嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长动力学方程的应用

基于Monod模型推导出了A．f的生长动力学方程模型,采用Gauss-Newton算法确定了在不同初始条件下细菌生长的动力学参数,即最大比生长速率‰、Monod常数K及R0。通过在不同初始条件下细菌生长特性的研究,得到了相应初始生长条件下以限制性底物亚铁离子浓度为表征的生长动力学方程,理论上揭示了动力学参数变化对细菌生长的影响规律,其中生长动力学方程的数值模拟与实验数据相吻合。     

光闪烁方法测算区域蒸散研究进展

蒸散是土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)水热运移的一个重要环节,是全球水量平衡的重要组成,一直是气象学、水文学、地理学及生态学等相关学科重要的研究主题。区域尺度地表蒸散的时空变化过程十分复杂。迄今为止,在像元尺度水平上,特别在非均匀下垫面和地形起伏条件下,有代表性的进行地表蒸散的观测仍然十分困难。虽然遥感方法可获得区域尺度水平蒸散,但其主要根据经验或半经验模型对区域蒸散进行估算,模型选用的参数以及结果还需地面实测数据进行改进、优化,如何获得与遥感尺度相应的地面蒸散实测数据成为模型验证的重点和难点,光闪烁方法的出现为上述问题的解决带来了希望。光闪烁方法能够适应复杂下垫面,测量结果准确且具有时空平均等优点,成为测量区域蒸散的有效方法、验证遥感模型结果的最佳手段。从理论原理、计算方法、主要应用情况等方面,概述了光闪烁方法观测区域蒸散研究进展,指出了影响测算精度的不确定性因素,并提出了研究展望,旨在进一步推动该方法在区域蒸散观测研究中的应用,促进相关学科的发展。     

趋磁细菌W M-1 的培养条件优化研究

采用正交设计实验法研究了趋磁细菌WM-1产磁性细胞的培养条件。并利用L16(44)方案,用16个实验完成了4种培养条件、4个水平的优化工作。研究结果表明,培养基的pH值是影响趋磁细菌WM-1产磁性细胞的重要因素,正交实验结果在90％的置信区间可信。在最优的培养条件下,即pH为7．0,氧气的浓度为4％,m酒石酸:m琥珀酸为1:1,NaNO3 100 mg l-1条件下,磁性细胞的浓度提高到6．5×107 cells ml-1,比优化前提高了约8．3％．趋磁细菌WM-1磁滞回线的测量表明,Hc=230 Oe,Ms=0．9 emu／g dry wt．Cells,及Mr／Ms=0．50。     

DNDC模型在中国的改进及其应用进展

DNDC模型是目前国际上最成功的生物地球化学模型之一,可以被发展为适合一个特定国家或地区环境条件的模型.我国科学家经过不断的改进和扩充,发展了适用于中国特有的农业生态系统的版本.通过修改土壤水氮运移过程的缺省参数,引入了地表径流曲线和修正的通用土壤流失方程来控制和模拟地表径流,加入了薄膜覆盖管理模式的参数化模块,补充了种养结合的子模型.这些改动不仅增加了模型模拟土壤水氮运移、氮素淋失、地表径流的能力,而且提高了模型在不同生产管理模式下的应用范围.改进后的模型针对土壤有机碳变化、温室气体排放、氮素平衡等方面进行了大量验证,并在点位和区域尺度上进行了广泛应用;此外,对DNDC模型存在的问题,如模拟结果不准确、模型参数矫正困难、模型模块不足等进行了讨论;最后,明确了模型在中国农业生产中的贡献,以期为模型的研究和应用提供参考,更好地服务于中国农业生产.     

