某农药工业园区周边土壤重金属含量与风险评价

以苏南某农药工业园区周边30km2区域为研究区,采用同心圆法采集土壤样品183个,分析了农药工业园区周边土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Hg和As8种重金属含量、空间变异性、来源及潜在风险.结果表明:以自然背景值为评价标准,研究区表层土壤Hg、Cu、Cd和Pb平均含量超过自然背景值,其中Hg和Cu含量最高;以国标二级标准为评价标准,土壤Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、As6种重金属的单项污染指数平均值均小于1,Hg和Cu分别为1.59和1.05.在农药工业园区周边土壤重金属污染较重的东南方向和西北方向,随着与园区距离的增加,土壤Cd、Ni、Pb、Cr、As、Hg、Zn和Cu含量先上升、后下降、再趋于平稳.通过分析农药工业园区周边土壤重金属综合污染指数发现,距离园区约200～1000m周边土壤污染的风险较大,而1000m以外逐渐达到安全范围.利用地统计学和GIS相结合进行分析发现,8种重金属污染指数有明显的空间变异.依据相关分析与主成分分析结果推测,Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb和As主要来源于成土母质,而Hg、Cu和Cd主要与人类活动有关.     

海口城市土壤重金属污染特征与生态风险评估

对海口城市土壤重金属含量、空间分布特征与赋存形态进行了研究,并评估了其生态风险。结果表明,海口城市土壤重金属Hg、As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn的平均含量分别为0.073、3.82、0.25、26.7、92.4、52.5、29.1和84.1 mg·kg-1。与海口土壤背景值相比,海口城市土壤明显富集重金属Hg、As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn,受到一定程度重金属污染。Cr、Ni、Cu、Cd和Zn元素主要在郊区富集,Pb主要在路边绿化带中富集,Hg主要在生活区富集。海口城市土壤中Zn、As、Cr、Cu和Ni以残渣态为主,Hg主要以强有机态和残渣态存在,Pb主要以铁锰氧化态和残渣态存在,而Cd则主要以生物可利用态为主。生态风险评价结果显示,海口城市土壤重金属综合生态风险属于微弱水平,但Cd和Hg污染应引起重视。     

江苏省典型区农田土壤及小麦中重金属含量与评价

为了研究江苏省典型区地震带农田土壤和小麦中重金属的污染,在具有代表性的农田采集收获期小麦及耕层土壤,分析和评价了土壤和小麦中重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr、Hg、As和Zn的含量及污染程度。结果表明,土壤样品中Cd、Zn、Pb的含量均超过江苏省土壤背景值,Cr、Cu、Ni和As分别有25.64%、97.44%、92.31%和92.31%的土壤样品中超过江苏省土壤背景值,Hg的含量均在背景值以下;与国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618—1995)中Ⅱ级标准相比,Cd的含量均超出标准限值,其它7种重金属元素含量均在标准限值以下。土壤中重金属相关分析表明,Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、As具有相同的来源的可能性较大,而Hg与Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、As的来源均不相同。以NY 861—2004为评价标准,小麦籽粒Pb、Cr、Hg、Ni、As样品超标率分别为100%、58.97%、33.33%、10.26%、2.56%,Cu、Zn和Cd没有样品超标,由此可见小麦籽粒中Pb的污染最为严重。采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态评价指数法以国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618—1995)和江苏省土壤背景值为参比值,对农田土壤重金属污染进行评价,结果显示,从单项污染指数来看只有Cd达到重度污染水平,其它元素均在安全范围以内,从综合污染指数来看土壤重金属污染达到中度污染水平,从潜在生态评价指数法来看,研究区域表现为很强的生态危害,并以Cd为主要污染因子。     

