植物的抗盐生理和盐害的防治

茫茫海边,见不到绿油油的庄稼,但仍可见到有些植物健壮地生长着。那么,这些植物是怎样适应盐碱严重的土壤环境的呢？科学家们经过研究发现,多数植物之所以不能在盐碱地上正常生长,是因为盐分对植物有很大危害。这些危害主要包括：（1）盐分对植物细胞产生的直接伤害,尤其是对膜系统,使膜的组分、透性、运输等都发生变化,影响正常生理功能。（2）影响细胞对其它离子的吸收,破坏细胞内在环境的离子平衡,导致代谢紊乱。（3）土壤盐分过多,导致土壤水势下降,对植物产生渗透胁迫,影响植物水分吸收,甚至引起细胞脱水,膨压降低,使…     

几种盐生植物抗盐生理指标的研究

研究对几种盐生植物进行了相关抗盐生理指标测定,抗盐生理指标测定结果表明：盐生植物组的功能叶中ＭＤＡ含量平均值高于非盐生植物对照组,而膜透性平均值低于对照组;盐生植物组Ｃ１＾－离子含量平均值高于对照组,可溶性糖含量平均值低于对照组,脯氨酸含量在所测３种渗透调节剂中所占比例最高,而且盐生植物组平均值高于对照组;无机渗透剂与有机渗透剂之间似有互补关系;Ｃ１＾－离子含量与肉质性存在一定正相关;盐生植物组和     

盐生植物海马齿耐盐的生理特性

以盐生植物海马齿为研究材料,分别用淡水、1/4海水、1/2海水、全海水浇灌15 d和30 d,研究盐生植物耐盐的生理特性和机理。海马齿植物在低于1/2的海水浇灌时,植物生长旺盛,主要表现为叶片增大和变厚,地上部分生物量增加;而全海水抑制了植物的生长。在盐胁迫下,海马齿植物中Na+的含量叶中最高,茎中含量次之,根中含量最低。长时间盐胁迫时,海马齿植物根、茎、叶中的相对含水量与淡水浇灌相比,变化不大,叶中略有增加;而脯氨酸含量显著增加,且可溶性糖的含量也比淡水浇灌的高。由此推测:海马齿植物主要以有机小分子作为渗透调节物质来维持细胞渗透压,在其耐盐中起着重要的作用。土壤中Na+的毒害,并没有减少土壤中可被植物利用的可交换K+,反而使其增加,说明海马齿植物根部对Na+的吸收能力和Na+/K+交换能力非常强。海马齿植物耐盐性强,还表现为能阻止盐胁迫对植物细胞原生质膜的氧化损伤,不破坏植物叶片内叶绿素的合成,能基本维持植物茎、叶中K+和根、茎中Mg2+的相对稳定。     

植物耐盐基因工程研究进展

盐害是影响植物生长和作物产量的主要因素之一。用于提高植物耐盐性的基因工程方法很多,最常见的就是在植物中过量表达抗盐相关的功能基因,包括植物信号传导蛋白基因、植物离子通道蛋白基因和合成小分子渗透剂的酶基因等。归纳了近年来植物耐盐基因工程的研究进展,并展望了植物耐盐基因工程的研究前景。     

盐生植物盐爪爪的耐盐生理特性探讨

当前土壤盐渍化日益严重,是限制植物生长的一个主要环境因子,然而在盐碱自然环境中生长着许多耐盐植物,为更好地了解盐生植物的耐盐机理,该文从无机离子Na+,K+,Ca2+含量、脯氨酸水平、水势变化、丙二醛含量和盐胁迫的表型等生理参数以及半定量RT-PCR检测脯氨酸合成关键酶基因(P5CS)的表达规律等方面探讨盐胁迫下盐爪爪的耐盐特性。结果表明:(1)随着盐浓度的升高,Na+在根和肉质化的叶中显著地富集,且叶中积累的Na+比根中更多;(2)在盐胁迫条件下,随着盐浓度的增加,脯氨酸的含量和脯氨酸合成关键酶基因的表达显著地增强;(3)Na+和脯氨酸是植物有效的渗透调节剂,可使处于低水势的植物细胞仍能从细胞外高浓度的盐溶液中吸收水分;(4)在0和700 mmol·L-1Na Cl处理下,盐爪爪肉质化叶中丙二醛的含量较其它处理高,这表明植物在这两个处理下可能受到了氧化胁迫;(5)从盐胁迫3个月的生长表型来看,低盐环境中生长的盐爪爪植株的生物量更多,肉质化的叶嫩且绿。综上所述,结合对野外生境的调查和实验室长期的盐胁迫表型结果表明盐爪爪的生长是需盐的,相对低的盐浓度环境对盐爪爪的生长是顺境,而无盐或高浓度盐环境对于盐爪爪的生长来说都是逆境。该研究结果为全面深入研究盐爪爪的耐盐特性,以及更好地利用盐爪爪的生物和基因资源改良土壤和提高作物和林木的耐盐性奠定基础。     

