人工湿地对胡子鲇养殖水体循环净化的研究

以大型观光植物美人蕉-砾石为基础的垂直流人工湿地对胡子鲇养殖水体进行净化处理和回流使用,在胡子鲇养殖中测定了水体主要水质指标的变化,表明人工湿地对养殖水体净化效果显著,养殖期间BOD5、COD、TN的平均去除率分别为81.77%、55.55%和65%,净化后水质部分符合渔业用水标准,可以循环利用.对照池水体由于BOD5、COD、TN得不到去除而持续增加,混浊度显著高于实验池,并出现水华.这种水体循环养殖模式具结构简单和易推广等优点.     

不同类型底栖动物对表面流人工湿地系统水质净化的影响

研究以表面流人工湿地为研究对象, 探讨不同类型底栖动物在夏季和冬季对人工湿地系统氮磷去除效果的影响, 并通过人工湿地系统运行前后不同介质氮磷含量变化及不同介质微生物丰度变化进行水质净化机理分析。结果表明, 夏季添加河蚌和添加田螺均能增强人工湿地系统NO₃-N和TN去除效果, 其中添加河蚌使得系统NO₃-N和TN平均去除率较对照组分别提升37.19%和24.32%, 添加田螺使得系统NO₃-N和TN平均去除率较对照组分别提升22.98%和12.46%。冬季添加摇蚊幼虫使得表面流人工湿地NO₃-N、TN和TP平均去除率分别在37.8%、54.0%和94.8%, 与对照组相比分别增加了29.51%、15.16%和37.62%, 添加河蚌和田螺受底栖动物半冬眠活动和代谢降低影响没有显著水质提升效果。这表明通过添加底栖动物可以增强表面流人工湿地运行效果, 选取适合的底栖动物种类组合可能在全年提升人工湿地水质净化效果。机理研究结果表明, 底栖动物通过增强底泥和基质中微生物硝化反硝化作用、植物氮吸收和基质氮吸附等促进人工湿地氮去除, 通过增强下层基质磷吸附沉淀和植物磷吸收提升水质磷去除。研究结果将为底栖动物在人工湿地的应用及表面流人工湿地运行效果提升提供理论依据和合理借鉴。     

两栖榕在人工湿地的生长特性及其对污水的净化效果

研究了两栖榕在潜流型人工湿地的生长特性及其对污水的净化效果。一年多的实验表明,生长在人工湿地的两栖榕具有发达的侧根和不定根,保持正常的净光合速率,蒸腾速率,根系活力生长速率。两栖榕人工湿地对TN,TP,CODCr和BOD5的去除率分别为54．2％、40．9％、72．4％和74．3％,与无植物系统相比较,去除率分别提高了17％、12％、10％和11％,此外,两栖榕人工湿地系统中,水力停留时间对去除率果有一定影响。     

煤渣-草炭基质垂直流人工湿地系统对城市污水的净化效果

垂直流人工湿地系统不但具有较高的水力负荷率(54—64cm.^-1),而且对有机物和N、P都具有较高的去除效果．其对化粪池出水中的COD、BOD5、NIA4^+-N和总P的去除率分别为76％--87％,88％--92％,75％--85％和77％--91％．处理出水中COD、BOD5、NH4^+-N和总P的平均浓度分别小于60、20、25和2．0mg.L^-1.植物种植试验结果表明,种植风车草可提高氨氮、总N和总P的去除率,分别为2％--3％、4％--6％、10％--14％．     

人工湿地系统对污水磷的净化效果

建立以亚热带湿生、水生植物为主的十二套下流行一上流－上行流人工湿地系统作为处理城镇生活污水的对策。以其中四套研究其在不同的水力负荷及气候条件下对污水中磷的去除效果。人工湿地系统随处理运行时间的推移趋于稳定,对污水中的总磷、无机磷显示较好的净化效率,平均去除率在冬季达到４０％以上,夏季达到６０％以上,出水达到国家地面水Ⅲ级标准。水生植物在系统中起到明显作用,有植物系统的除磷效率及稳定性均高于无植物对照,其中２号茭白－石菖蒲系统的效果最好,总磷平均去除率为６５％。４号9蔗－苔草系统在高水力负荷下的净效果优于２号。水力负荷的增加对系统的净效果没有明显影响。     

