天山北坡绿洲土壤养分对作物系统变化的响应

以天山北坡三工河流域下游绿洲作为研究区,通过对当地农作物轮作制度的调查和历史资料的分析,遴选6种主要作物组合系统,包括耐盐碱作物系统、粮食作物系统、瓜菜、经济作物-棉花、经济作物-葡萄、经济作物-啤酒花,并利用1982、1999和2003年土壤养分数据,分析干旱区绿洲土壤养分对农作物系统变化的响应.结果表明,研究区不同时期的土地政策和市场价格变化直接影响了作物系统由1年生作物向多年生作物的转变,而土壤有机质经历了先下降后上升的变化过程.1982—1999年其它作物系统向棉花的转变不利于土壤有机质的积累,而1999—2003粮食作物、棉花等向多年生作物的转变使得土壤有机质含量明显增加.三工河流域绿洲土壤总体表现为“碳汇”的过程,说明干旱区绿洲人工植被的变化有利于土壤碳的积累,土地利用呈现可持续发展的态势.     

川西平原灌区不同水旱轮作模式周年土壤呼吸特征

水旱轮作是川西平原灌区重要的稻田种植模式,为探究本区域不同水旱轮作模式对周年土壤呼吸的影响,在四川崇州设置蒜-稻(GR)、麦-稻(WR)和油-稻(RR)三种水旱轮作模式,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定不同模式周年土壤呼吸,并同步测定温度、水层高度等水热生态因子。结果表明:三种轮作模式周年土壤呼吸累积排放量表现为GRRRWR,分别为193.36、160.27、157.28 kg/hm~2;土壤呼吸速率日动态规律基本一致,均表现为单峰型变化趋势,最高值出现在12:00—15:00,6—8月的日变幅高于其余月份;土壤呼吸速率季节动态均呈双峰型变化趋势,在6月和9月达到峰值,其中GR模式土壤呼吸速率年均值最高;三种模式土壤呼吸速率均受0—10 cm、10—20 cm土壤温度的显著影响,而与土壤含水量无显著相关性。土壤温度是旱季土壤呼吸速率季节变化的主要影响因素,土壤水层深度和土壤温度共同作用影响了稻季土壤呼吸速率的变化。     

中国土壤和植物养分管理现状与改进策略

针对当前我国农业生产面临增肥不增产、土壤养分过量累积、化肥施用过量和养分利用效率下降等重大问题, 本文综述了中国土壤养分与植物营养状况的历史演变和研究进展, 提出中国植物营养科学研究应在跟踪国际科学前沿的同时, 紧密结合中国农业生产实际, 通过大幅度提高养分效率和作物产量为农业可持续发展做出应有的贡献。     

中国土壤和植物养分管理现状与改进策略

针对当前我国农业生产面临增肥不增产、土壤养分过量累积、化肥施用过量和养分利用效率下降等重大问题,本文综述了中国土壤养分与植物营养状况的历史演变和研究进展,提出中国植物营养科学研究应在跟踪国际科学前沿的同时,紧密结合中国农业生产实际,通过大幅度提高养分效率和作物产量为农业可持续发展做出应有的贡献。     

鼎湖山南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林凋落物的养分动态

本文探讨鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林调落物养分特征,分析了其动态、季节间与种间变异、构成特征等。结果表明,该群落各种群含氮量的季节变化较小,各个种的变异系数多在15％以下,但磷、钾和钠的变异较大。无论在群落还是在种的水平上,各种营养成份间均没有显著的相关性。除磷外,不同种问养分含量有显著差异,季节间则除镁外无显著差异,磷在红壤地区土壤中难于利用的主要原因可能是不同植物在磷的利用上趋同．全年通过凋落物回归土壤的养分量为氮99．88kghm-2,磷15．03kghm-2．钾27．01kghm-2,钙37．11kghm-2;镁12．19kghm-2。在该群落中,椎栗是对落叶养分贡献最大的种,荷木其次。8月是当年凋落物养分量最高的月份,主要是由于台风作用产生大量的枝叶折落,12月则是最低月份,两者在构成上的主要区别是8月份枝条所持养分量极大,而12月份枝条极少。全年凋落物养分出现两次高峰,4月和8月,而以较寒冷的1、2、11、12月份最低。     

