小麦蛋白质组分含量的配合力和遗传力分析

利用5个小麦亲本,按Griffing方法4组配一套完全双列杂交,研究小麦籽粒蛋白质组分的配合力和遗传力。结果表明,同一性状不同亲本的一般配合力效应和不同组合间的特殊配合力效应差异都较大。球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量的遗传主要受加性基因控制,清蛋白含量的遗传不存在加性基因作用,以显性基因作用为主。 Abstract：　A set of diallel crosses involving 5 wheat parents, according to the random model of Griffing Method 4, was made to study the combining ability and heritability of grain protein components in wheat. The results indicated that GCA effects of different parents for the same trait varied significantly. And SCA effects of different combination studied varied obviously. The inheritance of globulin, gliadin and glutenin contents were mainly controlled by additive genes. Dominant genes functioned mainly on albumin content without additive gene.     

Mapping QTLs with epistatic effects and QTL×environment interactions for plant height using a doubled haploid population in cultivated wheat

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for plant height in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied using a set of 168 doubled haploid (DH) lines, which were derived from the cross Huapei 3/Yumai 57. A genetic linkage map was constructed using 283 SSR and 22 EST-SSR markers. The DH population and the parents were evaluated for wheat plant height in 2005 and 2006 in Tai’an and 2006 in Suzhou. QTL analyses were performed using the software of QTLNetwork version 2.0 based on the mixed linear model. Four additive QTLs and five pairs of epistatic effects were detected, which were distributed on chromosomes 3A, 4B, 4D, 5A, 6A, 7B, and 7D. Among them, three additive QTLs and three pairs of epistatic QTLs showed QTL×environment interactions (QEs). Two major QTLs, Qph4B and Qph4D, which accounted for 14.51% and 20.22% of the phenotypic variation, were located similar to the reported locations of the dwarfing genes Rht1 and Rht2, respectively. The Qph3A-2 with additive effect was not reported in previous linkage mapping studies. The total QTL effects detected for the plant height explained 85.04% of the phenotypic variation, with additive effects 46.07%, epistatic effects 19.89%, and QEs 19.09%. The results showed that both additive effects and epistatic effects were important genetic bases of wheat plant height, which were subjected to environmental modifications, and caused dramatic changes in phenotypic effects. The information obtained in this study will be useful for manipulating the QTLs for wheat plant height by molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS).     

Molecular characterization and expression analysis of Triticum aestivum squamosa-promoter binding protein-box genes involved in ear development

Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops in the world. Squamosa-promoter binding protein(SBP)-box genes play a critical role in regulating flower and fruit development. In this study, 10 novel SBP-box genes(TaSPL genes) were isolated from wheat((Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Yanzhan 4110). Phylogenetic analysis classified the TaSPL genes into five groups(G1–G5). The motif combinations and expression patterns of the TaSPL genes varied among the five groups with each having own distinctive characteristics: TaSPL20/21 in G1 and TaSPL17 in G2 mainly expressed in the shoot apical meristem and the young ear, and their expression levels responded to development of the ear; TaSPL6/15 belonging to G3 were upregulated and TaSPL1/23 in G4 were downregulated during grain development; the gene in G5(TaSPL3) expressed constitutively. Thus, the consistency of the phylogenetic analysis, motif compositions, and expression patterns of the TaSPL genes revealed specific gene structures and functions.On the other hand, the diverse gene structures and different expression patterns suggested that wheat SBP-box genes have a wide range of functions. The results also suggest a potential role for wheat SBP-box genes in ear development.This study provides a significant beginning of functional analysis of SBP-box genes in wheat.     

家蚕胚胎期对高温干燥催青耐受性的遗传分析

本文运用完全双列杂交的方法,估测了家蚕在胚胎期对高温干燥催青条件耐受性的有关遗传参数。家蚕种对高温干燥催青的耐受性,在原种间和杂交组合间有明显差异。耐受性是一种遗传性性状,由遗传基因控制。经估算的广义遗传力大于狭义遗传力。有超显性现象。控制家蚕对高温干燥催青的耐受性的基因数目不少于两个。显性效应大于加性效应。显性效应为非单向性的。显性位点上的基因分布为不对称性。 Abstract:Some genetic parameters about endurance of silkworm to high temperature and low humidity condition during embryo stage were calculated in complete diallel crossing(6×6).There was clear variation in the endurance of both parents and F1 to the incubating condition of high temperature and low humidity.Endurance is a supper-dominant character controlled by genes not less than two.The generalized heritability is greater than narrow heritability .The effects of dominant genes were non-unidirection,with the dominant effect greater than additive effect.The distribution of genes on the location of the dominance is not symmetric.     

