神经根型颈椎病和脊髓型颈椎病手术治疗的研究进展

颈椎病是一种临床发病率较高的退行性病变,发病原因主要是颈椎长期劳损、骨质增生或椎间盘脱出、韧带增厚等导致颈椎脊髓、神经根或椎动脉受压,进而引起一系列功能性障碍。临床普遍认为,对于已经得到明确诊断,且神经根压迫症状严重的患者,以及经保守治疗后症状无明显好转的患者应及时采取手术治疗,解除压迫状态,从而获得良好的预后。随着融合技术的进步及合成材料的改进,颈椎病的手术治疗效果也不断提高。本文对近年来国内外神经根型颈椎病和脊髓型颈椎病手术治疗的相关文献进行综述。     

脊髓型颈椎病的发病机制及治疗的研究进展

在中老年人群中脊髓型颈椎病是造成脊髓功能障碍的主要原因,其发病机制复杂,主要有静态和动态因素、缺血、内皮细胞损伤和血脊髓屏障的破坏、炎症及细胞凋亡等学说,每一种学说并不能够完美的解释脊髓型颈椎病的发病机制,仍需进一步实验研究探索其机制。对于进行性发展的脊髓型颈椎病多采用手术治疗,手术方式主要有前路、后路及前后路联合手术,如何选择手术方案仍是临床医生关注的焦点,本文就该病的发病机制及手术治疗的相关进展作一综述。     

电磁法治疗颈椎病的应用概况

颈椎病是一种常见疾病,尤其中老年人的发病率高。颈椎病分为四种类型,最常见的是神经根型颈椎病,此种型的颈椎病,由于骨刺或骨赘压迫神经根,而引起颈部疼痛及上肢麻痛;椎动脉型颈椎病也较多见,由于椎动脉受挤压,引起脑部缺血,而产生头晕或眩晕,有的出现头痛;交感型颈椎病,出现颈后部疼痛,视力障碍,流泪等交感神经症状;脊髓型颈椎病,由于脊髓组织受压,而出现下肢沉重、乏力、步伐不稳等症状;还有混合型颈椎病,两种类型的颈椎病同时存在,如神经根型伴椎动脉型颈椎病。虽然颈椎病属于多发性疾病,但目前尚无特殊治疗方法,应用电磁法治疗颈椎病取…     

封面图片介绍

正脊髓型颈椎病(cervical spondylotic myelopathy,CSM)为脊柱退变性疾病,是由于颈椎椎体退化及相邻软组织的退变而造成对脊髓的直接压迫,致使脊髓受压或脊髓缺血,继而引发脊髓神经的感觉、运动以及反射等功能性障碍。脊髓型颈椎病约占脊椎病的10%~15%,该病的损害具有不可逆性,一旦发生则难以复原,若患者得不到及时的治疗则极易     

颈前路手术治疗脊髓型颈椎病的护理体会

脊髓型颈椎病是由于颈脊髓受到刺激、压迫或者脊髓的动脉血管受到刺激压迫后,使脊髓血液供应不足,从而导致脊髓的功能障碍。临床上可引起单侧或双侧肢体软弱无力,有麻木感,甚至行走困难,躯干有约束感,严重者可致四肢瘫痪,大小便功能障碍,严重影响病人的工作和生活。     