入侵植物银胶菊对不同氮、磷水平的繁殖适应性

通过模拟野外生境,研究了入侵植物银胶菊（Parthenium hysterophorus L.）在不同氮、磷养分水平下的繁殖特征,探讨其对土壤养分增加的繁殖适应性及繁殖能力。结果表明：在一定范围内,随氮水平的增加,银胶菊分枝数、头状花序数、繁殖器官的生物量及其比例、结实率等显著增加;对于磷养分来说,仅株高和种子千粒重明显增加,其余参数未见明显增加。银胶菊主要通过提高种子产量适应氮养分丰富的生境,而通过提高种子质量才能适应磷养分丰富的生境。土壤氮、磷养分的增加,提高了其繁殖能力,使其具有根据环境养分调节繁殖特性的能力,实现对不同养分资源生境的入侵。     

下辽河平原农业生态系统不同施肥制度的土壤养分收支

本试验是在潮棕壤上进行了10年的定位试验,研究了在养分循环再利用的基础上采取不同施肥制度下作物养分移出量,并结合施肥量计算出土壤中N,P,K养分收支。结果表明,在保持农业系统养分循环再利用的基础上,根据养分供给力设计化肥施用量,不仅可实现作物主产,而且可平衡土壤养分收支,避免土壤中肥料养分过剩（主要是N）进入环境,并揭示了我国我国在20世纪70年代以前大面积农田土壤缺P和80年代农田土壤大面积缺K的原因。     

大气氮沉降影响草地植物物种多样性机制研究综述

大气氮沉降对草地生态系统结构和功能的影响已成为全球变化生物学研究重点。大气氮沉降导致草地群落物种多样性降低已成为全球普遍现象,但其生物学机制还不清楚,因此有必要系统梳理大气氮沉降对全球不同草地生态系统的研究结果,以便在氮沉降背景下为我国草地生态系统的研究和管理制定科学决策。系统综述了氮沉降降低草地群落物种多样性的可能机制,主要包括资源竞争排斥、群落更新限制、土壤酸化及其离子毒害、养分失衡、氮素本身的毒害、次生胁迫。氮沉降导致草地物种多样性降低是多种机制综合作用的结果,每种机制在不同时空具有不同的相对贡献。同时,与欧洲酸性土壤草地和美国高草草原相比,我国草地土壤类型和植被属性具有明显差异。因此,应根据我国草地生态系统的特征、不同植物功能利用养分策略,从土壤养分变化、根系养分吸收转运、叶片生理过程等方面的整合研究思路,探讨氮沉降影响我国草地群落物种多样性的生物学机制,为我国草地生态系统的科学管理提供理论依据。     

水旱轮作下长期免耕和施用有机肥对土壤某些肥力性状的影响

１９８３年６月至１９９７年１０月进行的水旱轮作下连续免耕并配合施用有肥料的长期定位田间试验研究结果表明,长期免耕和施肥造成土壤养分的表层富集,０－５ｃｍ土层有机磷、全氮、速效氮含量显著增加,而５－１０ｃｍ和１０－２０ｃｍ土层上述养分含量明显低于常规耕翻处理;免耕对土壤结构破坏少,使０－２０ｃｍ土层水稳性团粒结构增多,综合各项肥力性状,不同施肥处理对提高土壤肥力的贡献为：猪粪〉秸秆〉绿肥〉化肥〉不施     

辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis )叶特性沿海拔梯度的变化及其环境解释

植物对环境的适应一直是生态学研究的核心问题之一。山地由于海拔剧烈变化造成显著的环境差异,成为研究植物对环境适应性变化的理想对象。为阐明辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.）叶对环境的适应性变化,在北京东灵山地区辽东栎海拔分布范围（1000~1800m）内研究了叶特性的变化规律及其与地形和土壤养分的关系。回归分析发现：辽东栎气孔密度、气孔长度和叶面积随海拔的升高呈现曲线变化形式。在海拔约1400m处,气孔密度最小而气孔长度和叶面积最大;气孔密度和长度成反比;叶长宽比没有明显变化;叶绿素（a＋b）含量和单位干重叶氮、磷和钾含量沿海拔梯度呈上升趋势,同时叶绿素含量和叶氮含量有较弱的正相关。偏相关分析显示：叶绿素含量和坡位有显著的相关关系,叶磷含量与坡度关系显著,但叶养分与土壤养分之间未表现出明显的相关关系;地形和土壤养分与气孔密度、长度和叶面积等形态指标的关系均不显著。方差分析表明上坡位与中、下坡位的叶绿素含量有显著差异,上坡位的叶绿素含量最高。辽东栎大部分叶特性在其海拔分布范围内有显著的变化,并且形态特征和养分特征的变化形式不同,海拔1400m左右是辽东栎叶形态特征变化最显著的范围。这些叶特征的变化与土壤养分的关系不明显。     

