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1.
本文描述盾沟姬小蜂属Holcopelte Forster2新种:丽盾沟姬小蜂Holcopelte pulchra sp.nov.和长腹盾沟姬小蜂Holcopelte longiventrissp.nov.。此属为我国及东洋区拉首次记录。模式标本何存于四川省自然资源研究所。  相似文献   

2.
基于18S基因序列的姬小蜂分子系统发育   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
本文基于18S rDNA部分序列,用MP和Baysian方法研究了姬小蜂科的系统发育,对姬小蜂科的单系性及其与其它小蜂科间的关系进行了讨论。姬小蜂亚科、灿姬小蜂亚科和啮姬小蜂亚科形成三个独立的支系,研究结果支持它们各自的单系性,但本结果没有明确姬小蜂科的单系性。研究结果同时还支持瑟姬小蜂族、扁股姬小蜂族和狭面姬小蜂族三个族的地位,但不支持姬小蜂族的地位。姬小蜂科的单系性及其与其它小蜂间的关系还需更多的形态学数据和更多的基因序列来进一步研究[动物学报52 (2) : 288 -301 , 2006]。  相似文献   

3.
【目的】刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim体型小,传统的形态学鉴定方法难以快速准确识别。【方法】本研究测定了刺桐姬小蜂的rDNA ITS1和ITS2序列,根据18S rDNA部分序列,利用MEGA的最大相似法(Maximum Likehood)构建系统发育树。根据刺桐姬小蜂ITS1和ITS2序列设计了特异引物,应用特异引物对单只刺桐姬小蜂进行PCR扩增,可稳定地扩增出明显的目的DNA条带。【结果】研究表明,基于ITS基因的DNA条形码技术可以用于刺桐姬小蜂的快速准确鉴定。【结论】因此,采用ITS1和ITS2区的特异性引物可对刺桐姬小蜂进行快速分子鉴定。  相似文献   

4.
壳斗作为壳斗科Fagaceae的重要特征, 其起源、演化和多样性形成长期以来为系统学家们所关注, 有众多的观点和假说。本文在综合这些假说的基础上, 结合分子系统学和大化石证据, 讨论了壳斗演化的规律。研究结果支持壳斗具枝性性质, 来源于二歧聚伞花序最外侧小枝的假说。在比较3个壳斗演化模型的基础上, 根据4种分子系统关系的一致性重建了壳斗的演化历史: 壳斗是单系起源; 水青冈属的2果4裂瓣壳斗是最早分化的壳斗类型, 三棱栎型壳斗是较晚分化的类型; 并支持具有内裂瓣的金鳞果类型壳斗可能与其他横切面为圆形的壳斗有较近的共同祖先。这一结果也得到了多个大化石证据的支持。壳斗科多个分子系统关系的一致性和壳斗化石证据共同证实了壳斗演化的规律是从开裂向裂瓣融合、逐步简化、多向发展; 支持开裂壳斗、坚果三角形、较小、具棱或狭翅是祖征, 融合壳斗、坚果圆形、较大、不具棱是衍征。这些结果为进一步探索壳斗科的演化历史和系统发育提供了新的证据。  相似文献   

5.
本研究测定了米尔顿姬小蜂Anselmella miltoni Girault的rDNA ITS1和ITS2序列,以探讨其分子鉴定方法。米尔顿姬小蜂的ITS1和ITS2侧翼区(18S和5.8S)序列相对稳定,ITS1和ITS2序列存在种间差异。根据18S rDNA部分序列,利用DNAMAN的Maximum Likelihood方法构建了与膜翅目其它科的系统发育树。根据米尔顿姬小蜂ITS1和ITS2序列设计了特异性引物,应用特异性引物对样品进行了PCR扩增,扩增效果理想,采用上述特异性引物可从单头米尔顿姬小蜂稳定地扩增出明显的目的DNA条带。因此,可以采用ITS1和ITS2区的特异性对米尔顿姬小蜂进行快速的分子鉴定。  相似文献   

6.
    
Two species Diglyphus begini Ashmead and D. sabulosus Erdös are new records for Turkey; one new species is described Diglyphus sensilis sp. nov., three species have new host record Liriomyza sativae and Chromatomyia horticola; 10 species of Diglyphus from Turkey are keyed.  相似文献   

7.
    
