价、医疗和诊断剂量学、辐射加工剂量及辐照工艺、辐射剂量测量技术、核设施事故剂量学、辐射剂量标准、微波剂量学等所获得的成果和经验,在此基础上,对该所辐射剂量学发展方向和研究重点进行了分析和论述.     

铀矿作业人员外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变的分析

以染色体畸变作为放射损伤诊断的指标, 日益受到人们的重视。国内有关X,r和中子 射线等对人体的生物效应已有不少报道^[1-4],兼 有内外照射的铀矿对人体的生物效应在国内外 报道不多,尤其对脱离铀矿工作8年的铀矿作 业人员的染色体畸变观察,报道更少。为此,我 们于1980年底对45名铀矿作业人员作了体细 胞遗传学的检查,现报告如下。     

乙烯-聚乙烯快中子剂量正比计数器

本文报告的聚乙烯壁、内充乙烯气体的正比计数器,可用手测量快中子剂量和生物组织的快中子吸收剂量,是放射生物学和辐射防护工作中的一种校准仪器。文中给出了:钋一铍(Po-Be)、镭-铍(Ra-Be)和镅-铍(Am-Be)源的快中子剂量转换系数;中子能量在300千电子伏—10兆电子伏范围内的剂量对能量的响应值。     

Comparison of neutron organ and effective dose coefficients for PIMAL stylized phantom in bent postures in standard irradiation geometries

Neutron dose coefficients for standard irradiation geometries have been reported in International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Publication 116 for the ICRP Publication 110 adult reference phantoms. In the present work, organ and effective dose coefficients have been calculated for a receptor in both upright and articulated (bent) postures representing more realistic working postures exposed to a mono-energetic neutron radiation field. This work builds upon prior work by Dewji and co-workers comparing upright and bent postures for exposure to mono-energetic photon fields. Simulations were conducted using the Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s articulated stylized adult phantom, “Phantom wIth Moving Arms and Legs” (PIMAL) software package, and the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) version 6.1.1 radiation transport code. Organ doses were compared for the upright and bent (45° and 90°) phantom postures for neutron energies ranging from 1 × 10^??9 to 20 MeV for the ICRP Publication 116 external exposure geometries—antero-posterior (AP), postero-anterior (PA), and left and right lateral (LLAT, RLAT). Using both male and female phantoms, effective dose coefficients were computed using ICRP Publication 103 methodology. The resulting coefficients for articulated phantoms were compared to those of the upright phantom. Computed organ and effective dose coefficients are discussed as a function of neutron energy, phantom posture, and source irradiation geometry. For example, it is shown here that for the AP and PA irradiation geometries, the differences in the organ coefficients between the upright and bent posture become more pronounced with increasing bending angle. In the AP geometry, the brain dose coefficients are expectedly higher in the bent postures than in the upright posture, while all other organs have lower dose coefficients, with the thyroid showing the greatest difference. Overall, the effective dose estimated for the upright phantom is more conservative than that for the articulated phantom, which may have ramifications in the estimation or reconstruction of radiation doses.     

Comparison of photon organ and effective dose coefficients for PIMAL stylized phantom in bent positions in standard irradiation geometries

Computational phantoms with articulated arms and legs have been constructed to enable the estimation of radiation dose in different postures. Through a graphical user interface, the Phantom wIth Moving Arms and Legs (PIMAL) version 4.1.0 software can be employed to articulate the posture of a phantom and generate a corresponding input deck for the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) radiation transport code. In this work, photon fluence-to-dose coefficients were computed using PIMAL to compare organ and effective doses for a stylized phantom in the standard upright position with those for phantoms in realistic work postures. The articulated phantoms represent working positions including fully and half bent torsos with extended arms for both the male and female reference adults. Dose coefficients are compared for both the upright and bent positions across monoenergetic photon energies: 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 MeV. Additionally, the organ doses are compared across the International Commission on Radiological Protection’s standard external radiation exposure geometries: antero-posterior, postero-anterior, left and right lateral, and isotropic (AP, PA, LLAT, RLAT, and ISO). For the AP and PA irradiation geometries, differences in organ doses compared to the upright phantom become more profound with increasing bending angles and have doses largely overestimated for all organs except the brain in AP and bladder in PA. In LLAT and RLAT irradiation geometries, energy deposition for organs is more likely to be underestimated compared to the upright phantom, with no overall change despite increased bending angle. The ISO source geometry did not cause a significant difference in absorbed organ dose between the different phantoms, regardless of position. Organ and effective fluence-to-dose coefficients are tabulated. In the AP geometry, the effective dose at the 45° bent position is overestimated compared to the upright phantom below 1 MeV by as much as 27% and 82% in the 90° position. The effective dose in the 45° bent position was comparable to that in the 90° bent position for the LLAT and RLAT irradiation geometries. However, the upright phantom underestimates the effective dose to PIMAL in the LLAT and RLAT geometries by as much as 30% at 50 keV.     