Plant–microbes interactions in enhanced fertilizer-use efficiency

The continued use of chemical fertilizers and manures for enhanced soil fertility and crop productivity often results in unexpected harmful environmental effects, including leaching of nitrate into ground water, surface run-off of phosphorus and nitrogen run-off, and eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems. Integrated nutrient management systems are needed to maintain agricultural productivity and protect the environment. Microbial inoculants are promising components of such management systems. This review is a critical summary of the efforts in using microbial inoculants, including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for increasing the use efficiency of fertilizers. Studies with microbial inoculants and nutrients have demonstrated that some inoculants can improve plant uptake of nutrients and thereby increase the use efficiency of applied chemical fertilizers and manures. These proofs of concept studies will serve as the basis for vigorous future research into integrated nutrient management in agriculture.     

菠萝-甘蔗轮作的土壤生态效应

通过2000～2002年进行菠萝-甘蔗轮作田间试验,研究了菠萝、甘蔗轮作对甘蔗土壤生态的影响。结果表明：菠萝甘蔗轮作田与甘蔗连作田比较,能明显地改善土壤的通气和蓄水性,加速速效性养分的释放;增强土壤酶活性;增加土壤微生物总量(一般好气性细菌、真菌、放线菌);有益的氨化细菌和硝化细菌成倍增加,而无益的厌氧性细菌、反硝化细菌则受到抑制;固氮菌数量小且变化不大。菠萝-甘蔗轮作对甘蔗土壤生态环境的改善其实质在于：菠萝、甘蔗轮作后,由于其作物种类的不同导致土壤结构的改善和土壤微生物种类和数量增多,土壤生物活性增强,并导致土壤速效养分的增加。     

Nutrient availability and management in the rhizosphere: exploiting genotypic differences

Crop nutrition is frequently inadequate as a result of the expansion of cropping into marginal lands, elevated crop yields placing increasing demands on soil nutrient reserves, and environmental and economic concerns about applying fertilizers. Plants exposed to nutrient deficiency activate a range of mechanisms that result in increased nutrient availability in the rhizosphere compared with the bulk soil. Plants may change their root morphology, increase the affinity of nutrient transporters in the plasma membrane and exude organic compounds (carboxylates, phenolics, carbohydrates, enzymes, etc.) and protons. Chemical changes in the rhizosphere result in altered abundance and composition of microbial communities. Nutrient-efficient genotypes are adapted to environments with low nutrient availability. Nutrient efficiency can be enhanced by targeted breeding through pyramiding efficiency mechanisms in a desirable genotype as well as by gene transfer and manipulation. Rhizosphere microorganisms influence nutrient availability; adding beneficial microorganisms may result in enhanced availability of nutrients to crops. Understanding the role of plant-microbe-soil interactions in governing nutrient availability in the rhizosphere will enhance the economic and environmental sustainability of crop production.     

Synchronizing N release from organic residues: opportunities for integrated management of N