利用正交试验优化建立大鼠条件恐惧记忆模型

目的 利用正交试验,优化建立大鼠条件恐惧记忆模型的最佳实验参数,寻找最佳试验条件。方法利用巴普洛夫条件恐惧原理,建立大鼠条件恐惧记忆模型;采用3因素3水平的正交试验设计,以模型建立24h后大鼠木僵反应时间为指标,观察不同参数条件下恐惧记忆的表达情况,确定最佳试验条件。以优选的实验条件建立条件恐惧记忆模型,并于24h、1周、2周、4周和8周后进行恐惧记忆保持检测。结果 直观分析结果表明,各因素影响能力依次为声音强度=循环次数>电击强度;方差分析结果表明,循环次数对实验结果有显著影响(P<0.05),声音强度和电击强度影响不显著(P>0.05)。确定最优实验条件为:声音75dB,电击0.8mA,循环15次。在模型建立24h和1周时,大鼠恐惧记忆保持良好,与对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.001和P<0.05);第2周后恐惧记忆逐渐消退,与对照组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论 本实验明确了大鼠条件恐惧记忆模型影响因素的主次,优化了实验条件,为模型的标准化、规范化及后续研究提供了可借鉴的实验的依据。     

遥感信息应用于区域尺度水分限制条件下作物生长模拟的研究进展

第2生产水平(即水分限制条件)下的大范围作物生长动态模拟研究具有十分重要的现实意义.目前,区域尺度上水分限制条件下作物生长模拟存在一定的难度,而遥感信息与作物生长模拟模型的结合,可以为区域尺度水分限制条件下作物生长发育模拟及产量估算提供了一条行之有效的途径.本文简要回顾了遥感与作物生长模拟模型结合研究的发展概况,指出了区域尺度水分限制条件下作物生长模拟需要解决的问题,并在已有遥感反演土壤水分状况研究的基础上,简述了遥感信息应用于区域尺度水分限制条件下作物生长模拟的研究方法,并探讨了当前该领域研究的其他可能途径及需要进一步研究和解决的科学问题.     

田间非饱和流条件下土壤硝态氮运移的模拟

运用马尔可夫过程的理论 ,建立了土壤非饱和流条件下 ,模拟硝态氮通过土层运移的随机模型 .模型把时间可变系统假设为由紧密相连的时间均质情况相接而成 ,使得运用马尔可夫过程成为可能 ,在给定土壤水流量及汇源项转移强度的土壤层次中 ,给出了硝态氮溶质的统计分布 .模型将随机过程与确定性过程相结合 ,在计算各土层间的转移概率时考虑了硝态氮的作物吸收、淋洗、硝化和反硝化等主要过程 ,并用相关函数修正 N素转化关系 .在褐土农田土壤非饱和流条件下 ,用微区试验对该模型运行效果进行了验证 ,结果显示模拟计算值与实测值之间吻合性较好 ,说明模型可以用于相似类型区 ,预测和评价土壤 -作物系统中硝态氮溶质的运移行为 .     

初始底物浓度对序批式培养光合细菌产氢动力学影响

实验研究了初始底物浓度对序批式培养光合细菌生长、降解及产氢过程的影响,根据最大比生长速率实验数据拟合得到其关于初始底物浓度影响的关联式,并在建立的修正Monod模型基础上建立了光合细菌比生长速率、基质比消耗速率和比产氢速率关于底物初始浓度影响的数学模型,模型预测值与实验结果在光合细菌生长期和稳定期内得到较好吻合,反映了光合细菌生长、降解和产氢过程中受底物初始浓度限制性和抑制性影响的基本规律。分析发现光合细菌生长、降解基质和产氢过程中最适底物浓度为50 mmol/L,初始底物浓度低于或高于该浓度时,光合细菌生长、降解及产氢过程都受到限制性或抑制性影响,且抑制性影响较限制性影响效果更明显;底物比消耗速率受初始底物浓度影响较小。     