几种湿地植物净化生活污水COD、总氮效果比较

以无植被、基质为河砂的潜流型人工湿地为对照,研究了石菖蒲、灯心草和蝴蝶花3种类型植被、基质均为河砂的潜流型人工湿地净化生活污水COD、总氮的效果．结果表明,在污水COD浓度小于200mg·L^-1、总氮浓度小于30mg·L^-1的低浓度范围里,无植被的人工湿地和有植被的人工湿地对污水中COD、总氮均有很好的去除效果,两者差异不大,其COD去除率均达90％以上,总氮的去除率达80％以上．随着污水中COD和总氮浓度的增加,无植被人工湿地和有植被人工湿地去除COD和总氮的效果均有不同程度下降,两者差异明显,有植被的人工湿地能维持较高的COD、总氮的去除效果,无植被的人工湿地COD和总氮去除效果下降很快,植被在人工湿地系统去除污水COD和总氮过程中起着重要的作用．在整个试验阶段,石菖蒲植被人工湿地COD和总氮平均净化效率分别为80．46％和77．77％、灯心草人工湿地分别为75．53％和71．17％、蝴蝶花人工湿地分别为70．50％和66．38％,无植被人工湿地分别为61．39％和55．81％．同无植被人工湿地COD和总氮净化效果相比,石菖蒲植被人工湿地净化效果最好;其次为灯心草植被人工湿地,再次为蝴蝶花植被人工湿地．不同类型植被的人工湿地净化污水中COD和总氮的效果与其生物量关系密切,这与植被系统吸收同化有机物质和总氮数量、根际微生物分解有机物质和硝化-反硝化作用有关。     

复合垂直流构建湿地植物根区磷酸酶及脲酶活性与污水净化的关系

测定复合垂直流构建湿地植物根区磷酸酶和脲酶活性的结果表明 ,不同植物根区磷酸酶和脲酶活性不同 ,不同月份之间也有差异。根区磷酸酶活性与总磷的去除率相关性不显著 ;而脲酶活性与复合垂直流构建湿地对污水中总氮的去除率呈显著相关 ,根区磷酸酶和脲酶活性与BOD5及CODCr的去除率无显著相关性。     

波形潜流人工湿地污水处理的研究

波形潜流人工湿地包括水平流、上行流和下行流在内的混合流态,集合了潜流人工湿地和垂直流人工湿地的优点,优于传统潜流人工湿地。本文主要结合波形潜流人工湿地的特点,探讨波形人工湿地微生物群落结构及污染物去除机理,为强化波形潜流人工湿地的净化功能提供参考。     

柊叶和象草波式潜流人工湿地的对比研究

为探索柊叶和象草在人工湿地中的应用及其净化机理,该研究以柊叶和象草为人工湿地植物分别构建了波式潜流人工湿地系统,分析了柊叶和象草波式潜流人工湿地对生活污水中COD_(cr)、TN和TP的净化效果,观察了柊叶和象草两种植物在不同季节的生长状况。结果表明:经过15个月的连续运行,在表面水力负荷约0.3 m·d~(-1)的条件下,柊叶和象草波式潜流人工湿地平均去除率是COD_(cr)分别为66.1%和70.1%,TN分别为60.4%和63.7%,TP分别为74.1%和75.1%。两种植物生长良好,根系发达,象草的地上生物量是柊叶的2.1倍,地下生物量相当;冬季象草生长缓慢,柊叶部分叶片的四周干枯,但二者都不会枯亡。这说明两个人工湿地对COD_(cr)、TN和TP都具有较好的去除效果,但无显著性差异,柊叶和象草能明显提高潜流人工湿地的净化效果。     