扩散张量成像对颈椎病脊髓早期损伤的研究

目的:探讨磁共振(MR)扩散张量成像(DTI)作为定量分析方法,对脊髓型颈椎病(CSM)脊髓早期损伤诊断的应用价值.方法:选择45例经临床及影像诊断为脊髓型颈椎病患者,颈椎常规MRI检查显示脊髓内无异常信号,使用单次激发自旋回波平面(SE-EPI)序列,进行DTI扫描.测量压迫部位脊髓的ADC值及FA值作为病例组,选择病变上或下方两个节段以上未受压正常脊髓作为正常对照组,测量其ADC值及FA值.分析病例组与对照组间ADC及FA值差别,计算ADC值及FA值诊断脊髓损伤的敏感性.结果:所有脊髓型颈椎病患者经DTI检查均可得到ADC图及FA图,经图像后处理,脊髓显示清晰,图像无变形及伪影.3例脊髓型颈椎病患者ADC值降低,42例脊髓型颈椎病患者ADC值增高,平均ADC值为(1.388± 0.149)x 10-3 mm2/s.44名脊髓型颈椎病患者FA值降低,1名脊髓型颈椎病患者FA值增高,平均FA值为0.476±0.085,受压处脊髓平均ADC值升高,平均FA值下降,与正常值比较差别有统计学意义.ADC值诊断的敏感性为93.33％,FA值诊断的敏感性为97.78％.结论:DTI与常规MR比较,能早期而准确地诊断脊髓型颈椎病脊髓早期损伤.     

42例针灸推拿理疗结合中药治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床疗效分析

目的:临床研究采用针灸推拿理疗结合中药治疗脊髓型颈椎病的疗效及临床价值。方法:本文研究主要选取42例脊髓型颈椎病患者采取针灸推拿理疗结合中药治疗法,分析临床治疗效果。结果:经过临床治疗,其中实验组患者临床有效率为85.71%,而对照组患者的临床有效率仅为50%。结论:经临床实践验证,在脊髓型颈椎病临床治疗中采用中医综合治疗方案疗效显著,其中对早、中期脊髓型颈椎病疗效甚佳。     

颈前路手术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病的研究进展

累及≥3个节段的脊髓型颈椎病称为多节段脊髓型颈椎病(multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy,MCSM),其致残率较高,应尽早手术干预。颈椎前路减压融合术是治疗脊髓型颈椎病的手术方式,但随着手术节段的增加,减压及重建难度增大。学者们对MCSM的手术方式进行了很多尝试和改良,但选择何种术式尚无定论。本文就颈前路手术方式的相关研究现状作一综述如下。     

Codman颈椎前路钢板系统在脊髓型颈椎病中的应用（附96例报道）

目的：探讨Codman颈椎前路钢板系统治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床运用疗效。方法：采用Codman颈椎前路钢板系统对96例脊髓型颈椎病患者行前路减压,植骨融合,钢板内固定术。结果：术后经6-14月门诊复查或随诊,全部患者术后症状明显改善或消失,颈椎椎间高度维持良好,植骨全部融合,未出现钢板、螺钉、松动或断裂。结论：Codman颈椎前路钢板系统是一种操作较为方便、安全、有效,固定牢靠的颈椎内固定器械。     

非手术治疗颈椎病的护理

颈椎病可分为慢性劳损和急性损伤较常见。现代人生活中看电视、电脑时姿势不当,看书过久,均会导致颈椎病的发生。颈椎病可采取手术治疗和非手术治疗2种治疗方案。手术治疗分为前路或后路减压2种方法;     

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a review of surgical indications and decision making.

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is frequently underdiagnosed and undertreated. The key to the initial diagnosis is a careful neurologic examination. The physical findings may be subtle, thus a high index of suspicion is helpful. Poor prognostic indicators and, therefore, absolute indications for surgery are: 1. Progression of signs and symptoms. 2. Presence of myelopathy for six months or longer. 3. Compression ratio approaching 0.4 or transverse area of the spinal cord of 40 square millimeters or less. Improvement is unusual with nonoperative treatment and almost all patients progressively worsen. Surgical intervention is the most predictable way to prevent neurologic deterioration. The recommended decompression is anterior when there is anterior compression at one or two levels and no significant developmental narrowing of the canal. For compression at more than two levels, developmental narrowing of the canal, posterior compression, and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, we recommend posterior decompression. In order for posterior decompression to be effective there must be lordosis of the cervical spine. If kyphosis is present, anterior decompression is needed. Kyphosis associated with a developmentally narrow canal or posterior compression may require combined anterior and posterior approaches. Fusion is required for instability.     

