广东乌龟五种器官的组织学观察

利用石蜡切片法对广东乌龟的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺和肾脏等组织器官进行了组织结构观察.结果显示,心肌纤维束状排列,可见闰盘结构.肝脏分3叶,肝内结缔组织很少,相邻肝小叶分界不清.肝血窦内含色素细胞.脾脏分被膜和实质两部分.实质可分为白髓和红髓.白髓包括椭球周围淋巴鞘(PELS)和动脉周围淋巴鞘(PALS).红髓由脾索和脾窦组成.未发现淋巴小结和生发中心.肺为一对长形扁平囊.支气管黏膜上皮为假复层柱状纤毛上皮.细支气管的黏膜为单层柱状纤毛上皮.肺泡囊状.肾脏由肾小体、颈段、近曲小管、中间段、远曲小管、收集管等部分构成.颈段和中间段均由单层纤毛立方上皮细胞构成.近曲小管、远曲小管和收集管均由单层柱状上皮细胞构成.     

中华花龟五种器官组织学观察

利用石蜡切片法对中华花龟的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺和肾脏等组织器官进行了组织学观察.结果显示心肌的特点是暗带较窄,心肌纤维束状排列.肝脏分3叶,肝实质内结缔组织少,肝小叶分界不清楚.脾脏分被膜和实质两部分,实质由白髓和红髓构成,白髓包括椭球周围淋巴鞘(PELS)和动脉周围淋巴鞘(PALS),红髓由脾索和脾窦组成,未发现淋巴小结和生发中心.肺一对,为长形扁平囊,肺泡囊状,肺泡内可见管壁的结节状膨大.肾脏由肾小体、颈段、近曲小管、中间段、远曲小管和收集管6部分构成,肾小体由肾小球和肾小囊组成,在肾小体附近可见致密斑样结构.     

脑红蛋白在赛加羚羊主要内脏器官中的表达与定位

赛加羚羊(Saiga tatarica)属于我国一级重点保护野生动物,其原产地主要为高寒低氧地区,现存种群则主要栖息于中亚地区的荒漠及半荒漠草原上。脑红蛋白是一种存在于脊椎动物体内具有运输和储存血氧能力的球蛋白,在动物适应低氧过程中具有重要的生理功能。为了初步探究赛加羚羊对低氧环境的耐受性机制,运用免疫组织化学染色法与实时荧光定量PCR技术,对脑红蛋白及脑红蛋白基因(NGB)在赛加羚羊的心、肝、脾、肺、肾等5种主要内脏器官中的分布规律与表达情况进行了探究。免疫组织化学染色结果显示,脑红蛋白在赛加羚羊的心、肝、脾、肺、肾中均有分布,阳性表达主要分布在其心肌细胞、肝细胞、脾白髓区中的淋巴细胞、肺泡细胞以及肾小球内皮细胞。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,脑红蛋白基因在赛加羚羊心、肝、脾、肺、肾中的表达量不同,脾的表达量最高,心的表达量次之,两者均显著高于肝、肺和肾(P < 0.05);其后依次为肝、肾、肺,其中,肝的表达量显著高于肾和肺(P < 0.05),肾和肺之间表达量差异不显著(P > 0.05),肺的表达量最低。上述研究表明,脑红蛋白在赛加羚羊的主要内脏器官中均有阳性表达,不同内脏器官中的表达量不同,这表明脑红蛋白可能参与了这些内脏器官的氧利用过程,具体机制有待进一步探讨。     

瓦氏黄颡鱼和岩原鲤脾脏的组织学观察

运用组织学方法对瓦氏黄颡鱼和岩原鲤脾脏的显微结构进行了研究.瓦氏黄颡鱼和岩原鲤脾脏被膜薄,仅由一层单层扁平上皮细胞和结缔组织纤维构成,脾小梁明显,红髓和白髓混合,无明显的分界,鞘毛细血管发达;瓦氏黄颡鱼脾小梁细而少,白髓中淋巴细胞密集,在靠近被膜的脾实质边缘区域密集的淋巴细胞形成外形类似淋巴小结的结构,巨噬细胞聚集形成明显的巨噬细胞中心;岩原鲤脾小梁发达,伸入脾实质将脾脏分隔成一个个的小叶,白髓中密集的淋巴细胞较少,未见类似淋巴小结的结构,巨噬细胞分散存在,无明显的巨噬细胞中心.     