甘蓝型油菜长角果变异体的遗传研究

用在中国发现的甘蓝型油菜长角果变异体的优良后代“鄂油长角”及短角果品种“中油821”为亲本,研究了角果长及与角果长密切相关的两个性状――千粒重和每果粒数的遗传。结果表明,角果长、千粒重、每果粒数3个性状受核基因控制,不存在任何形式的母性遗传。供试双亲间角果长性状存在2对基因的差异。长角果对短角果为显性。数量遗传分析表明,角果长、千粒重的遗传符合加性显性二基因互作模型,存在显著的上位性效应。角果长性状在两个基因座上呈联合分布,显性效应均大于加性效应,且存在超显性。千粒重性状以加性效应为主。 Abstract：Eryou long-pod,which was derived from the unique long-pod mutant discovered in China,was crossed with the commercial broad rapeseed cultivar Zhongyou 821.From the crossing six basic generations were generated for studying the genetical behaviors of pod length and two related characters i.e.1000?seed weight and seed number per pod.The results showed that the three characters were governed by nuclear genes.The difference in pod length between two parents was related to two loci.Generation mean analyses revealed that the 6?parameter mode was to interpret the inheritance of the characters studied and the epistasis was significant.Pod length mainly showed association of its genes and highly significant dominant effect,and even superdominant effect too.Meanwhile,additive effect was predominant in 1000-seed weight.     

桑树对花叶病抗性遗传规律的研究

用7个母本、5个父本品种,按NCII杂交设计,进行桑树对花叶病抗性的遗传分析。首次证明：桑树对花叶病的抗性具有数量遗传特点,符合加性－显性模型,主要受加性基因控制,广义遗传力和狭义遗传力中等,一般配合力显示绝对优势,具有超显性现象。母本品种含有比父本品种更多的显性基因。 Abstract　Seven maternal and five paternal varieties of mulberry were used in inheritance experiment by NCII mating design. Genetic study of mulberry resistance to the mosaic disease was carried out. The results showed for the first time that mulberry resistance to the mosaic disease showed charateristics of quantitative inheritance, it tallied with the model of additive-dominance, it was mainly controlled by additive genes. Broad heritability and narrow heritality were moderate. The general combining ability showed absolute superiority. The resistance showed overdominant phenomenon. The maternal variety had more the dominance gene than paternal.     

小麦雄性不育遗传及基因定位研究进展

雄性不育的研究对于杂种优势的利用具有重要意义。本文综述了小麦雄性不育遗传及基因定位研究进展,介绍了小麦雄性不育的基因工程,对小麦雄性不育的应用进行了讨论。 Abstract:The study of plant male sterility plays an important role on utilization of heterosis.This paper reviews the current status of the studies of the heredity and mapping of the male sterile genes in wheat and the gene engineering of wheat male sterility.The application of male sterility in wheat breeding is discussed.     

烟草主要数量性状的遗传效应分析

利用红花大金元×青梗,红花大金元×中烟14号P1、P2、F1、F2、B1、B2 6个世代资料对7个农艺性状和4个品质性状进行了基因效应分析。结果表明,性状均不符合简单的加性－显性遗传模型,多数性状加性效应显著而显性效应不显著,在3种互作效应中,所有性状至少有一种显著。互作效应普遍存在,是烟草性状杂种优势表现的主要原因之一。 Abstract:Two tobacco F1 hybrids,F2s,backcrosses B1s and B2s and their parents P1 and P2 were used to estimate the gene effects for 7 agronomic and 4 quality characters.The additive-dominance genetic model was not fit for all characters.The additive effects and the epistatic effects of most characters were significant,but the dominant effect not.The epistatic effects could not be ignored in tobacco breeding.They were one of main causes of heterosis for most characters.     