黄河口湿地典型植物群落土壤水、盐入渗过程模拟

为探究积水条件、盐分条件对黄河三角洲河口湿地土壤水盐运移规律的影响,本研究采用实验室原位土柱实验,对芦苇、柽柳和盐地碱蓬3种典型河口湿地植被土壤的入渗过程及水盐重分布过程进行观测,并采用Hydrus-1D模型模拟水分入渗及重分布后的土壤剖面含水率、含盐量分布状况。结果表明：积水深度对土壤水分运移影响明显,不同积水深度条件下3种类型土壤的入渗速率均表现为先升高后骤降的变化趋势,并随入渗时间延长而不断衰减并趋于稳定;入渗实验结束后,0～30 cm土层含盐量基本与入渗水含盐量一致,在水盐运移末端(深度100 cm)趋近于土壤原始含盐量;水盐重分布后,剖面各层土壤含水率的差异减小,各层含盐量同入渗实验结束时含盐量相比基本保持不变;Hydrus-1D能很好地模拟土壤水盐入渗速率及土壤剖面的整体变化趋势,研究结果可为河口湿地水盐调控、湿地水文连通修复提供理论依据。     

东海原甲藻与中肋骨条藻的种间竞争数值模拟

研究探讨了两个零维箱式模型在东海典型赤潮藻东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻竞争与演替研究中的应用。模型在采用不同接种密度下的单种培养实验数据进行参数校正后,被用来模拟不同N/P条件下单种培养实验以及两藻种共培养竞争实验,并以实验数据对其结果进行了验证。模拟结果表明,在单种培养条件下,模型能够较好地重现两种藻在不同N/P环境中的生长及对营养盐的利用;共培养实验的模拟结果显示,在所有初始细胞密度比例条件下,中肋骨条藻的最终密度均会超过东海原甲藻,且PO4的消耗主要源于中肋骨条藻的利用,与实验结果一致,表明模型能够很好地体现两种藻的竞争结果及对营养盐的竞争关系;由于模型不足以模拟除营养盐竞争以外的藻间相互作用,模拟结果未体现东海原甲藻细胞数迅速衰减这一现象,有待进一步研究。     

不同步长尺度下BEPS碳循环模型的协同应用

小时步长的BEPSHourly模型可以模拟植被日内生态生理过程,但模型的结构及解算过程复杂耗时,常适用于站点尺度进行参数优化及总初级生产力(GPP)、净初级生产力(NPP)的日内变化分析;日步长的BEPSDaily模型解算日光合速率方法简单,不涉及众多的迭代过程,模型耗时较少,适用于模拟计算区域初级生产力及分析区域碳源/汇空间分布.本研究根据BEPSDaily及BEPSHourly各自的模型特点及适用性,提出了小时步长及日步长BEPS模型的协同应用研究方法.首先利用BEPSHourly模型在站点尺度进行主要光合作用参数——最大羧化速率(V_{c max})、最大电子传递速率(J_max)的优化,将优化后主要光合作用参数引入区域BEPSDaily模型进行参数修正,再基于优化修正后的区域BEPSDaily模型进行区域NPP估测.结果表明: 基于通量数据对光合作用主要参数进行优化可以提高模型的模拟能力;2011年,帽儿山地区不同森林类型的初级生产能力依次为阔叶林>针阔混交林>针叶林;本研究提出的不同步长尺度碳循环模型协同应用研究方法能够有效地进行主要光合作用参数的优化,模拟GPP、NPP的月平均日内变化,快速估测区域NPP并分析碳源/汇空间分布.     

Lattice-Boltzmann model for bacterial chemotaxis

We present a new numerical approach for modeling bacterial chemotaxis and the fate and transport of a chemoattractant in bulk liquids. This Lattice-Boltzmann method represents the microorganisms and the chemoattractant by quasi-particles that move, collide, and react with each other on a two-dimensional numerical lattice. We use the model to simulate traveling bands of bacteria along self-generated gradients in substrate concentration in bulk liquids. Particularly, we simulate Pseudomonas putida that respond chemotactically to naphthalene dissolved in water. We find that only a fraction of a bacterial slug injected into a domain containing the chemoattractant at constant concentration forms a traveling band as the slug length exceeds a critical value. An expanding bacterial ring forms as one injects a droplet of bacteria into a two-dimensional domain.     