小熊猫肾脏和输尿管的组织学研究

小熊猫的肾脏呈蚕豆形,表面光滑不分叶,只有1个肾锥体和1个肾盏,无肾盂。肾脏皮质内可见皮质迷路和髓放线。皮质迷路内有近曲小管、远曲小管和肾小体等结构。髓放线内有近端小管直部和远端小管直部。髓质可分为外髓和内髓两个区域。外髓有较多的集合管断面,少量的远端小管直部和细段,较多的直小血管束。内髓部位有大量的细段和乳头管。各种泌尿小管之间有少量的疏松结缔组织构成的间质,间质内有丰富的毛细血管。输尿管横切面呈圆形或卵圆形,管腔呈不规则的裂隙状。管壁由粘膜、肌肉层和外膜组成。并与大熊猫肾脏和输尿管的组织结构作了比较研究。     

斑马鱼脾显微与超微结构

应用光学显微镜和透射电镜对斑马鱼(Daniorerio)脾的显微与超微结构进行了观察。光镜结果表明,斑马鱼的脾主要由脾髓和网状组织两部分构成,脾髓分布于整个脾,分为白髓和红髓,但界限不明显,呈混合分布。红髓染色相对较浅,占脾实质的大部分区域,主要由密集的红细胞构成,可见脾窦结构,脾索结构不明显。白髓染色较深,主要由密集的淋巴细胞构成,淋巴细胞的胞核染色较深,呈深紫色。经Gordon-Sweet银染显示网状纤维后,可清晰观察到脾小结,从而可清晰区分红髓与白髓,脾小结与哺乳动物的类似,主要是由密集的淋巴细胞构成。酸性磷酸酶染色可见斑马鱼脾内有大量吞噬性细胞存在。电镜结果显示,红髓分布有不同类型的红细胞、血小板和浆细胞,白髓分布有淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞、单核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、浆细胞和网状细胞,淋巴细胞胞质内含有多泡体,这可能与淋巴细胞发挥免疫功能有着密切联系。斑马鱼脾与大多数硬骨鱼相似,未观察到椭球这一特殊结构。     

斑马鱼脾显微与超微结构

应用光学显微镜和透射电镜对斑马鱼(Daniorerio)脾的显微与超微结构进行了观察。光镜结果表明,斑马鱼的脾主要由脾髓和网状组织两部分构成,脾髓分布于整个脾,分为白髓和红髓,但界限不明显,呈混合分布。红髓染色相对较浅,占脾实质的大部分区域,主要由密集的红细胞构成,可见脾窦结构,脾索结构不明显。白髓染色较深,主要由密集的淋巴细胞构成,淋巴细胞的胞核染色较深,呈深紫色。经Gordon-Sweet银染显示网状纤维后,可清晰观察到脾小结,从而可清晰区分红髓与白髓,脾小结与哺乳动物的类似,主要是由密集的淋巴细胞构成。酸性磷酸酶染色可见斑马鱼脾内有大量吞噬性细胞存在。电镜结果显示,红髓分布有不同类型的红细胞、血小板和浆细胞,白髓分布有淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞、单核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、浆细胞和网状细胞,淋巴细胞胞质内含有多泡体,这可能与淋巴细胞发挥免疫功能有着密切联系。斑马鱼脾与大多数硬骨鱼相似,未观察到椭球这一特殊结构。     

黑熊肺脏光,电镜观察

本文采用光镜,扫描及透射电镜对成体黑熊肺脏组织进行观察。结果表明：黑熊肺脏和其它哺动物肺脏结构基本相似,亦由支气管各级分支,肺小叶及小叶间结缔组织构成,每个细支气管连同它的各级分支和肺泡组成一个肺小叶,肺泡是支气管树的终末部分,呈多面囊形泡,肺泡壁有Ｉ,ＩＩ两种类型上皮细胞。气－血屏障由肺泡上皮,上皮基膜,内皮基膜和内皮四层结构组成,厚约０．５μｍ。     