The sequences of gene fragments encoding cytochrome  c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S rDNA were obtained and used to construct phylograms of eight taxa of chthamaloid barnacles using the scalpelloid Calantica as an out-group. The phylograms support the basal position of Catomerus within the chthamaloids . Analysis of 16S rDNA shows that Octomeris and the four-plated barnacle Chamaesipho are located on the same clade, while Chthamalus , Euraphia and Tetrachthamalus are located on a second clade, indicating that reduction in the number of shell plates occurred twice in the evolution of the chthamaloids. The topology of phylograms based on COI sequences is poorly resolved: 93% of third position nucleotides in this fragment are polymorphic while the amino acid sequences are strictly conserved. We assume that in the chthamaloids, at least at the generic level, polymorphism in the COI gene is saturated beyond phylogenetic information and cannot resolve the phylogenetic relationships within this superfamily.  © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2004, 83 , 39–45.  相似文献   

8.
    
The extant anomalodesmatan bivalves have always proved rather enigmatic and difficult to interpret, both in terms of their relationships to other bivalve taxa and the interrelationships of the constituent families. These difficulties stem from their diverse and often highly specialized life habits which have resulted in a wide array of disparate morphologies, and also from the fact that many are extremely rare. Classifications based on morphological characters have been dogged by fears that convergent and parallel evolution has masked phylogenetic signals. Molecular surveys of members of 12 of the 15 constituent families, using the 18S rRNA gene, have revealed that anomalodesmatans are robustly monophyletic and lie within the basal heterodonts. The Anomalodesmata should no longer be regarded as a subclass, but as a part of the Heterodonta. Here we present an enhanced analysis of 32 anomalodesmatan species (representatives of 12 families). Our results, subjected to Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses, challenge our understanding of the internal relationships within the Anomalodesmata. In particular they indicate the need for a re-distribution of the families traditionally placed in the Thracioidea and Pandoroidea into a 'thraciid' lineage (Thraciidae + Cleidothaeridae + Myochamidae) and a 'lyonsiid' lineage (polyphyletic Lyonsiidae + Clavagellidae + Laternulidae + Pandoridae). The endolithic Clavagella and endobenthic Brechites and Penicillus form a robust clade. The hypothesis that the carnivorous septibranchs are monophyletic can, thus far, be neither supported nor rejected. Mapping critical morphological characters onto our molecular results provides evidence of multiple loss of some characters (e.g. prismato-nacreous shell microstructure and shell spicules) and also multiple gain of others (e.g. chondrophores).  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 148 , 395–420.  相似文献   

9.
    
Phylogenetic relationships of Limoniastrum and other genera of subfamily Staticoideae (Plumb-aginaceae) were studied using parsimony analysis of the plastid gene rbc L, the intron of trn L and the intergene spacer of trnL-trn F. Our analysis showed that Limoniastrum was polyphyletic. Limoniastrum ifniense , in both rbc L and combined data analyses, is sister to Armeria and Psylliostachys , whereas in the trn L-F (intron and spacer combined) analysis it is sister to a clade composed of Acantholimon, Dictyolimon and the remaining species of Limoniastrum . In all analyses, the five remaining species of Limoniastrum (excluding Limoniatrum ifniense ) formed a clade with two groups of species: L. monopetalum+L. guyonianum and those sometimes considered as the segregate genus Bubania ( L.feei, L. weygandiorum and L. rechingeri ). Levels of sequence divergence among these three groups of Limoniatrum were greater than for other well supported genera in the family and, in combination with morphological differences and paucity of synapomorphies, led us to conclude that separate generic status for each of the three clades is warranted.  相似文献   

10.
分子系统学原理及其在林木上的应用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
史全良  诸葛强  黄敏仁 《生命科学》2001,13(2):89-92,81
综述了林木分子系统学的是新研究进展,分析了现代分子生物学方法的不断改进给林木系统学研究带来的革命性进展,阐述了RAPD,cpDNA,rDNA等在林木分子系统学研究中的应用及取得的成果,评述了各种不同分子标记的适用范围以及对相关基因进化规律的认识,同时提出了这些分子标记在分子系统学研究中应注意的一些问题。  相似文献   

