猕猴不同性别年龄组个体时间分配和姿态行为的差异分析

2005 年11 月至2006 年10 月,对生活在广西桂林七星公园内的一群半野生猕猴进行观察,采用瞬时扫描取样法收集不同性别-年龄组个体的活动时间分配、活动高度和姿态行为的数据。研究结果表明:七星公园猕猴属半地栖性灵长类动物,花费较多的时间休息(41.5% );坐是猕猴最主要的休息姿态
(85. 5% )和觅食姿态(85. 4% ),四足行走是最主要的移动模式(64.5% )。成年个体的活动时间分配表现出明显的性别差异,主要表现为成年雌猴花费更多的时间相互理毛。不同年龄组个体的活动时间分配也表现出显著差异。休息时间随年龄的增长而增加,而玩耍时间则表现出相反的趋势。猕猴的活动高度和移动模式也表现出明显的年龄差异。成年个体花费更多的时间在地面活动。在移动过程中,成年个体采用四足行走的频率明显高于其它年龄组个体;亚成年个体跳跃最多;少年个体采用攀爬和架桥的频率明显高于成年个体。这些差异可能与个体在不同发育阶段的体型和活动水平差异以及林冠的不连续性有关。本研究结果将有助于了解猕猴不同性别年龄组个体对其栖息的社会和自然环境的行为适应机制。     

Primates in perspective. Review of “Order Primates,” pp. 352–450 in Walker's Mammals of the World, 4th Edition,by Ronald M. Nowak and John L. Paradiso. Baltimore and London,The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983, 1362 pp., two-volume set, $65

This study examines the positional and activity behavior of a captive slow loris, Nycticebus coucang. The male individual was housed in a primate facility providing a seminatural environment and was subjected to a series of videotape recordings from which 1,878 point observations were taken. The enclosure was designed to allow maximum flexibility of substrate use. Quantitative information detailing activity, positional mode, and substrate geometry was collected using a checklist of 15 variables. Data were tabulated and compared as frequency distributions to describe activity budgets, the use of locomotor and postural modes, and the relation of posture to activity behavior and substrate geometry. The results indicated that almost 90% of the active day may be devoted to behaviors directly or indirectly related to dietary functions. For locomotor behavior, both climbing and walking were associated with the use of diagonal couplets. The loris devoted 52% of its positional behavior to postural modes, favoring the quadrupedal stand, triplets, and sitting. Suspension was found to be used more often in posture than locomotion. Overall, the loris's repertory of positional modes accommodated a wide range of substrate geometries.     

Seasonal variation in the positional behavior of red howling monkeys (Alouatta seniculus)

Recent studies on the positional behavior of primates reveal that significant seasonal variation occurs in both locomotion and postures that is related to changes in diet and foraging techniques. Howling monkeys (genusAlouatta), which also have a seasonally varied diet, are predicted to have correspondingly varied positional behaviors. Two groups of red howling monkeys were studied in a primary rain forest in French Guinana during the dry and wet seasons. During the dry season, when howler diet is based mainly on leaves, howlers traveled more frequently by quadrupedal walking on large supports, a mode of progression that is probably inexpensive energetically and relatively stable. During feeding, quadrupedal and tripedal stand contributed considerably, a posture probably associated with the equal distribution of leaves within a tree crown. In contrast, during the wet season, when fruit was abundant, howlers fed very frequently by sitting on large supports, probably because fruit consumption required more time for special manipulation. However, most seasonal changes in feeding postures, and in travel and feeding locomotion, were difficult to associate directly with dietary shifts. These behavioral changes may be more highly correlated with slight modifications in microhabitat use (horizontal and vertical daily ranges, similar and alternative arboreal pathways) that are not considered in this paper.     

Serum Nutritional Profiles of Free-Ranging <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alouatta Caraya</Emphasis> in Northern Argentina: Lipoproteins; Amino Acids; Vitamins A,D, and E; Carotenoids; and Minerals

Quantifying circulating nutrient concentrations in sera of free-ranging subjects will help to establish a basis from which we can evaluate the nutritional status and needs of the captive population. We collected serum samples from 26 free-ranging black-and-gold howlers (Alouatta caraya) in San Cayetano forest in northern Argentina. We analyzed them for concentrations of lipoproteins; amino acids; vitamins A, D, and E; carotenoids; and minerals. There are a few significant differences between sexes in concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, certain amino acids, vitamin E, lutein + zeaxanthin, and copper. Most nutritional parameters are similar to the ones measured in free-ranging Mexican mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata mexicana) and in captive New World primates (NWPs). Carotenoid, vitamin D, and phosphorus concentrations are the exceptions. Carotenoid concentrations are higher in free-ranging Alouatta caraya than reported for other free-ranging and captive species. Vitamin D concentrations are 14 times greater in the free-ranging black-and-gold howlers than in captive NWPs. Phosphorus concentrations are also higher than expected and higher than typically occur in captive primates, leading to a 1:1.6 calcium:phosphorus ratio. Because we based our study on a small number of free-ranging howlers, additional samples from different regions and throughout the year would better define desirable nutritional parameters for captive howlers.     