蚕豆特矮秆突变体的遗传研究

用在国内首次发现的蚕豆特矮秆突变体的优良后代“鄂农 82矮”及高秆品种“启豆1号”为亲本, 研究了株高及其与株高密切有关的两个性状──节间长和节数的遗传。结果表明:株高、节间长、节数3个性状受核基因控制,不存在任何形式的母性遗传。供试双亲株高性状存在一对基因的差异,我们用Df-df表示这一基因座的两个等位基因,高秆亲本基因型为Df Df,矮秆亲本的基因型为dfdf,高秆对矮秆为显性。数量遗传分析表明,3个性状的遗传均符合加性显性模型,株高、节长的加性效应和显性效应都很重要,显性度接近于1。节数仅受加性效应控制,显性效应不显著。 Abstract:DwarF Enong 82,which derived from the unique dwarf mutant discovered in China,was crossed with the commercial broad bean cultivar Qidou 1.From the crossing six basic generations were generated for studing the genetical behaviors of plant height and two related characters i.e. node length and number of nodes.The results showed that the three characters were governed by nuclear genes.The difference in plant height between two parents was related to a loci,which was designated Df-df.Generation mean analyses revealed that the additive-dominance model was adequate to interpreting the inheritance of the three characters.The estimates of number of genes controlling these characterswere the same astheresults with Mendlian methods.     

大麦DNA导入小麦产生抗白粉病变异的遗传研究

本研究将抗白粉病的大麦DNA通过花粉管途径直接导入感病的小麦品种花76中,后代出现13株抗白粉病变异株。其中5株在以后的世代中抗性稳定,另8株则继续分离。第2带分离株系的抗病株形成的第3代株系（或株行）中,抗性有分离的株行与无分离的株行比例为1.9:1,而分离株行内抗病株与不抗病株之比为3.35:1。抗性稳定株系与感病亲本杂交,F1表现高抗病,再与感病亲本回交,后代抗感病株比例为1:1,自交F2的比例为2.8:1。说明所获得的抗白粉病性受一对完全显性基因控制,抗病为显性。与已知抗白粉病基因的比较表明,这个抗病基因可能是来自大麦的一个新基因。13 Variant plants with immunity and high-resistance to powdery mildew were found in D1 generation from introducing resistant barley DNA into susceptible wheat cultivar, through pollen tube pathway after self pollination.Of the variants, 5 plants for the resistance had been stable and the other 8 plants segregated insuccessive generation.The ratio of segregating and stable plant-rows was 1.9:1 in D3 plant-rows derived from resistant plants of segregating D2-lines,and the ratio of resistant plants and susceptible plants was 3.35:1 among the segregating D3 plant-rows.The F1 -plants from crosses between stable resistant variants and susceptible parents were higgh resistant to powdery mildew.The ratio of resistant and susceptible plants was 1:1 in progenies of backcross of the F1 and susceptible parents, and this ratio was 2.8:1 in the F2 generation from the F1 selfing. Thus it can be seen that the resistance obtained is camtrolled by a pair of genes, the resistance is dominant. The results in comparison with known powdery mildew resistance genes in wheat indicated that the resistant gene obtained would be a new one from barley.     

甘蔗常用亲本及杂交组合家系评价

为评价我国甘蔗亲本的遗传特点和组合的选配效果,采用澳大利亚家系试验法,借助R软件估算亲本的遗传方差、一般配合力(GCA)和组合特殊配合力(SCA)。结果表明:锤度的遗传主要受母本加性基因效应所制约,蔗茎产量主要受母本加性基因效应和非加性基因效应所制约,株高、茎径和有效茎受父母本加性基因效应和非加性基因效应所制约。CP88-2143、ROC10、ROC26、桂糖00-122、粤糖00-318和云蔗99-113作母本,内江57-416、崖城93-26、粤糖91-976和粤糖00-319作父本杂交后代表现出高产高糖,可作为糖能兼用好亲本使用。根据组合特殊配合力效应(SCA),CP88-2143×粤糖00-319、ROC10×粤糖91-976、ROC26×崖城93-26、桂糖00-122×ROC22、粤糖91-976×ROC22、粤糖93-159×内江57-416和云蔗99-113×CP84-1198组合综合表现良好,可作为生产性杂交组合,加大力度使用。     