浅述植物的耐盐生理

浅述植物的耐盐生理李景生,黄韵珠（中国科学院兰州沙漠研究所）（兰州大学生物系,兰州７３００００）ＰＨＹＳＩＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＦＰＬＡＮＴＳＡＬＴ—ＴＯＬＥＲＡＮＣＥＬｉＪｉｎｇ－ｓｈｅｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＤｅｓｅｒｔＲｅｓｅａｒ...     

耐盐转基因植物研究进展

高盐是限制作物生长、发育和产量的最严重的非生物胁迫之一。长期以来,改善作物的耐盐性一直是一个伟大的目标。然而,由于耐盐反应是一个极为复杂的过程,过去,通过传统的育种和遗传工程取得的成功有限。近十年来,由于分子生物学的发展,发现了一些与耐盐相关的新基因,对于这些基因的表达方式及其在耐盐反应中的作用已逐步得到了解,这为转基因工程提供了新的材料。通过控制耐盐相关基因在植物体内的表达,已获得了一些提高耐盐性的转基因植物,展示了诱人的前景,但该领域研究仍然存在许多困难和问题,文章重点讨论耐盐转基因植物的进展。     

植物耐盐相关基因克隆的研究进展

随着植物分子生物学快速发展,植物耐盐性研究已深入到耐盐相关基因的克隆、基因的结构分析以及基因表达特性等领域.目前,耐盐相关基因的克隆工作进行的如火如荼,有很多植物的耐盐基因已经被克隆,这些已克隆的耐盐相关基因涉及盐胁迫信号传导、基因表达的调控因子、渗透调节物质、胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白LEA(Late-embryogensiS-abundant)等,本文就盐胁迫涉及的信号传导基因、基因表达调控因子等的克隆研究进展作一简要概述.     

盐生植物耐盐性研究进展

盐胁迫是植物生长最重要的非生物胁迫之一.盐生植物具有耐盐性,可以在高盐环境下正常生长.通过对近年来有关盐生植物分类、盐渍化对植物的影响和耐盐机制等方面的研究进行梳理和分析,归纳总结了影响盐生植物耐盐性的各种因素,为更好地了解和开发利用盐生植物提供理论依据.     

Comparative physiology of salt and water stress

Plant responses to salt and water stress have much in common. Salinity reduces the ability of plants to take up water, and this quickly causes reductions in growth rate, along with a suite of metabolic changes identical to those caused by water stress. The initial reduction in shoot growth is probably due to hormonal signals generated by the roots. There may be salt-specific effects that later have an impact on growth; if excessive amounts of salt enter the plant, salt will eventually rise to toxic levels in the older transpiring leaves, causing premature senescence, and reduce the photosynthetic leaf area of the plant to a level that cannot sustain growth. These effects take time to develop. Salt-tolerant plants differ from salt-sensitive ones in having a low rate of Na+ and Cl-- transport to leaves, and the ability to compartmentalize these ions in vacuoles to prevent their build-up in cytoplasm or cell walls and thus avoid salt toxicity. In order to understand the processes that give rise to tolerance of salt, as distinct from tolerance of osmotic stress, and to identify genes that control the transport of salt across membranes, it is important to avoid treatments that induce cell plasmolysis, and to design experiments that distinguish between tolerance of salt and tolerance of water stress.     