颈前路“杂交式”与颈后路治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病的临床比较

目的:比较颈前路"杂交式"减压融合与颈后路全椎板减压侧块内固定术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病的临床特点。方法:选择36例行"杂交式"颈前路治疗及33例行颈后路全椎板减压侧块内固定术治疗的多节段脊髓型颈椎病患者,观察两组患者手术前后一般资料、出血量、手术时间、颈椎生理曲度、JOA评分及并发症的发生情况。结果:两组患者术前的一般资料包括年龄(颈前路组:56.23±7.64岁,颈后路组:55.76±8.18岁)、性别(颈前路组:22男/14女,颈后路组:20男/13女)、颈椎生理曲度D值(颈前路组:7.41±3.14,颈后路组:8.19±2.74)、JOA评分(颈前路组:9.08±1.09分,颈后路组:8.82±1.26分)、病程(颈前路组:17.24±7.36月,颈后路组:15.75±5.78月)和受累节段(颈前路组:3.11±0.26个,颈后路组:3.24±0.39个)比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。与颈后路相比,颈前路的术中出血量(颈前路组:221.79±178.02 mL,颈后路组:483.07±434.25 mL)更少,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),手术时间(颈前路组:196.54±51.88 min,颈后路组:175.12±54.93 min)更长,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。随着时间的延长,颈前路组患者颈椎生理曲度和JOA评分逐渐增大,而颈后路组患者椎生理曲度减少,JOA评分逐渐增大,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。颈前路组出现植骨未融合、声音嘶哑和脑脊漏液,颈后路组发生轴性疼痛和C5神经根麻痹,但两组患者并发症的发生率比较差异无统计学意义(颈前路组:13.89%,颈后路组:12.12%)(P0.05)。结论:颈前路"杂交式"减压融合与颈后路全椎板减压侧块内固定术在治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病上各有优点,临床根据患者的情况而采取合适的治疗方式。     

前路椎间盘减压融合与前路椎体次全切除减压融合治疗多节段颈椎病的疗效比较

目的:探索前路椎间盘减压融合与前路椎体次全切除减压治疗多节段颈椎病的疗效,为临床手术方式的选择提供依据。方法:收集我院骨科2008年6月到2014年6月收治的多节段颈椎病患者26例,按照患者手术方式分为研究组(13例)和对照组(13例),研究组给予前路椎间盘减压融合治疗,对照组给予前路椎体次全切除减压治疗,对比两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间,记录并分析两组术前和术后3月、6月、12个月JOA评分、颈椎总活动度、颈椎曲度、颈椎节段高度。结果:研究组手术时间、术中出血量低于对照组(P0.05);两组JOA评分术前、术后3月、6月、12个月逐渐升高(P0.05),术后12月组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组颈椎总活动度术前、术后3月、6月、12个月逐渐降低(P0.05),但是术后同时期组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组颈椎曲度与颈椎节段高度术后3月、6月、12个月差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:前路椎间盘减压融合治疗多节段颈椎病较前路椎体次全切除减压治疗效果好,手术时间短、术中出血量少,并且颈椎曲度和节段高度恢复好。     

Laminoplasty and Laminectomy Hybrid Decompression for the Treatment of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy with Hypertrophic Ligamentum Flavum: A Retrospective Study

Objective

To report the outcomes of a posterior hybrid decompression protocol for the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) associated with hypertrophic ligamentum flavum (HLF).

Background

Laminoplasty is widely used in patients with CSM; however, for CSM patients with HLF, traditional laminoplasty does not include resection of a pathological ligamentum flavum.

