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1.
冷浸田水旱轮作对作物生产及土壤特性的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
通过连续2年4茬的田间试验,研究了冷浸田由单季稻改制为水旱轮作对作物生产及土壤特性的影响.结果表明:油菜-水稻(R-R)、春玉米-水稻(C-R)、紫云英-水稻(M-R)、蚕豆-水稻(B-R)4种轮作模式两年的水稻平均产量较水稻-冬闲模式(CK)提高5.3%~26.7%,其中C-R和R-R模式与CK差异显著.除M-R模式外,各轮作模式的年均经济效益较CK增加79.0% ~ 392.4%,总产投比增加0.06~ 0.72个单位,均以C-R模式最高.水旱轮作模式均提高了水稻分蘖盛期叶片的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量和净光合速率.轮作下水稻收获期的土壤锈纹锈斑丰度明显,尤其是R-R、C-R、B-R模式;各轮作模式下的耕层土壤水稳性大团聚体(>2mm)数量均较CK有不同程度降低,而中团聚体(0.25~2 mm)数量(除M-R模式外)和微团聚体(<0.25 mm)数量则相反;各轮作模式的土壤活性还原性物质含量逐渐下降,而速效养分含量呈上升趋势.与CK相比,C-R和B-R模式的土壤细菌数分别提高285.7% ~ 403.0%,B-R的真菌数提高221.7%,R-R、C-R、B-R的纤维素菌提高64.6% ~ 92.2%,B-R的固氮菌提高162.2%,差异均显著.冷浸田由冬闲-单季稻改制为C-R、R-R、B-R轮作模式,对提高作物总产量和经济效益有较好的效果,土壤理化生化性状得到改善,表现出脱潜特征.  相似文献   

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High soil P concentrations hinder ecological restoration of biological communities typical for nutrient-poor soils. Phosphorus mining, i.e., growing crops with fertilization other than P, might reduce soil P concentrations. However, crop species have different P-uptake rates and can affect subsequent P removal in crop rotation, both of which may also vary with soil P concentration. In a pot experiment with three soil-P-levels (High-P: 125–155 mg POlsen/kg; Mid-P: 51–70 mg POlsen/kg; Low-P: 6–21 mg POlsen/kg), we measured how much P was removed by five crop species (buckwheat, maize, sunflower, flax, and triticale). Total P removal decreased with soil-P-level and depended upon crop identity. Buckwheat and maize removed most P from High-P and Mid-P soils and triticale removed less P than buckwheat, maize, and sunflower at every soil-P-level. The difference in P removal between crops was, however, almost absent in Low-P soils. Absolute and relative P removal with seeds depended upon crop species and, for maize and triticale, also upon soil-P-level. None of the previously grown crop species significantly affected P removal by the follow-up crop (perennial ryegrass). We can conclude that for maximizing P removal, buckwheat or maize could be grown.  相似文献   

4.
一生态位的研究是理论生态学的一个重要领域。Grinell(1917)将生态位定义为物种在环境中的最后分布单位,强调生态位的空间概念(space niche);Elton(1927)特别强调物种与其他种的营养关系(trophic relationship),并把生态位定义为物种在生物群落中的  相似文献   

5.
天山北坡绿洲土壤养分对作物系统变化的响应   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
以天山北坡三工河流域下游绿洲作为研究区,通过对当地农作物轮作制度的调查和历史资料的分析,遴选6种主要作物组合系统,包括耐盐碱作物系统、粮食作物系统、瓜菜、经济作物-棉花、经济作物-葡萄、经济作物-啤酒花,并利用1982、1999和2003年土壤养分数据,分析干旱区绿洲土壤养分对农作物系统变化的响应.结果表明,研究区不同时期的土地政策和市场价格变化直接影响了作物系统由1年生作物向多年生作物的转变,而土壤有机质经历了先下降后上升的变化过程.1982—1999年其它作物系统向棉花的转变不利于土壤有机质的积累,而1999—2003粮食作物、棉花等向多年生作物的转变使得土壤有机质含量明显增加.三工河流域绿洲土壤总体表现为“碳汇”的过程,说明干旱区绿洲人工植被的变化有利于土壤碳的积累,土地利用呈现可持续发展的态势.  相似文献   