浙江油茶产地土壤和果实金属元素含量特征

为探讨油茶(Camellia oleifera)产地土壤和油茶果实中金属元素分布和富集特征,在油茶果实成熟期,对浙江5个油茶产地土壤及油茶果实中金属元素进行污染分析和富集能力评价。结果表明,浙江油茶产地土壤中Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg、Ni、Cu和Zn含量低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,综合污染等级为安全。个别产区常山县土壤中As、Ni、Cu和江山县土壤中Pb、Cr、Fe含量显著高于其他产地;常山和建德土壤中Cd单因子污染指数分别为0.93和0.81,处于污染警戒线。Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn主要分布在油茶籽中,Hg主要分布在壳中,Pb、Cd、As、Fe和Mn主要分布在青皮中。油茶籽中Cu、Fe、Mn的富集系数大于0.4,吸收能力强,Ni、Zn的富集系数小于0.4,具有一定吸收能力,Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg的富集系数小于0.1,吸收能力低;壳中Cu、Mn的富集系数大于0.4,吸收能力强,Fe的富集系数小于0.4,具有一定吸收能力,Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg、Ni、Zn的富集系数小于0.1,吸收能力低;青皮中Cu、Fe、Mn的富集系数大于0.4,吸收能力强,Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg、Ni、Zn的富集系数小于0.1,吸收能力低。浙江油茶主产区土壤质量安全,适合油茶种植。油茶果实对Cu、Fe、Mn有一定富集能力,对Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg无富集能力。     

白银市不同功能区土壤重金属污染特征及其健康风险评价

调查了白银市生活区、工业区、交通区、公园绿地和山区5个功能区表层土壤中重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn含量,并采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和健康风险表征模型评价重金属污染水平及对人体的健康风险。结果表明,白银市各功能区土壤Cu、Cd、Hg、Pb和Zn含量显著高于甘肃土壤背景值,且工业区土壤Cu含量超过了国家土壤质量二级标准。内梅罗综合指数表明:各功能区污染程度表现为工业区交通区公园绿地生活区山区;除山区外,各功能区受Hg、Zn、Pb和Cd污染较严重,其中以Hg污染最为严重。健康风险表征模型表明:重金属对儿童的HI(总非致癌风险)和TCR(总致癌风险)均大于成人,各功能区HI和TCR均表现为工业区、生活区交通区公园绿地山区;土壤As、Cr和Pb是各功能区非致癌风险最主要的3个贡献因子;土壤As和Cr是各功能区致癌风险最主要的2个贡献因子。     

广州市花都城区绿地土壤肥力与重金属污染分析

在对广州市花都城区绿地土壤取样调查的基础上,采用全国第二次土壤普查养分分级标准和内梅罗污染指数法等对其土壤肥力和重金属污染情况进行分析评价,揭示花都城区绿地土壤存在的问题。结果表明,花都城区绿地土壤容重变幅在1.25～1.75 g·cm–3之间,孔隙度变幅在30.81%～47.42%之间,pH在6.16～7.68之间,有机质含量在四级及以下标准,严重缺乏氮素和磷素。不同绿地类型中,厂区路旁绿地土壤重金属污染最严重,其次为主干道两侧绿地;研究区As污染最严重,Pb次之,未受Zn污染,存在不同程度的Cu、Cd、Cr、Ni、Hg污染。相关性分析表明,土壤pH与全钾、碱解氮含量极显著相关,有机质与全氮极显著相关,全氮、全磷分别与碱解氮、有效磷显著正相关,全钾与碱解氮显著负相关;重金属元素中,Cu与Zn、Cr、Ni极显著相关,Zn与Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni极显著相关,Pb与Zn、Cd极显著相关,Cr与Cu、Zn、Ni极显著相关,As和Hg与其他重金属元素均无显著相关性。     

以植物,土壤元素含量评价天津大气环境质量

本文以天津主要绿化植物及土壤受污染的状况来说明不同功能区大气颗粒物污染的程度。结果看出:工业污染区冶炼厂的植物 Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb 的含量都是最高的 Ni、S 的含量也较高。冶炼厂植物重金属含量一般为自然背景值的3—11倍或更高些;其次为商业交通区及公园,Zn、Cu、Ni、Cd 为自然背景值的1.5—3.5倍。其他如文教区、市郊公路、各郊区植物均无明显污染,对照区盘山植物各元素含量都很低。土壤也以工业污染区冶炼厂及东郊化工厂污染最明显,冶炼厂 Pb、Cu、Cd、Zn 在土壤中的含量可为自然背景值的725,348,9,3倍;S 为14倍,而其中 Pb、Cu 大部分以粉尘的状态沉积在土壤表层。商业交通区及公园的污染也较明显,Pb、Cu、Cd、Zn 及 S 可为自然背景值的2—10倍,对照区土壤各元素含量都最低。从植物的气孔受飘尘堵塞所引起的扩散阻力增大的趋势也可看出各功能区飘尘污染的特点,气孔阻力增大的顺序是工业污染区>公园>商业交通区>市郊公路>对照区,这与上述功能区植物和土壤受污染的规律是相符的。     