Nuclear genes affecting albinism in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) anther culture

Summary Inheritance of the ability to respond in wheat anther culture was studied from 6×2 reciprocal crosses between six varieties with high and two varieties with low capacity for green plant formation and their parents, replicated in two environments. Effects of genotypes dominated embryo formation and percentages of green plants, accounting for 78.4% and 85.4% of total variation, respectively, while smaller genetic effects were indicated for regeneration. Nuclear genes could explain almost all the genotype effects in this material. Embryo formation showed heterosis over high parent for 5 of the 12 hybrids, while percentages of green plants from the hybrids were intermediate to the parents. General Combining Ability (GCA) could explain 78.8% of the variation for embryo formation among the hybrids, whereas differences in percentage of green plants were dominated by Specific Combining Ability (SCA), accounting for 67.9% of hybrid variation. A positive correlation (r=0.81^**) was observed between the genetic capacity for regeneration and green plant formation. Analysis of covariance indicated that effects causing GCA for green plant formation were mainly responsible for this correlation. A regression model with two parallel lines divided the six parent lines with high green plant formation into three groups with respect to their reactions with the two testers. The results are discussed with regard to possible involvement of two sets of nuclear genes affecting the percentage of green plants obtained in wheat anther culture: one set consisting of mainly additive effects affecting green plant percentage through an initial effect on regeneration ability, and another set of two or a few more major genes with dominance or epistatic effects uncorrelated with regeneration.     

胚和胚乳基因效应对水稻幼苗生物量的影响研究

本文利用和胚乳遗传模型[研究了水稻早期胚后生长生物量性状的遗传控制,结果表明：在两个时期水稻幼苗生物量性状中,除了第16天时根鲜重（RFW）主要受到胚乳显性效应控制外,叶鲜重（LFW）,叶干重（LDW）,根干重（RDW）主要受到胚基因显性效应和胚乳基因加性效应的控制,胚加性和乳乳加性效应占总遗传方差的40－54％,说明对生物量性状进行早期选择有效,各个性状都检测到显著的胚狭义遗传率和胚乳狭义遗传率,说明在早期世代即可估计选择进程,对亲本的遗传效应值的预测表明,对根部性状的选择在第8天进行比较合适,并以亲本P1,P3和P6较好,它们既可提高RFW又可提高RDW,而对地上部分性状的选择在第16天时进行比较合适,并以P4,P9和P10为最好。     

Inheritance of resistance to Fusarium graminearum in wheat

To study the inheritance of resistance in wheat to Fusarium graminearum, six resistant cultivars from China were crossed to two susceptible cultivars. The parents and their progenies were evaluated in the greenhouse for resistance to the spread of scab within a spike. A central floret was inoculated by injecting a droplet of inoculum at the time of anthesis. Inoculated plants were kept in a moist chamber for three subsequent nights. The proportion of scabbed spikelets was recorded six-times from 3-days to 21-days after inoculation, and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated from these proportions. One to three genes, depending on the cultivar, conditioned resistance to scab as reflected by the AUDPC. A simple additive-dominance effect model fitted the segregation data for 8 of the 11 crosses. Dominance and epistatic effects were significant in a few crosses. These effects increased resistance in some crosses but decreased resistance in others. However, relative to additive effects, dominant and epistatic effects accounted for only a small portion of the genetic effects in the populations evaluated. The importance of additive effects means that it should be possible to accumulate different genes to enhance resistance to scab in wheat. Received: 15 December 1998 / Accepted: 17 June 1999     

Mapping QTLs with epistatic effects and QTL×environment interactions for plant height using a doubled haploid population in cultivated wheat