Development of Monte Carlo based real-time treatment planning system with fast calculation algorithm for boron neutron capture therapy

PurposeWe simulated the effect of patient displacement on organ doses in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). In addition, we developed a faster calculation algorithm (NCT high-speed) to simulate irradiation more efficiently.MethodsWe simulated dose evaluation for the standard irradiation position (reference position) using a head phantom. Cases were assumed where the patient body is shifted in lateral directions compared to the reference position, as well as in the direction away from the irradiation aperture.For three groups of neutron (thermal, epithermal, and fast), flux distribution using NCT high-speed with a voxelized homogeneous phantom was calculated. The three groups of neutron fluxes were calculated for the same conditions with Monte Carlo code. These calculated results were compared.ResultsIn the evaluations of body movements, there were no significant differences even with shifting up to 9 mm in the lateral directions. However, the dose decreased by about 10% with shifts of 9 mm in a direction away from the irradiation aperture.When comparing both calculations in the phantom surface up to 3 cm, the maximum differences between the fluxes calculated by NCT high-speed with those calculated by Monte Carlo code for thermal neutrons and epithermal neutrons were 10% and 18%, respectively. The time required for NCT high-speed code was about 1/10th compared to Monte Carlo calculation.ConclusionsIn the evaluation, the longitudinal displacement has a considerable effect on the organ doses.We also achieved faster calculation of depth distribution of thermal neutron flux using NCT high-speed calculation code.     

Influence of chronic exposure to low doses of space ionizing radiation on the character of formation of microbial assemblage in the habitat of orbital station

Statistically valid relations between radiation conditions in compartments of MIR station and the micromicete population (CFU number) on the surface of the equipment and the interior have been established. It was found that in conditions of a chronic exposure to space radiation the number of CFU increased in one thousand and more times with increasing of absorbed dose rate from 200 up to 1000 microGy/day. The results of land-based model experiments confirmed morphological changes in the "flight" strains of funguses under exposure to low doses of gamma (100-800 microGy/day) and neutron (0.2-2 neutron/cm2.s) radiation. It was found that the morphological changes in the control (museum) cultures of funguses of the same species, which were expressed in the weak increase of vegetative mycelium, were detected only after repeated gamma- and gamma + neutron irradiation.     

Dose–response relationship of dicentric chromosomes in human lymphocytes obtained for the fission neutron therapy facility MEDAPP at the research reactor FRM II

The biological effectiveness of neutrons from the neutron therapy facility MEDAPP (mean neutron energy 1.9 MeV) at the new research reactor FRM II at Garching, Germany, has been analyzed, at different depths in a polyethylene phantom. Whole blood samples were exposed to the MEDAPP beam in special irradiation chambers to total doses of 0.14–3.52 Gy at 2-cm depth, and 0.18–3.04 Gy at 6-cm depth of the phantom. The neutron and γ-ray absorbed dose rates were measured to be 0.55 Gy min⁻¹ and 0.27 Gy min⁻¹ at 2-cm depth, while they were 0.28 and 0.25 Gy min⁻¹ at 6-cm depth. Although the irradiation conditions at the MEDAPP beam and the RENT beam of the former FRM I research reactor were not identical, neutrons from both facilities gave a similar linear-quadratic dose–response relationship for dicentric chromosomes at a depth of 2 cm. Different dose–response curves for dicentrics were obtained for the MEDAPP beam at 2 and 6 cm depth, suggesting a significantly lower biological effectiveness of the radiation with increasing depth. No obvious differences in the dose–response curves for dicentric chromosomes estimated under interactive or additive prediction between neutrons or γ-rays and the experimentally obtained dose–response curves could be determined. Relative to ⁶⁰Co γ-rays, the values for the relative biological effectiveness at the MEDAPP beam decrease from 5.9 at 0.14 Gy to 1.6 at 3.52 Gy at 2-cm depth, and from 4.1 at 0.18 Gy to 1.5 at 3.04 Gy at 6-cm depth. Using the best possible conditions of consistency, i.e., using blood samples from the same donor and the same measurement techniques for about two decades, avoiding the inter-individual variations in sensitivity or the differences in methodology usually associated with inter-laboratory comparisons, a linear-quadratic dose–response relationship for the mixed neutron and γ-ray MEDAPP field as well as for its fission neutron part was obtained. Therefore, the debate on whether the fission-neutron induced yield of dicentric chromosomes increases linearly with dose remains open.     