Methods

This study retrospectively reviewed 116 CSM patients with HLF who underwent hybrid decompression with a minimum of 12 months of follow-up. The procedure consisted of reconstruction of the C4 and C6 laminae using CENTERPIECE plates with spinous process autografts, and resection of the C3, C5, and C7 laminae. Surgical outcomes were assessed using Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, recovery rate, cervical lordotic angle, cervical range of motion, spinal canal sagittal diameter, bone healing rates on both the hinge and open sides, dural sac expansion at the level of maximum compression, drift-back distance of the spinal cord, and postoperative neck pain assessed by visual analog scale.

Results

No hardware failure or restenosis was noted. Postoperative JOA score improved significantly, with a mean recovery rate of 65.3±15.5%. Mean cervical lordotic angle had decreased 4.9 degrees by 1 year after surgery (P<0.05). Preservation of cervical range of motion was satisfactory postoperatively. Bone healing rates 6 months after surgery were 100% on the hinge side and 92.2% on the open side. Satisfactory decompression was demonstrated by a significantly increased sagittal canal diameter and cross-sectional area of the dural sac together with a significant drift-back distance of the spinal cord. The dural sac was also adequately expanded at the time of the final follow-up visit.

Conclusion

Hybrid laminectomy and autograft laminoplasty decompression using Centerpiece plates may facilitate bone healing and produce a comparatively satisfactory prognosis for CSM patients with HLF.     

Biomechanical investigation of post-operative C5 palsy due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in different types of cervical spinal alignment

Post-operative C5 palsies are among the most common complications seen after cervical surgery for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). Although C5 palsy is a well-known complication of cervical spine surgery, its pathogenesis is poorly understood and depends on many other factors. In this study, a finite element model of the cervical spine and spinal cord-nerve roots complex structures was developed. The changes in stress in the cord and nerve roots, posterior shift of the spinal cord, and displacement and elongation of the nerve roots after laminectomy for cervical OPLL were analyzed for three different cervical sagittal alignments (lordosis, straight, and kyphosis). The results suggest that high stress concentrated on the nerve roots after laminectomy could be the main cause of C5 palsy because ossification of ligaments increases spinal cord shifting and root displacement. The type of sagittal alignment had no influence on changes in cord stress after laminectomy, although cases of kyphosis with a high degree of occupying ratio resulted in greater increases in nerve root stress after laminectomy. Therefore, kyphosis with a high OPLL occupying ratio could be a risk factor for poor surgical outcomes or post-operative complications and should be carefully considered for surgical treatment.     

Computational analysis of bone remodeling during an anterior cervical fusion

The anterior cervical fusion is an established surgical procedure for spine stabilization after the removal of an intervertebral disc. However, it is not yet clear which bone graft represents the best choice and whether surgical devices can be efficient and beneficial for fusion. The aim of this work is to study the influence of the spine instrumentation on bone remodeling after a cervical spine surgery and, consequently, on the fusion process. A finite element model of the cervical spine was developed, having computed tomography images as input. Bone was modeled as a porous material characterized by the relative density at each point and the bone remodeling law was derived assuming that bone self-adapts in order to achieve the stiffest structure for the supported loads, with the total bone mass regulated by the metabolic cost of maintaining bone tissue. Apart from the analysis of healthy cervical spine, different surgical scenarios were tested: bone graft with or without a cage and the use of a stabilization plate system. Results showed that the anterior and posterior regions of the disc space are more important to stress transmission and that spinal devices reduce bone growth within bone grafts, being plate systems the most interfering elements. The material of the interbody cages plays a major role in fusion and, therefore, it should be carefully chosen.     