不同湿地模型净水效果与基质酶活性相关性的比较研究

为了研究不同植物和基质组合的小型湿地模型净水效果及其与基质酶活性(脲酶和磷酸酶)之间的相关性, 并选出净水效果最佳的模型, 通过对两种植物(茭白和慈姑)和两种基质(石榴石和磁铁矿)进行组合构建不同的湿地模型, 对不同湿地模型进出水口水质和基质酶活性进行测定并加以分析进行优化选择。结果表明: 湿地模型对亚硝态氮的去除率最高, 最高能达到98.87%, 最低也能达到58.06%, 对高锰酸盐的去除率最低, 最高37.91%, 最低2.51%; 湿地模型X5-X6对各污染物的去除率基本上都比X1-X4高, 总氮去除率平均高3%, 氨氮去除率平均高10%, 亚硝态氮去除率平均高10%, 总磷去除率平均高15%, 正磷酸盐去除率平均高20%, 高锰酸盐去除率平均高8%; 在相同种植数量的情况下, 茭白和慈姑混合种植的湿地模型总体上比茭白和慈姑单一种植的湿地模型具有更好的净水效果, 是实验中的最佳湿地模型; 湿地模型的脲酶活性与总氮去除率具有显著的相关性(相关系数为0.903—0.980), 脲酶可作为判定人工湿地去除养殖水体中总氮效能的指标, 湿地模型磷酸酶活性与高锰酸盐去除率总体上具有显著相关性(相关系数为0.821—0.992), 磷酸酶可作为判定人工湿地去除养殖水体中高锰酸盐效能的指标。研究为人工湿地植物和基质优化选择和基质酶活性评价净水效果提供了理论依据。     

Impact of loads,season, and plant species on the performance of a tropical constructed wetland polishing effluent from sugar factory stabilization ponds

The effects of wastewater loading rates and two macrophyte species on treatment of sugar factory stabilization pond effluent were investigated in a pilot-scale free water surface constructed wetland (FWS CW) system in western Kenya. For 12 months, four CWs were operated at a hydraulic loading rate of 75 mm day⁻¹ and four at 225 mm day⁻¹. Half the CWs were planted with Cyperus papyrus and half with Echinochloa pyramidalis. Water samples were taken at the inlets and outlets and analyzed for TP, TDP, NH₄-N, and TSS. Mass removal rates of the selected water quality parameters were compared during three periods designated the short rain (period 1), dry (period 2), and long rain (period 3) seasons. There was a significant linear relationship between the mass removal rate of TP, NH₄-N, and TSS and the mass load, and season had a significant effect on the mass removal rate of TSS, NH₄-N, and TDP. Mass loading rates for TDP were about 78% of those for TP, whereas TDP comprised 78–99% of TP mass outflow rates, indicating a release of dissolved P within the CWs. The only significant difference between the two macrophyte species was associated with mass removal of NH₄-N, with more efficient removal in CWs planted with C. papyrus than those with E. pyramidalis. TP mass removal rates were 50–80% higher when a mean water loss for CWs 6–8 during periods 1 and 2 was assumed to represent evapotranspiration for all CWs in period 3 instead of pan evaporation data. This illustrated the importance of accurate estimations of evapotranspiration for pollutant mass removal rates in CWs in tropical climates.     

Evaluation of m-T7 agar as a fecal coliform medium

m-T7 agar, designed to improve recoveries of injured total coliforms, was evaluated for its effectiveness as a fecal coliform medium. The time and temperature of preincubation were found to be crucial to the optimal recovery of fetal coliforms. Isolation rates for fecal coliforms on m-T7 agar from sewage effluents were the highest when plates were preincubated at 37 degrees C for 8 h before transfer to 44.5 degrees C for 12 h. The medium was found to produce consistently higher fecal coliform counts than all the other methods tested. Recoveries were 3.1 times greater than the standard m-FC method and 1.7 times greater than the two-layer enrichment, temperature acclimation procedure. Verification rates for fecal coliforms isolated on m-T7 agar averaged 89.0%, whereas verification rates for m-FC agar averaged only 82.8%. Both media isolated similar fecal coliform populations. The advantages of a single medium, highly effective for the isolation of both total and fecal coliforms, are discussed.     