In intensive cropping systems, mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizers represent the largest component of the N cycle because the indigenous N supply is not adequate. The requirement for mineral fertilizer may be reduced with the use of organic nutrient sources. A more realistic use of organic matter, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa due to limited amounts and availability, is the combined use of organic nutrient sources and mineral fertilizers. The beneficial effects of integrated use of inorganic fertilizers and organic manures on improved nutrient recoveries, soil moisture retention, cation exchange capacity, and erosion control have been reported. However, there are as many reports indicating negligible benefits or even disadvantages of combining nutrient sources on crop production. This is not surprising given the combination of organic residue sources, soils, climatic, crops, and management factors that influence nutrient dynamics. The most widely accepted function of organic materials is improving the nutrient availability to crops by supplying N. The key to both improving efficiency of N use and reducing N losses is synchronization of N supply from soil, biological N2 fixation, organic residues, and inorganic fertilizers with the crop N demand. Organic materials are not magic; N losses also result from their use. Controlling N release from organic sources depends on their nutrient content and quality, soil properties, and the environmental and management factors. This paper will synthesize the information generated from integrated nutrient management trials in sub-Saharan Africa and the Philippines. Management strategies based on an organic resources database and a dynamic soil-crop simulation model are used to identify organic sources as N fertilizers or soil amendments. The decision support tools are also used to attain optimum synchrony between release from organic sources and soils with crop N demand.     

Review: Current status and future prospects of associative nitrogen fixation in rice

Biological sources of nutrients are gaining importance over the chemical and organic sources from the standpoint of environmental safety and quality, and sustainable agriculture. The nutrient input for a growing rice crop can largely be met by promoting the activities of physiologically diverse microorganisms in the aerobic, anaerobic and interface zones in the ecologically important flooded soils. Associative bacteria contribute from 10 to 80 kg N per hectare per cropping season depending upon the ecosystem, cultural practices and rice variety grown. In addition to N contribution, these bacterial associations can improve the nutrient transformations and contribute to plant growth-promoting effects. Current improved agronomic and crop production management systems greatly affect the contributions of biological sources to the overall soil nutrient status. Azospirillum and other associative bacterial systems have been intensively researched using various evaluation techniques to understand the diazotrophic rhizocoenosis. Researches clearly indicate that these associations are governed by several soil, water, nutrient, agrochemical, plant genotype and other biological factors. Considerable efforts have been made so far in selecting efficient bacterial strains as inoculants and identifying host genotypes which support maximum nitrogenase activity in addition to other beneficial traits of effective associative relationships. Knowledge gained so far on how the N2-fixing system in rice functions suggests the need for providing optimum management practices to ensure greater contribution from the plant-microbe associations. Holistic approaches integrating technological developments and achievements in biological sciences could lead to crop improvement. Research on extending nitrogen-fixing symbiosis to rice using molecular and genetic approaches is underway, albeit at a slow pace. The need for further fine-tuning and developing management practices, innovative approaches to improve rice-bacterial systems and the strategies to sustain the benefits from associative diazotrophy are discussed.     

填闲种植及其在黄土高原旱作农业区的可行性分析

在主要粮食作物系统休闲期间种植填闲作物可兼顾环境与经济效益。综述了填闲种植对农田土壤水分、养分和后续粮食作物生产力形成等生态过程的影响及其具有的固碳减排、减少淋溶、控制侵蚀等环境与经济效益,并在此基础上从土壤水分限制、养分提高和产量经济效益等角度探讨了填闲种植在黄土高原旱作农业区的可行性,指出今后应重点加强填闲种植系统的水肥生产力形成机制、关键环境效益的形成机理、填闲作物与管理措施选择、生态经济效益评价以及气候变化背景下的填闲种植系统综合效益评估等方面展开定位观测与模型模拟研究,为填闲种植在黄土高原旱作农业区的推广提供科学依据。     

Effect of fly ash, organic wastes and chemical fertilizers on yield, nutrient uptake, heavy metal content and residual fertility in a rice-mustard cropping sequence under acid lateritic soils

A field experiment was conducted for two years in sandy loam acid lateritic soil to study the direct effect of fly ash, organic wastes and chemical fertilizers on rice (Oryza sativa) and their residual effect on mustard (Brassica napus var glauca) grown in sequence. Rice yields were higher when fly ash, organic wastes and chemical fertilizers were used in an integrated manner as compared to sole application of chemical fertilizers. Yields of mustard were also higher under the residual effect of the former rather than the latter. However, this beneficial residual effect under integrated nutrient sources was inadequate for the mustard crop in the low fertility test soil. Hence, direct application of fertilizers was needed, in addition to residual fertility. The effect of fly ash on mean rice equivalent yield of the rice–mustard cropping sequence was highest (up to 14%) when it was used in combination with organic wastes and chemical fertilizers. While the yield increase was 10% when it was used in combination with only chemical fertilizers. The minimum yield advantage, 3%, occurred when fly ash was applied alone. The equivalent yield of the rice–mustard cropping sequence was equally influenced by either of the organic wastes. Cadmium and Ni content in rice grain and straw were less under the direct effect of fly ash. The residual effect on mustard was similar for Ni content in seed and stover; however, Cd content was increased. Beneficial residual soil chemical properties in terms of pH, organic carbon and available N, P and K were noted for integrated nutrient treatments involved fly ash, organic wastes and chemical fertilizers as compared to continuous use of only chemical fertilizers. Application of fly ash alone was effective in raising soil available P. Thus, integrated use of fly ash, organic wastes and chemical fertilizers was beneficial in improving crop yield, soil pH, organic carbon and available N, P and K in sandy loam acid lateritic soil.     