Influence of beam incidence and irradiation parameters on stray neutron doses to healthy organs of pediatric patients treated for an intracranial tumor with passive scattering proton therapy

PurposeIn scattering proton therapy, the beam incidence, i.e. the patient’s orientation with respect to the beam axis, can significantly influence stray neutron doses although it is almost not documented in the literature.MethodsMCNPX calculations were carried out to estimate stray neutron doses to 25 healthy organs of a 10-year-old female phantom treated for an intracranial tumor. Two beam incidences were considered in this article, namely a superior (SUP) field and a right lateral (RLAT) field. For both fields, a parametric study was performed varying proton beam energy, modulation width, collimator aperture and thickness, compensator thickness and air gap size.ResultsUsing a standard beam line configuration for a craniopharyngioma treatment, neutron absorbed doses per therapeutic dose of 63 μGy Gy⁻¹ and 149 μGy Gy⁻¹ were found at the heart for the SUP and the RLAT fields, respectively. This dose discrepancy was explained by the different patient’s orientations leading to changes in the distance between organs and the final collimator where external neutrons are mainly produced. Moreover, investigations on neutron spectral fluence at the heart showed that the number of neutrons was 2.5 times higher for the RLAT field compared against the SUP field. Finally, the influence of some irradiation parameters on neutron doses was found to be different according to the beam incidence.ConclusionBeam incidence was thus found to induce large variations in stray neutron doses, proving that this parameter could be optimized to enhance the radiation protection of the patient.     

Distribution of31Silicon-Labeled silicic acid in the rat

Carrier-free³¹Silicon (³¹Si) prepared by neutron activation, was injected in the form of³¹Si-labeled silicic acid into five albino male rats, and the organ and tissue distribution of labeled silicic acid was determined at sacrifice after 30 min. The kidney was found to contain 0.85% of the injected dose (ID) per gram of tissue; skin had 0.3% ID/G; testes 0.29; bone 0.26; liver 0.22; and brain 0.13. When expressed as % ID/organ, voluntary muscle had 14.6%; skin 10.8; bone 3.4; liver 1.6; kidneys 1.5; testes 0.8, and brain 0.2. These results indicate the need for further research into silicon metabolism in kidney, skin, bone, and brain.     

Calculation of boron neutron capture cell inactivation in vitro based on particle track structure and x-ray sensitivity

The Monte-Carlo technique was used to perform quantitative microdosimetric model calculations of cell survival after boron neutron capture irradiations in vitro. The high energy ⁷Li and alpha-particles resulting from the neutron capture reaction ¹⁰B (n,α)⁷Li are of short range and are highly damaging to cells. The biophysical model of the Monte-Carlo calculations is based on the track structure of these α-particles and ⁷Li-ions and the x-ray sensitivity of the irradiated cells. The biological effect of these particles can be determined if the lethal effect of local doses deposited in very small fractional volumes of the cell nucleus is known. This lethal effect can be deduced from experimental data of cell survival after x-ray irradiation assuming a Poisson distribution for lethal events. The input data used in a PC-based computer program are the radial dose distribution inside the track of the released particles, cell survival after x-ray irradiation, geometry of the tumor cells, subcellular ¹⁰B concentration, and thermal neutron fluence. The basic concept of this Monte-Carlo computer model is demonstrated. Validations of computer calculations are presented by comparing them with experimental data on cell survival.     

The cell cycle of spermatogonial colony forming stem cells in the CBA mouse after neutron irradiation

In the CBA mouse testis about 10% of the stem cell population is highly resistant to neutron irradiation (D0, 0.75 Gy). Following a dose of 1.50 Gy these cells rapidly increase their sensitivity towards a second neutron dose and progress fairly synchronously through their first post-irradiation cell cycle. From experiments in which neutron irradiation was combined with hydroxyurea it appeared that in this cycle the S-phase is less radiosensitive (D0, 0.43 Gy) than the other phases of the cell cycle (D0, 0.25 Gy). From experiments in which hydroxyurea was injected twice after irradiation the speed of inflow of cells in S and the duration of S and the cell cycle could be calculated. Between 32 and 36 hr after irradiation cells start to enter the S-phase at a speed of 30% of the population every 12 hr. At 60 hr 50% of the population has already passed the S-phase while 30% is still in S. The data point to a cell cycle time of about 36 hr, while the S-phase lasts 12 hr at the most.     

The induction by ionizing radiation of chromosomal aberrations in rhesus monkey pre-meiotic germ cells: effects of dose rate and radiation quality

The induction of reciprocal translocations in rhesus monkey stem-cell spermatogonia was studied using multivalent analysis at metaphase of primary spermatocytes. Animals were exposed to 1 Gy gamma-rays at dose rates of 140 and 0.2 mGy/min or to 0.25 Gy acute 2 MeV neutrons. Reduction of the dose rate from 140 mGy/min to 0.2 mGy/min did not result in a lowering of the frequencies of recovered translocations of 0.43%. The neutron data indicated an RBE (neutrons vs. X-rays) of 2.1, which is clearly lower than the value of 4 obtained in the mouse. It is made plausible that in general mammalian species with high sensitivities for the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation, such as the rhesus monkey, will exhibit relatively high threshold dose rates below which no further reduction in aberration yield occurs, whereas in more resistant species, such as the mouse, the threshold dose rate will be at a very low level. Similarly, resistant species will show relatively high RBE values for neutron irradiation and sensitive species low ones.