Evaluation of m-T7 agar as a fecal coliform medium.

m-T7 agar, designed to improve recoveries of injured total coliforms, was evaluated for its effectiveness as a fecal coliform medium. The time and temperature of preincubation were found to be crucial to the optimal recovery of fetal coliforms. Isolation rates for fecal coliforms on m-T7 agar from sewage effluents were the highest when plates were preincubated at 37 degrees C for 8 h before transfer to 44.5 degrees C for 12 h. The medium was found to produce consistently higher fecal coliform counts than all the other methods tested. Recoveries were 3.1 times greater than the standard m-FC method and 1.7 times greater than the two-layer enrichment, temperature acclimation procedure. Verification rates for fecal coliforms isolated on m-T7 agar averaged 89.0%, whereas verification rates for m-FC agar averaged only 82.8%. Both media isolated similar fecal coliform populations. The advantages of a single medium, highly effective for the isolation of both total and fecal coliforms, are discussed.     

Effects of Local Nitrogen Supply on Water Uptake of Bean Plants in a Split Root System

To study the effects of local nitrogen supply on water and nutrient absorption, French bean （Phaseolus vulgaris L.） plants were grown in a split root system. Five treatments supplied with different nitrogen forms were compared： homogeneous nitrate （NN） and homogenous ammonium （AA） supply, spatially separated supply of nitrate and ammonium （NA）, half of the root system supplied with N-free nutrient solution, the other half with either nitrate （NO） or ammonium （AO）. The results showed that 10 d after onset of treatments, root dry matter （DM） in the nitratesupplied vessels treated with NA was more than two times higher than that in the ammonium-supplied vessels. Water uptake from the nitrate-supplied vessels treated with NA was 281% higher than under ammonium supply. In treatments NO and AO, the local supply of N resulted in clearly higher root DM, and water uptake from the nitratesupplied vessels was 82% higher than in the -N vessels. However, in AO plants, water uptake from the -N nutrient solution was 129% higher than from the ammonium-supplied vessels. This indicates a compensatory effect, which resulted in almost identical rates of total water uptake of treatments AA and AO, which had comparable shoot DM and leaf area. Ammonium supply reduced potassium and magnesium absorption. Water uptake was positively correlated with N, Mg and K uptake.     

Validity of fecal coliforms, total coliforms, and fecal streptococci as indicators of viruses in chlorinated primary sewage effluents.

Quantities of combined chlorine that usually destroyed more than 99.999% of the indigenous fecal coliforms, total coliforms, and fecal streptococci in primary sewage effluents destroyed only 85 to 99% of the indigenous viruses present. Viruses were recovered from five of eight chlorinated primary effluents from which fecal coliforms were not recovered by standard most-probable-number procedures. The limited volumes of such chlorinated effluents that can be tested for indicator bacteria with currently available multiple-tube and membrane filter techniques restrict the value of fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and even total coliforms as indicators of viruses in these effluents. Although fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci are useful indicators of viruses in effluents from which these bacteria are recovered, the absence of these bacteria and even total coliforms from disinfected effluents (in standard tests) does not assure that viruses are also absent.     

4种水生植物对富营养化水体氮磷去除效果的研究

以灯心草、水田芥、菹草和轮藻为试验对象,研究了其在两种不同程度富营养化水体中的生长状况及对水体中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH4+-N)和化学耗氧量(COD)的净化效果。结果表明,在轻度富营养化水体中水田芥效果最好,培养20 d后的水田芥对总氮、总磷、氨氮和化学耗氧量的吸收率分别为75.28%、93.00%、76.35%和83.74%,其它3种水生植物对水体也都有较好的净化效果;在重度富营养化水体中灯心草效果最好,培养20天后的灯心草对总氮、总磷、氨氮和化学耗氧量的吸收率分别为89.30%、83.11%、83.41%和78.56%,但水田芥和轮藻的净化效果相对较差。     

Validity of fecal coliforms, total coliforms, and fecal streptococci as indicators of viruses in chlorinated primary sewage effluents.

Quantities of combined chlorine that usually destroyed more than 99.999% of the indigenous fecal coliforms, total coliforms, and fecal streptococci in primary sewage effluents destroyed only 85 to 99% of the indigenous viruses present. Viruses were recovered from five of eight chlorinated primary effluents from which fecal coliforms were not recovered by standard most-probable-number procedures. The limited volumes of such chlorinated effluents that can be tested for indicator bacteria with currently available multiple-tube and membrane filter techniques restrict the value of fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and even total coliforms as indicators of viruses in these effluents. Although fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci are useful indicators of viruses in effluents from which these bacteria are recovered, the absence of these bacteria and even total coliforms from disinfected effluents (in standard tests) does not assure that viruses are also absent.     