用气溶胶法和摇床法建立铜绿假单胞菌生物膜体外模型

目的模拟体内环境,体外建立细菌生物膜模型,为进一步深入研究细菌生物膜生物学特点提供基础。方法将粘附载体置于气溶胶法和摇床法模拟体内细菌生物膜形成的微环境中,将铜绿假单胞菌株培养3d后,取出标本分别进行通过FITC—ConA染色及SYT09／PI染色,然后分别进行荧光显微镜检测及激光共聚焦检测,观察细菌生物膜的形成情况;进行电子显微镜扫描观察形成的细菌生物膜的形态特点。结果在气溶胶的微环境下,FITC—ConA染色后在荧光显微镜观察到明亮成片状的细菌生物膜;SYT09／PI染色后在激光共聚焦检测,观察到片状,层叠如积云状,棉絮样的细菌生物膜;在电子显微镜扫描观察到大量细菌成团聚集,团状丛生突出表面,具有立体结构的细菌生物膜。在摇床法的微环境下,用3种检测方法都观察到成流线状的细菌生物膜。结论运用气溶胶法、摇床法可成功建立分别模拟体内呼吸系统及循环、泌尿系统的微环境下生物膜形成模型。     

Mathematical Modeling of Chemotactic Bacterial Transport through a Two-Dimensional Heterogeneous Porous Medium

The impact of bacterial chemotaxis on in situ ground-water bioremediation remains an unanswered question. Although bacteria respond to chemical gradients in aqueous environments and under no-flow conditions, it is unclear whether they can also respond in porous media with advective flow to improve overall contaminant degradation. The effect of chemotaxis is most profound in regions with sharp chemical gradients, most notably around residual nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) ganglia and surrounding clay lenses or aquitards with trapped contamination. The purpose of this study is to simulate bacterial transport through a two-dimensional subsurface environment, containing one region of low permeability with trapped contaminant surrounded above and below by two regions of higher permeability. Using mathematical predictions of the effect of pore size on measured bacterial transport parameters, the authors observe a 50% decrease in both motility and chemotaxis in the finer-grained, low-permeability porous medium. The authors simulate how chemotaxis affects bacterial migration to the contaminated region under various flow and initial conditions. Results indicate that bacteria traveling through a high-permeability region with advective flow can successfully migrate toward and accumulate around a contaminant diffusing from a lower permeability region.     

Mathematical Modeling of Chemotactic Bacterial Transport through a Two-Dimensional Heterogeneous Porous Medium

The impact of bacterial chemotaxis on in situ ground-water bioremediation remains an unanswered question. Although bacteria respond to chemical gradients in aqueous environments and under no-flow conditions, it is unclear whether they can also respond in porous media with advective flow to improve overall contaminant degradation. The effect of chemotaxis is most profound in regions with sharp chemical gradients, most notably around residual nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) ganglia and surrounding clay lenses or aquitards with trapped contamination. The purpose of this study is to simulate bacterial transport through a two-dimensional subsurface environment, containing one region of low permeability with trapped contaminant surrounded above and below by two regions of higher permeability. Using mathematical predictions of the effect of pore size on measured bacterial transport parameters, the authors observe a 50% decrease in both motility and chemotaxis in the finer-grained, low-permeability porous medium. The authors simulate how chemotaxis affects bacterial migration to the contaminated region under various flow and initial conditions. Results indicate that bacteria traveling through a high-permeability region with advective flow can successfully migrate toward and accumulate around a contaminant diffusing from a lower permeability region.     

Global marine bacterial diversity peaks at high latitudes in winter

Genomic approaches to characterizing bacterial communities are revealing significant differences in diversity and composition between environments. But bacterial distributions have not been mapped at a global scale. Although current community surveys are way too sparse to map global diversity patterns directly, there is now sufficient data to fit accurate models of how bacterial distributions vary across different environments and to make global scale maps from these models. We apply this approach to map the global distributions of bacteria in marine surface waters. Our spatially and temporally explicit predictions suggest that bacterial diversity peaks in temperate latitudes across the world''s oceans. These global peaks are seasonal, occurring 6 months apart in the two hemispheres, in the boreal and austral winters. This pattern is quite different from the tropical, seasonally consistent diversity patterns observed for most macroorganisms. However, like other marine organisms, surface water bacteria are particularly diverse in regions of high human environmental impacts on the oceans. Our maps provide the first picture of bacterial distributions at a global scale and suggest important differences between the diversity patterns of bacteria compared with other organisms.     