11.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The origin of the anomalodesmatan bivalves and the relationships of the constituent families are far from being settled. Phylogenetic uncertainties result from the morphological heterogeneity of the Anomalodesmata and from parallel/convergent evolution of several character complexes due to similar life habits. Here, we assess these problems with 26 near-complete anomalodesmatan 18S rRNA sequences from 12 out of 15 families and a selection of heteroconch outgroup taxa. The robustly monophyletic Anomalodesmata share insertions in the V2 and V4 expansion regions. Both parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses confirm their position among the basal heterodonts rooting between Carditidae and Lucinidae or, together with the latter, between Carditidae and the remaining Heterodonta. There is no support for monophyletic Myoida, nor for a close relationship of Anomalodesmata with any myoid taxon. At the base of the Anomalodesmata is an unstable cluster of long-branch species belonging to the Poromyidae, Verticordiidae, Lyonsiellidae and Thraciidae. The remaining Anomalodesmata split consistently but with varying branch support into three major clades: the Cuspidariidae excluding Myonera ; a 'thraciid' clade consisting of (Euciroidae, ( Myonera ( Thracia, Cleidothaerus , Myochamidae))); and a 'lyonsiid' clade with Laternulidae, Pandoridae, diphyletic Lyonsiidae due to a robust clade of Lyonsia norwegica and the clavagellid Brechites vaginiferus . Tests of various alternative topologies showed that all are significantly longer but optimal likelihood trees with monophyletic carnivorous taxa and/or Thraciidae are not significantly less likely. These results differ greatly from previous morphological studies. Palaeontological data and homology decisions for selected characters are evaluated in the light of the molecular trees.  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 139 , 229–246.  相似文献   

12.
核酸(DNA和RNA)和蛋白等生物大分子(尤其是它们的序列资料)可作为重要的生物性状用于系统分类和演化等主题的研究。相对于形态学性状而言,分子性状不仅是前者的补充,而且具有许多前者无法比拟的优点;比如DNA作为遗传信息的直接载体能较准确地反映生物类群之间的系统发生关系、信息量巨大、易于定量化和进行计算机分析等等。分子古生物研究包含两个方面:一、发掘化石生物分子,以提供历史生物界演化过程中的直接遗传学证据以及检验分子演化速率等方面的独特数据;二、利用现代分子生物学数据,探讨化石生物界的系统发生问题。上述两个研究方向均已成为当今演化生物学领域的热点。有孔虫等具有重要化石记录的微体生物的分子系统学研究已经开始。随着现生的和化石的生物分子资料的逐渐积累,预期在不久的将来,分子资料将成为微体古生物研究中不可缺少的重要数据之一。  相似文献   

13.
Biologists and historians often present natural history and molecular biology as distinct, perhaps conflicting, fields in biological research. Such accounts, although supported by abundant evidence, overlook important areas of overlap between these areas. Focusing upon examples drawn particularly from systematics and molecular evolution, I argue that naturalists and molecular biologists often share questions, methods, and forms of explanation. Acknowledging these interdisciplinary efforts provides a more balanced account of the development of biology during the post-World War II era. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

14.
双翅目昆虫分为长角亚目和短角亚目,前者主要类群包括蚊、蠓、蛉和蚋,后者主要类群为虻类和蝇类。国内外学者对双翅目昆虫形态分类和分子系统发育关系研究均较多。本文整理总结了几种主要核基因在双翅目昆虫进化和系统发育关系的研究资料,结果显示:双翅目的单系性得到了众多形态学、生物学和分子数据的支持,多数系统发育研究认为传统的长角亚目为并系,短角亚目是一个单系,其主要类群舞虻下目、环裂类、有缝组和有瓣蝇类均为单系,但非环裂类、无缝组为并系,无瓣类可能为并系;基本搞清了有重要医学意义和与环境关系密切的类群,特别是有瓣蝇类各科类群分类系统的进化关系;双翅目昆虫发生辐射进化的三个分支节点时间即:低等双翅目(蚊类)2.2亿年、低等短角亚目(虻类)1.8亿年、有缝组(蝇类)6500万年;大量双翅目昆虫自然生命史历经吸血性、植食性和寄生性,有2.6亿年以上的演化历程。从相关核基因研究中总结出:18SrRNA、28SrRNA和CAD基因能很好的解决高级阶元从目到属的系统发育问题;EF-1ɑ基因和White基因更适合从科到属水平的分类阶元;ITS基因一般应用在从属到种水平的低级分类阶元,并被广泛应用到双翅目昆虫分子系统学研究中。  相似文献   

15.
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