A comparison of bacterial removal efficiencies in constructed wetlands and algae-based systems

Constructed wetlands and algae-based systems have been compared regarding their efficiencies on faecal bacteria removal. Two types of constructed wetlands, sub-surface (SSF) and free water surface (FWS) flow systems, and two more types of algae-based systems, high rate algae ponds (HRAP) and maturation pond (MP) have been studied for two years. All systems treated the same wastewater from a rural locality in León (northwest of Spain). Hydraulic retention time was 3 days for both wetland systems, 20 days for the maturation pond and 10 days for the high rate algae pond. Total coliforms, faecal coliforms, faecal Streptococci, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococci were analyzed in the influent and effluents of each system. A comparison among the wetland systems showed that SSF were more efficient than FWS system when considering surface removal rates (cfu removed/m²/d). Nevertheless, differences were not statistically significant. Considering mean removal efficiencies (in log unit), results showed that higher reductions were observed in FWS for most of the groups except for clostridia and Staphylococci. Concerning algae-based systems, MP showed higher removal efficiencies than HRAP, getting higher surface removal rates in the HRAP. Generally constructed wetlands were more efficient than algae-based systems when considering both, efficiencies in % and surface removal rates.     

EFFECT OF LOADING RATES ON NITROGEN REMOVAL EFFICIENCY AND NITRIFICATION WITHIN ALGAL TURF SCRUBBERS

Kebede-Westhead, E.¹, Pizarro, C.¹, Mulbry, W.¹, & Wilkie, A. C.^{2 1}Agricultural Research Service, U.S.D.A., Beltsville, MD 20705-2350 USA; ² Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0960, USA A potential alternative to land application of livestock manures for crop production is the production of algae to recover the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) present in the manure. The specific objectives of these experiments were to test the effects of different loading rates of anaerobically digested dairy manure on nitrogen removal efficiency and nitrification within algal turf scrubbers (ATS). Laboratory-scale ATS units were operated by continuously recycling 220 l of wastewater and adding manure effluents daily. The algal turfs contained mixed indigenous assemblages of benthic algae. The most abundant genera were Ulothrix, Oedogonium, and Rhizoclonium. Weekly harvest of algal biomass, and wastewater samples were analysed for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonium (NH₄-N), nitrate, and elemental composition. In previous experiments with loading rates of 0.6–0.96 g TN m^-2 d^-1, algal nitrogen accounted for 42–50 % of input NH₄-N. Nitrate production accounted for the bulk of remaining input NH₄-N. Lower loading rates (0.24 and 0.48 g TN m^-2 d^-1) tested here showed a higher removal rate where algal nitrogen accounted for 71% of input NH₄-N (56% of TN), and nitrate production was negligible. The disappearance of NH₄-N from wastewater in scrubbers measured over 4–5 hours showed initial rates of about 6 mg NH₄-N hr^-1 g^-1 DW algae, corresponding to 3.7 g NH₄-N d^-1 m^-2. This was followed by slightly lower rates, probably indicating limitation in carbon and/or micronutrients.     

Comparison of the hydrophobic-grid membrane filter procedure and standard methods for coliform analysis of water

The hydrophobic-grid membrane filter (HGMF) has been proposed as an alternate method to the standard membrane filter (MF) procedure for the detection and enumeration of coliforms from water. Eight samples of nonchlorinated wastewater effluents were analyzed by the HGMF, standard MF, and tube fermentation most-probable-number methods for fecal coliforms, and eight samples each of polluted surface and dosed drinking waters were analyzed by the same methods for total coliforms. The drinking waters were dosed with coliforms and other heterotrophs concentrated from nonchlorinated domestic wastewater and treated with chlorine to reduce the numbers of organisms and simulate stress caused by chlorination. Statistical analyses determined that recoveries of fecal coliforms were significantly higher by the filtration methods for the nonchlorinated domestic wastewaters but not for the other waters. The results also indicated that recoveries of fecal and total coliforms did not differ significantly when either MFs or HGMFs were used. Total coliform results obtained with HGMFs having greater than 100 positive grid cells were significantly more precise than estimates obtained by the standard MF method only for polluted surface waters.