Modelling the introduction and spread of non‐native species: international trade and climate change drive ragweed invasion

Biological invasions are a major driver of global change, for which models can attribute causes, assess impacts and guide management. However, invasion models typically focus on spread from known introduction points or non‐native distributions and ignore the transport processes by which species arrive. Here, we developed a simulation model to understand and describe plant invasion at a continental scale, integrating repeated transport through trade pathways, unintentional release events and the population dynamics and local anthropogenic dispersal that drive subsequent spread. We used the model to simulate the invasion of Europe by common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), a globally invasive plant that causes serious harm as an aeroallergen and crop weed. Simulations starting in 1950 accurately reproduced ragweed's current distribution, including the presence of records in climatically unsuitable areas as a result of repeated introduction. Furthermore, the model outputs were strongly correlated with spatial and temporal patterns of ragweed pollen concentrations, which are fully independent of the calibration data. The model suggests that recent trends for warmer summers and increased volumes of international trade have accelerated the ragweed invasion. For the latter, long distance dispersal because of trade within the invaded continent is highlighted as a key invasion process, in addition to import from the native range. Biosecurity simulations, whereby transport through trade pathways is halted, showed that effective control is only achieved by early action targeting all relevant pathways. We conclude that invasion models would benefit from integrating introduction processes (transport and release) with spread dynamics, to better represent propagule pressure from native sources as well as mechanisms for long‐distance dispersal within invaded continents. Ultimately, such integration may facilitate better prediction of spatial and temporal variation in invasion risk and provide useful guidance for management strategies to reduce the impacts of invasion.     

Mathematical models of α-synuclein transport in axons

To investigate possible effects of diffusion on α-synuclein (α-syn) transport in axons, we developed two models of α-syn transport, one that assumes that α-syn is transported only by active transport, as part of multiprotein complexes, and a second that assumes an interplay between motor-driven and diffusion-driven α-syn transport. By comparing predictions of the two models, we were able to investigate how diffusion could influence axonal transport of α-syn. The predictions obtained could be useful for future experimental work aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of axonal transport of α-syn. We also attempted to simulate possible defects in α-syn transport early in Parkinson's disease (PD). We assumed that in healthy axons α-syn localizes in the axon terminal while in diseased axons α-syn does not localize in the terminal (this was simulated by postulating a zero α-syn flux into the terminal). We found that our model of a diseased axon predicts the build-up of α-syn close to the axon terminal. This build-up could cause α-syn accumulation in Lewy bodies and the subsequent axonal death pattern observed in PD (‘dying back’ of axons).     

土壤保持服务:概念、评估与展望

土壤保持服务作为一项重要的生态系统调节服务,是防止区域土地退化、降低洪涝灾害风险的重要保障。针对在全球范围内影响最大的土壤水蚀,基于土壤侵蚀、运移和输出过程,对土壤保持服务的概念、评估方法进行了梳理总结。土壤保持服务是指生态系统防止土壤流失的侵蚀调控能力及对泥沙的储积保持能力。土壤保持服务的评估往往是基于通用土壤流失方程RUSLE(Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation),以潜在土壤侵蚀量(裸地时土壤侵蚀量)与实际土壤侵蚀量之差,作为指标衡量。由于生态过程具有尺度依赖性,对土壤保持服务的有效评估,需要采用多尺度方法。土壤保持服务与人类需求紧密相关,在未来土壤保持服务研究中应强调连接土壤保持服务与人类福祉,对土壤保持服务产生、流动、使用的全过程及土壤保持服务时空动态与人类福祉变化的关系进行探究。