水旱轮作对滩涂绿花椰菜根际土壤真菌群落结构的影响

本研究比较轮作和连作下滨海滩涂地绿花椰菜根际土壤真菌群落结构和多样性的变化特征,以探索不同轮作方式减缓绿花椰菜连作田连作障碍的效果。采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,分析单季稻-绿花椰菜水旱轮作、南瓜-绿花椰菜旱旱轮作和绿花椰菜连作3种耕作方式对绿花椰菜根际土壤真菌群落结构和多样性的影响。结果表明,在浙江省台州湾滨海滩涂地绿花椰菜种植区,水旱轮作、旱旱轮作和连作绿花椰菜根际土壤共获得11门、27纲、52目、94科、155属真菌。在门水平上相对丰度较高的为子囊菌门Ascomycota、油壶菌门Olpidiomycota、担子菌门Basidiomycota、接合菌门Zygomycota、壶菌门Chytridiomycota。与连作相比,轮作显著提高了绿花椰菜根际土壤中子囊菌门、壶菌门菌群的相对丰度,而以水旱轮作对其相对丰度的提高幅度更大。轮作显著降低了绿花椰菜根际土壤中油壶菌门、接合菌门菌群的相对丰度,而以水旱轮作对这2门菌群相对丰度的降低幅度更大。在属水平上轮作显著降低了绿花椰菜根际土壤中油壶菌属Olpidium、镰刀菌属Fusarium等的相对丰度,显著提高了绿花椰菜根际土壤中格孢腔菌属Pleospora的相对丰度,而水旱轮作更提高了格孢腔菌属的相对丰度,降低了油壶菌属、镰刀菌属的相对丰度。因此,轮作能改善台州湾滨海滩涂地上绿花椰菜根际土壤真菌群落结构,但水旱轮作更能增加绿花椰菜根际土壤真菌有益菌丰度,减少绿花椰菜根际土壤真菌有害菌群丰度,提高根际土壤真菌多样性指数,改良绿花椰菜根际土壤生态环境。     

Miscanthus × giganteus nutrient concentrations and uptakes in autumn and winter harvests as influenced by soil texture,irrigation and nitrogen fertilization in the Mediterranean

Fertilization has a great impact on GHG emissions and crop nutrient requirements play an important role on the sustainability of cropping systems. In the case of bioenergy production, low concentration of nutrients in the biomass is also required for specific conversion processes (e.g. combustion). In this work, we investigated the influence of soil texture, irrigation and nitrogen fertilization rate on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations and uptakes in Miscanthus × giganteus when harvested at two different times: early (autumn) and late (winter). Our results confirmed winter harvest to significantly reduce nutrient removals by as much as 80% compared to autumn. On the other hand, a few attempts have been made to investigate the role of soil texture and irrigation on nutrients in miscanthus biomass, particularly in the Mediterranean. We observed an effect of soil mainly on nutrient concentrations. Similarly, irrigation led to higher nutrient concentrations, while its effect on nutrient uptakes was less straightforward. Overall, the observed differences in miscanthus nutrient uptakes as determined by the crop management (i.e. irrigation and nitrogen fertilization) were highlighted for autumn harvest only, while uptakes in all treatments were lowered to similar values when winter harvest was performed. This study stressed the importance of the time of harvest on nutrient removals regardless of the other management options. Further investigation on the environmental and economic issues should be addressed to support decisions on higher yields‐higher nutrient requirements (early harvest) vs. lower yields‐lower nutrient requirements (late harvest).