6.
不同作物轮作制度对土壤杂草种子库特征的影响   总被引:36,自引:1,他引:36  
为明确不同作物轮作制度对杂草种子库特征的影响,比较研究了玉米-小麦(MW)、大豆-小麦(SW)轮作和原水稻-小麦(RW)轮作方式下杂草种子库的特征。结果表明,作物轮作显著影响杂草种子库的密度和种类组成,进行玉米-小麦或大豆-小麦轮作2年后,杂草种子库密度分别比稻麦轮作降低27.16%、44.44%。在原水稻-小麦轮作方式下,种子库中主要杂草为陌上菜、异型莎草、菵草、水苋菜、千金子等。玉米-小麦轮作使种子库中马唐、碎米莎草、飘拂草的相对优势度显著上升,鸭舌草、水苋菜、菵草的相对优势度显著下降。而在大豆-小麦轮作方式下,种子库中通泉草、马唐、鳢肠、飘拂草的相对优势度显著上升。玉米-小麦轮作种子库的物种多样性指数高于大豆-小麦轮作和水稻-小麦轮作。玉米-小麦与大豆-小麦轮作种子库的物种组成相似性较高。作物轮作影响杂草种子库密度和种类组成的机制,可能在于通过轮换种植不同的作物,提供了多样化的选择压,限制了某些对单一种植系统有着良好适应性的杂草种类的生长。  相似文献   

7.
    
There is growing concern among governments, scientists, agricultural practitioners and the general public regarding the negative implications of widespread synthetic chemical pesticide application for the control of crop pests. As a result, baculovirus biopesticides are gaining popularity as components of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes in many countries despite several disadvantages related to slow speed of kill, limited host range and complex large scale production. In South Africa, baculoviruses are incorporated into IPM programmes for the control of crop pests in the field, and recent bioprospecting has led to the characterisation of several novel isolates with the potential to be formulated as commercial products. This contribution will provide an overview of the use of baculoviruses against insect pests in South Africa, as well as research and development efforts aimed at broadening their application as biocontrol agents. Challenges faced by researchers in developmental projects as well as potential users of baculoviruses as biopesticides in the field are also discussed.  相似文献   

8.
评估不同轮作模式的生态可持续性和作物生产力,可为调整优化种植结构提供理论依据。设置7个不同轮作作物和周期茬口处理,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定不同轮作茬口的土壤细菌群落丰度,采用16S rRNA基因扩增子高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌群落多样性与物种组成,并测定土壤速效养分状况和后茬小麦产量。结果表明: 与夏玉米茬口相比,不同轮作周期夏花生或夏大豆茬口处理降低了土壤有机碳、无机氮和速效钾含量,显著增加了土壤有效磷含量。不同轮作周期夏花生或夏大豆茬口处理的土壤细菌16S rRNA基因拷贝数显著降低,而群落丰富度和多样性有所增加。不同轮作作物显著改变了土壤细菌群落结构和物种组成。与夏玉米茬口相比,不同轮作周期夏大豆茬口显著增加了后茬冬小麦籽粒千粒重和产量。综上,不同轮作周期夏花生或夏大豆茬口有利于增加土壤有效磷含量和细菌群落多样性,显著改变土壤细菌群落结构,其中,夏大豆茬口对后茬冬小麦产量形成具有积极作用。  相似文献   

9.
    
Low impact alternatives to synthetic insecticides for the control of apple sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea Klug) are scarce encumbering pest management in organic apple orchards. We investigated the soil persistence and field efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (BotaniGard) against apple sawfly under common organic orchard practices. We also assessed the efficacy of B. bassiana GHA and Metarhizium brunneum Petch (indigenous strain) against sawfly in the laboratory. Larvae treated with either fungus in the laboratory died faster than control larvae and displayed 49.4%–68.4% mycosis. In the field, B. bassiana density remained high in the week after application, during larval descent to the soil. Fungal density decreased to 25% at 49 d after application and to 0.4% after 55 weeks. Molecular markers revealed that the majority of fungal isolates recovered comprised the applied B. bassiana strain GHA. Larvae pupating in soil cages in the orchard for 49 d displayed 17% mycosis. The high efficacy under laboratory conditions was not seen in the field. B. bassiana application resulted in densities above the upper natural background level during the growing season, but reversion to background levels occurred within a year. It remains to be investigated whether this has a detrimental effect on nontarget organisms. Additional work is needed to bridge the knowledge gap between laboratory and field efficacy in orchards.  相似文献   

10.
    
Abstract

Through a normative lens, this article investigates integrated ocean management and the multiple concepts that it involves. Although international law provides legal authority to coastal states to manage their ocean area entitlements, no single legally binding norm specific to integrated ocean management exists. Nevertheless, by combining different internationally recognized sources, this article identifies and discusses two normative concepts applicable in coastal state integrated ocean management. These are (1) the framing of integrated ocean management as a management process and (2) the incorporation of environmental, economic, and social concerns into an ocean management policy.  相似文献   

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