Centerpiece微型钛板固定与传统丝线悬吊在颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大成形术中的应用效果比较研究

目的:比较Centerpiece微型钛板固定与传统丝线悬吊在颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大成形术中的应用效果。方法:选取于2015年2月～2017年9月期间北京大学第一医院收治的拟行颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大成形术的脊髓型颈椎病患者169例,根据治疗方式的不同将患者分为悬吊组(n=87,给予传统丝线悬吊治疗)和钛板组(n=82,给予Centerpiece微型钛板固定治疗),比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后颈椎疼痛时间、术后再关门发生率、轴性症状评分、日本骨科协会量表(JOA)评分、颈椎活动度、颈椎管矢状径、颈椎管横截面积、颈椎曲度、开门角度。结果:两组患者手术时间、术中出血量比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),钛板组术后颈椎疼痛时间明显短于悬吊组,术后再关门发生率低于悬吊组(P0.05)。两组患者术后2个月、末次随访JOA评分均高于术前,且钛板组高于悬吊组(P0.05),两组患者末次随访轴性症状评分高于术后2个月,且钛板组术后2个月、末次随访轴性症状评分均高于悬吊组(P0.05)。与悬吊组相比,钛板组术后2个月、末次随访颈椎活动度、颈椎管矢状径升高(P0.05);而钛板组术后2个月颈椎管横截面积小于悬吊组,末次随访颈椎管横截面积大于悬吊组(P0.05)。悬吊组末次随访颈椎曲度小于术前、术后2个月(P0.05),钛板组手术前后颈椎曲度比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);钛板组术后2个月、末次随访颈椎曲度、开门角度均大于悬吊组(P0.05)。结论:颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大成形术中应用Centerpiece微型钛板固定比传统丝线悬吊治疗的临床效果更好,可有效维持患者颈椎功能及活动度,并能改善神经功能。     

微型钛板固定法治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病的临床效应

为了比较丝线悬吊和微型钛板两种椎板固定方法对颈椎单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病的影响,2016年4月至2018年1月期间,本研究选择我院收治的64例多节段脊髓型颈椎病患者作为研究对象。将患者随机分为对照组(丝线悬吊)和观察组(微型钛板固定),每组32例。比较两组的围手术期指标和治疗1年后的神经功能(JOA评分)、疼痛程度(VAS评分)、颈椎轴性症状、颈椎曲度和并发症。研究显示,两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量和引流量均无统计学差异(p>0.05)。两组患者术后的JOA评分和神经功能改善率无显著差异(86.36%vs.81.41%)(p>0.05)。术后观察组的VAS评分显著低于对照组(p=0.036)。观察组患者的颈椎轴性症状发生率(16.33%)显著低于对照组(25.58%)(Z=-2.024,p=0.043)。治疗12个月后观察组和对照组患者的颈椎曲度分别丢失了1.30%和4.62%,观察组颈椎曲度丢失量显著低于对照组(p=0.032)。本研究说明,在应用颈椎单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病中,与丝线悬吊椎板固定相比,微型钛板固定可明显减少疼痛程度、颈椎曲度丢失和轴性症状的出现。     

Influence of cervical disc degeneration after posterior surgical techniques in combined flexion-extension--a nonlinear analytical study

Laminectomy and facetectomy are surgical techniques used for decompression of the cervical spinal stenosis. Recent in vitro and finite element studies have shown significant cervical spinal instability after performing these surgical techniques. However, the influence of degenerated cervical disk on the biomechanical responses of the cervical spine after these surgical techniques remains unknown. Therefore, a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model of the human cervical spine (C2-C7) was created. Two types of disk degeneration grades were simulated. For each grade of disk degeneration, the intact as well as the two surgically altered models simulating C5 laminectomy with or without C5-C6 total facetectomies were exercised under flexion and extension. Intersegmental rotational motions, internal disk annulus, cancellous and cortical bone stresses were obtained and compared to the normal intact model. Results showed that the cervical rotational motion decreases with progressive disk degeneration. Decreases in the rotational motion due to disk degeneration were accompanied by higher cancellous and cortical bone stress. The surgically altered model showed significant increases in the rotational motions after laminectomies and facetectomies when compared to the intact model. However, the percentage increases in the rotational motions after various surgical techniques were reduced with progressive disk degeneration.