Biochemistry and physiology of plant hormones

Book Review

Biochemistry and physiology of plant hormonesT.C. Moore, 2nd edition. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong: Springer-Verlag, 1989. xv + 350 pages. DM 98.00. ISBN 3-540-9684-5     

Polyamines in plant physiology

The diamine putrescine, the triamine spermidine, and the tetramine spermine are ubiquitous in plant cells, while other polyamines are of more limited occurrence. Their chemistry and pathways of biosynthesis and metabolism are well characterized. They occur in the free form as cations, but are often conjugated to small molecules like phenolic acids and also to various macromolecules. Their titer varies from approximately micromolar to more than millimolar, and depends greatly on environmental conditions, especially stress. In cereals, the activity of one of the major polyamine biosynthetic enzymes, arginine decarboxylase, is rapidly and dramatically increased by almost every studied external stress, leading to 50-fold or greater increases in putrescine titer within a few hours. The physiological significance of this increase is not yet clear, although most recent work suggests an adaptive, protective role. Polyamines produced through the action of ornithine decarboxylase, by contrast, seem essential for DNA replication and cell division. The application of exogenous polyamines produces effects on patterns of senescence and morphogenesis, suggesting but not proving a regulatory role for polyamines in these processes. The evidence for such a regulatory role is growing.     

An amalgamation between hormone physiology and plant ecology: A review on flooding resistance and ethylene

Both distribution of terrestrial plants and species composition in flood plain communities are strongly influenced by flooding (waterlogging, partial submergence, or submergence). The interaction between a plant's flooding resistance and the seasonal timing, duration, depth, or frequency of flooding often determines plant distribution in flood plains. Flooding may be accompanied by marked physical changes in light, carbon availability, diffusion rate of gases, and density of the environment. Various physiological processes may be affected by these flooding-induced physical changes, including aerobic respiration, photosynthesis, and processes in which light acts as a source of information (e.g., phytochrome photoequilibrium). Certain plant species acclimatize and adapt to these physical changes to relieve the constraints imposed by the flooded environment. Underwater photosynthesis, enhanced shoot elongation, adventitious roots, and aerenchyma formation are typical adaptive responses which are believed to improve the oxygen status of submerged plants. Ethylene and other plant hormones play a central role in the initiation and regulation of most of these adaptive responses, which permit escape from anaerobiosis. Mechanisms of direct tolerance of anaerobic conditions, such as a vigorous fermentative respiratory pathway, are of particular importance when the plant is very deeply submerged, or during the night and when the water is sufficiently turbid to exclude light.Studies on the cosmopolitan genus Rumex, distributed in a flooding gradient on river flood plains, have integrated plant hormone physiology with plant ecology. Rumex species showed a high degree of interspecific variation in ethylene production rates, endogenous ethylene concentrations, ethylene sensitivity, and ethylene-mediated growth responses. The field distribution of Rumex species in flooding gradients is explained in terms of a balance between endogenous ethylene concentrations and sensitivity towards this growth regulator (ethylene economy). Much data has been gathered using a recently developed laser-driven photoacoustic detection technique capable of detecting six parts of ethylene in 10¹² parts air flowing continuously over the plant.     

Glycophyte salt resistance

By perfusion of entire sunflower stems with NaCl solutions of various concentrations, we studied the phenomenon of sodium decrement, i.e., sodium retaining in the stem and leaf petioles. Such retaining could comprise up to 50–80% of initial sodium concentration. It depended on the rate of perfusion, the length of xylem vessels, and NaCl concentration. When perfusion with 100–500 mM NaCl concentrations (high for glycophytes) lasted for 10–12 days, we did not observe any decrease in the degree of sodium decrement. Simultaneously with sodium decrement, other ions (K⁺ and Ca²⁺) were secreted into the perfusate, thus providing for physiological equilibrating the monosalt solution supplied to the stem base. The high salt concentration in the perfusate induced a decrease in the hydraulic conductance of the vessels. The conclusion is that stressful NaCl solutions attain the shoot meristem and reproductive organs as an “equilibrated” salt solution and at a declined rate of xylem flow. The mechanisms of observed phenomenon of glycophyte salt resistance are discussed, the main of them being related to osmosis-dependent responses of stem living cells and the processes of ion exchange between the cells and xylem vessel content.