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for plant height in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied using a set of 168 doubled haploid (DH) lines, which were derived from the cross Huapei 3/Yumai 57. A genetic linkage map was constructed using 283 SSR and 22 EST-SSR markers. The DH population and the parents were evaluated for wheat plant height in 2005 and 2006 in Tai'an and 2006 in Suzhou. QTL analyses were performed using the software of QTLNetwork version 2.0 based on the mixed linear model. Four additive QTLs and five pairs of epistatic effects were detected, which were distributed on chromosomes 3A, 4B, 4D, 5A, 6A, 7B, and 7D. Among them, three additive QTLs and three pairs of epistatic QTLs showed QTLxenvironment interactions (QEs). Two major QTLs, QphAB and Qph4D, which accounted for 14.51 % and 20.22% of the phenotypic variation, were located similar to the reported locations of the dwarfing genes Rhtl and Rht2, respectively. The Qph3A-2 with additive effect was not reported in previous linkage mapping studies. The total QTL ef fects detected for the plant height explained 85.04% of the phenotypic variation, with additive effects 46.07%, epistatic effects 19.89%, and QEs 19.09%. The results showed that both additive effects and epistatic effects were important genetic bases of wheat plant height, which were subjected to environmental modifications, and caused dramatic changes in phenotypic effects. The information obtained in this study will be useful for manipulating the QTLs for wheat plant height by molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS).     

小麦蛋白质含量的配合力和遗传力研究

本研究了小麦籽粒蛋白质合量在Fl及F2代中的表现情况。结果表明,控制蛋白质合量的基因作用以加性效应为主,同时存在非加性效应;Fl代子粒蛋白质合量与双亲平均值高度相关,F2代中子粒蛋白质合量分离呈正态分布,且正态分布的峰值蛋白质合量也接近双亲平均值。蛋白质合量的一般配合力大于特殊配合力方差,并计算了蛋白质合量的广义和狭义遗传力。     

Genetic analysis of tolerance for phosphorous deficiency in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The inheritance of phosphorous (P) — deficiency tolerance in rice was investigated by a sevenparent diallel. The parent materials involved were four P-efficient (IR20, IR54, IR28, and Mahsuri), one moderately P-efficient (TN1), and two P-inefficient (IR31406333-1 and IR34686-179-1-2-1), genotypes. Relative tilering ability (RTA) under P-deficient and P-supplemented soil conditions was the parameter used in determining the tolerance level of the different genotypes. Diallel graph analysis revealed that tolerant parents have an excess of recessive genes, while moderate and susceptible parents possess more dominant genes. Genetic-component analysis suggested that both additive and dominance gene effects are involved in the inheritance of P-deficiency tolerance in rice. The trait exhibited over doiminance as confirmed by the graphical analysis. Narrow-sense heritability of the trait was moderate (0.50) and environmental effects were low. Both the general combining ability (GCA) and the specific combining ability (SCA) were significant, but GCA was more prevalent than SCA. Tolerant parents exhibited a high GCA whereas susceptibles have a very poor GCA, suggesting that tolerant parents were mostly enriched in additive genes and susceptible parents in non-additive genes. Crosses involving two high general combiners showed low SCA effects whereas crosses between poor general combiners manifested highly-significant SCA values.     

ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase genes,associated with kernel weight,underwent selection during wheat domestication and breeding

ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase, comprising two small subunits and two large subunits, is considered a key enzyme in the endosperm starch synthesis pathway in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Two genes, TaAGP‐S1‐7A and TaAGP‐L‐1B, were investigated in this study. Haplotypes of these genes were associated with thousand kernel weight (TKW) in different populations. Mean TKWs of favoured haplotypes were significantly higher than those of nonfavoured ones. Two molecular markers developed to distinguish these haplotypes could be used in molecular breeding. Frequencies of favoured haplotypes were dramatically increased in cultivars released in China after the 1940s. These favoured haplotypes were also positively selected in six major wheat production regions globally. Selection of AGP‐S1 and AGP‐L‐1B in wheat mainly occurred during and after hexaploidization. Strong additive effects of the favoured haplotypes of with other genes for starch synthesis were also detected in different populations.     

Construction and analysis of a microsatellite-based database of European wheat varieties

A database of 502 recent European wheat varieties, mainly of winter type, was constructed using 19 wheat microsatellites and one secalin-specific marker. All datapoints were generated in at least two laboratories using different techniques for fragment analysis. An overall level of >99.5% accuracy was achieved. The 199 alleles detected allowed discrimination between all of the varieties except duplicates, and varieties derived from identical parents. Approximately 25% of the varieties showed some heterogeneities, with the highest level of heterogeneity in south-eastern European material. The highest genetic diversity and the highest number of rare alleles were found in varieties from southern Europe. The relative allele frequencies varied for most microsatellites in different geographical regions.