小鼠腹腔注射硫酸铍的病理形态学观察

目的研究腹腔注射硫酸铍（BeSO4.4H2O）对小鼠主要脏器的损害作用。方法将30只6周龄昆明（KM）雄性小鼠随机分为三组,分别予以不同剂量硫酸铍生理盐水溶液腹腔注射染毒,隔日一次,染毒两周。观察主要脏器的病理组织学变化并测定脏器系数。结果与对照组比较,染毒组心、脾、肾、睾丸脏器系数无显著差异,肝、肺脏器系数差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;对照组肺、肝病理学组织检查未见异常,低剂量组小鼠肺组织可见淤血、出血、支气管扩张出血,肺泡腔内有少量炎性渗出物、支气管周围炎、间质性肺炎、小叶性肺炎等;高剂量组小鼠肺组织可见支气管扩张出血,支气管腔内有大量炎性渗出物,支气管周围肺泡扩张,间质性肺炎、小叶性肺炎、融合性小叶性肺炎;低剂量组肝细胞水肿,可见点状坏死和小灶性坏死;高剂量组小鼠肝组织损伤严重,肝细胞排列紊乱,多数肝细胞呈细胞水肿,肝细胞胞质成空泡状,可见明显的点状坏死和小灶性坏死,并伴有炎细胞浸润,坏死区周围肝细胞细胞质呈嗜酸性变,轻度核固缩,并且肝细胞呈不同程度的胞质疏松,肝窦以及肝中央静脉扩张有广泛变性、坏死等病理改变。睾丸、心、脾、肾未见明显异常。结论小鼠腹腔注射本试验剂量的硫酸铍后主要引起肺组织和肝脏损伤,其它脏器未见明显异常。     

汞离子及铬离子对黄鳝脾免疫细胞的影响

采用毒性实验方法,用不同浓度的汞离子(Hg2+)、铬离子(Cr6+)分别处理黄鳝(Monopterusalbus),经1、2、4、8 d后,通过光镜观察黄鳝脾组织结构及免疫细胞数量的变化。结果表明,对照组黄鳝脾被膜较薄,未见明显的小梁,实质由红髓和白髓构成。白髓中淋巴细胞聚集成群,未见明显脾小结,但可见动脉周围淋巴鞘。红髓由脾索与脾窦组成。脾中有椭圆体,其末端向脾髓开放。黑色素巨噬细胞中心形成。经两种重金属离子分别染毒后的黄鳝脾与对照组相比,组织结构表现出相似的变化,即随着重金属离子浓度的增加和染毒时间的延长,脾组织中的黑色素巨噬细胞中心逐渐增大、增多,最后减少;黑色素巨噬细胞先增加后减少。淋巴组织逐渐松散,排列稀疏混乱,淋巴细胞界限逐渐不清晰,呈退化趋势,数量先增加后减少。粒细胞数量的变化趋势与淋巴细胞一致。红血细胞大量破坏,血窦扩张。     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Mink Circovirus Can Infect Minks,Foxes and Raccoon Dogs

正Dear Editor,Mink circovirus (MiCV), which is clustered in the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, was first described in minks from farms in Dalian, China in 2013 (Lian et al.2014). The complete single-stranded circular genome of the virus is 1,753 nucleotides long and contains two major open reading frames (ORFs), designated ORF1 (Rep gene)and ORF2 (Cap gene)(Lian et al. 2014; Ge et al. 2018).Sequence analysis has shown that MiCV is most closely     

CypA Regulates AIP4-Mediated M1 Ubiquitination of Influenza A Virus

Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase that interacts with the matrix protein (M1) of influenza A virus (IAV) and restricts virus replication by regulating the ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. However,the mechanism by which CypA regulates M1 ubiquitination remains unknown. In this study, we reported that E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 promoted K48-linked ubiquitination of M1 at K102 and K104, and accelerated ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. The recombinant IAV with mutant M1 (K102 R/K104 R) could not be rescued, suggesting that the ubiquitination of M1 at K102/K104 was essential for IAV replication. Furthermore, CypA inhibited AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination by impairing the interaction between AIP4 and M1. More importantly, both the mutations of M1 (K102 R/K104 R) and CypA inhibited the nuclear export of M1, indicating that CypA regulates the cellular localization of M1 via inhibition of AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination at K102 and K104, which results in the reduced replication of IAV.Collectively, our findings reveal a novel ubiquitination-based mechanism by which CypA regulates the replication of IAV.