山区路侧土壤-油菜系统重金属来源及关联特征

以安顺市至龙天村部分路段位置为基准,选取不同坡度采集距路侧不同距离、高度的油菜及表层土壤样品,测试了各样品中Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Zn、Ni、Hg、As元素含量,分析了路侧油菜与土壤中重金属的可能来源、分布规律及表层土壤组成的差异。结果表明:道路截面灰尘有机质含量较高;油菜土壤质地粗细不一,侵入类型以砾石、生活垃圾为主;表层土Cd的Igeo值最高为6.94,属极重污染,Cr、Pb属轻污染;油菜重金属Cd、Cr主要来源地质背景,Pb、Zn、Ni主要受非点源污染源路线影响,Hg、As、Cu与地质背景和人为活动有关;油菜组织重金属含量最大值主要集中在路侧10m内,叶、茎、根中Cr、Cd超标极其严重,分别为:14.49、12.96、15.54倍,35.13、9.54、19.72倍;5m处油菜叶、茎、根对As、Hg、Cr、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cu的富集能力远高于10 m、30 m处。     

哈尔滨市不同类型人工林土壤重金属含量

以东北林业大学城市林业示范研究基地9种人工林(兴安落叶松林、樟子松林、黑皮油松林、黄波罗林、胡桃楸林、水曲柳林、白桦林、蒙古栎林和针阔混交人工林)为对象,分析林地土壤不同层次(0～10 cm和10-30 cm)A8、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn 6种重金属含量,并以哈尔滨市土壤背景值为标准,采用综合污染指数法评价各林型土壤重金属污染状况.结果表明:不同类型人工林同一土层重金属含量差异显著;除了As和Ni,同一人工林土壤重金属含量均随土壤深度增加呈下降趋势.各类型人工林同一土层重金属含量以Zn最高(62.29～126.35mg·kg-1),Cd最低(0.06～0.47 mg·kg-1).6种重金属含量由高到低顺序为:Zn＞Pb＞Cu(Ni)＞Ni(Cu)＞As＞Cd,累积程度为:Cd＞Pb＞Zn＞Cu＞Ni＞As.林地土壤Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn间(除水曲柳林)及其与土壤有机质、N、P、K(除水曲柳林和蒙古栎林)显著相关,且以上4种重金属含量高于背景值,为人为输入;Ni和As含量与本地背景值相当,为自然因素,不同林型土壤内梅罗综合污染指数依次为:水曲柳林＞黄波罗林＞针阔混交林＞胡桃楸林＞樟子松林＞黑皮油松林＞兴安落叶松林＞白桦林＞蒙古栎林.     

福建省耕地土壤重金属含量和可浸提性研究

测定了福建省6市、县耕地土壤中的Cu、Zn、Cd、Ni、Pb、Hg、As等7种重金属元素的全量和可浸提态含量,并对测定结果进行了数理统计。结果表明,福建省耕地土壤存在着不同程度的重金属污染,但依元素不同而不同,重金属可浸提态含量占全量的10.0?52.2 Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Ni的可浸提态含量与全量之间的相关达极显著水平,Zn、Cd、Pb、As等4元素含量之间存在着显著正相关,而Ni则只与Zn元素有极显著正相关,Cu和Hg与其它重金属元素的相关则均不显著。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

History of the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus

This essay documents and examines the historical circumstances and events surrounding the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus in Cuba. Close scrutiny of the articles published by Walter Reed and his colleagues in 1900, 1901 and 1902 reveals their limitations as historic documents. Fortunately, other sources of information from that period survive in letters and documents written by individuals involved in the quest for the mode of transmission. Examination and comparison of those sources of information unveiled a fascinating story which reveals that misunderstandings engendered by published articles accorded merit where it was not fully due.