Roaring Behavior of Two Syntopic Howler Species (Alouatta caraya and A. guariba clamitans): Evidence Supports the Mate Defense Hypothesis

Long-distance calls are loud vocalizations involved in within and between group communication in animals. These calls may maintain cohesion with group members or communicate the ownership of valuable resources such as territory, food, or mates to individuals from other groups. In howlers (Alouatta spp.), three nonmutually exclusive hypotheses suggest that the ultimate function of roaring (howling) behavior is to protect resources from neighboring groups. The space/food defense hypothesis maintains that roars are used to gain exclusive access to food; the mate defense hypothesis holds that roars ensure exclusive access to mates; and the infanticide avoidance hypothesis states that the roaring behavior serves to avoid male takeovers and infanticide. To test these three hypotheses, we conducted a study on black-and-gold howlers (Alouatta caraya) and brown howlers (A. guariba clamitans) living in syntopy at El Pi?alito provincial park in northeast Argentina. We recorded 12 mo of data on the roaring behavior of two groups of each species, along with data on food availability and diet. Although all four groups overlapped extensively in their use of food resources during the study period, roars occurred much more frequently during interactions between groups of the same species than between groups of different species. Roaring frequency was not higher during the lean season, when high-quality food was less abundant. Howlers did not roar more frequently at home range boundaries, nor were roaring bouts spatially associated with valuable feeding resources. Males participated in all of the roaring bouts, whereas females participated in only 29% of them. Adults did not roar more frequently when there were unweaned infants in the group, as expected if roaring behavior decreases infanticide risk. These results provide no support for the food defense or infanticide avoidance hypotheses, but support predictions derived from the mate defense hypothesis.     

广西西南部石山森林中熊猴的姿势行为

灵长类动物姿势行为研究对了解其环境适应机制具有重要意义.2012年9月至2013年8月,采用瞬时扫描取样法对广西弄岗国家级自然保护区内一群熊猴(Macaca assamensis)的姿势行为进行观察,比较熊猴姿势行为的季节和日时段变化.结果 表明,熊猴移动模式的频率存在显著差异,从高到低为四足行走(45.3％±7.6％...     

Positional behavior,selective use of habitat substrate and associated non-positional behavior in free-rangingColobus guereza (Rüppel, 1835)

Positional behavior (posture and locomotion), associated social/maintenance behaviors and selective utilization of available habitat structure were recorded for free-rangingColobus guereza occupying a remant montane forest near Limuru, Kenya. This research design focuses on relationships between anatomy, behavior, and the environment and provides a framework for interpreting adaptations inColobus. Quantitative analyses show daily activity patterns. These monkeys spend most of their time in above branch postural activities, primarily in sitting postures. Locomotion accounts for less than one-fifth of positional behavior. In both postural and locomotor sequences, the forelimbs may be placed above the shoulder complex, often in abducted positions. Suspensory positional behavior is rare. Most activity occurs within Zone II, flexible branches of medium diameter and less than 45° in grade. Selective use of the substrate and preferred positional modes are related to variables such as social/maintenance activities, weight distribution of the link system and substrate configuration. These data suggest that, (a) black and white colobus do not exhibit behavior associated with so-called “semibrachiation” and (b) bio-behavioral adaptations involving foraging and feeding strategies may account, in part, for observed morphological differences among Old World monkeys.     

Use of space, activity patterns, and foraging behavior of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in an Andean forest fragment in Colombia

Howler monkeys are among the most studied primates in the Neotropics, however, behavioral studies including estimation of food availability in Andean forests are scarce. During 12 months we studied habitat use, behavior, and feeding ecology of two groups of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in an isolated fragment in the Colombian Andes. We used a combination of focal animal and instantaneous sampling. We estimated fruit production (FP) using phenology transects, and calculated young leaf abundance by observing marked trees. The home range area used by each group was 10.5 and 16.7 ha and daily distances traveled were 431 ± 228 and 458 ± 259 m, respectively. We found that both groups spent most of their time resting (62–64%). Resting time did not increase with leaf consumption as expected using a strategy of energy minimization. We did not find a relationship between daily distances traveled and leaf consumption. However, howlers consumed fruits according to their availability, and the production of young leaves did not predict feeding time on this resource. Overall, our results are similar to those found on other forest types. We found that despite limited FP in Andean forests, this did not lead to a higher intake of leaves, longer resting periods, or shorter traveling distances for red howlers. Am. J. Primatol. 73:1062–1071, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Locomotion and postures of red howlers in a deciduous forest-savanna interface

Positional (postural and locomotor) patterns and substrates used by the seven adults of a free-ranging troop of red howling monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) were identified and sampled during their feeding and resting. Traveling patterns and substrates were noted but not quantified. Arboreal locomotor behaviors were pronograde quadrupedalism, some leaping, bridging, lowering, and pull up. Sitting and reclining were the most frequent postures. Tail suspension and arboreal bipedal stance were used when feeding. Predominant locomotor behaviors were those in which limbs appeared to be compression stressed. There were no limb suspensions. The monkeys used the entire tree canopy, that of the low shrubs, and did a good deal of travel on the ground. The lack of forelimb suspension is attributed to the inability of these howlers to hang beneath supports and look forward at the same time; the impediment is created by the size of the vocal organs in the neck. The locomotion of these monkeys is offered to depict that of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis.     

The relationship between tail use and positional behavior in<Emphasis Type="Italic">Alouatta palliata</Emphasis>

The relationship between tail use and positional behavior is explored inAlouatta palliata. During bridging, climbing, suspension, standing, and sprawling, the tail is attached to a substrate for the majority of sample points. Tail attachment was more likely to occur when the animal is traveling on vertical or terminal substrates. Quadrupedalism showed few instances of attachment and sitting reflected nearly equal amounts of prehension and non-prehension. Tail prehension is used in all behavioral contexts but shows higher frequencies of attachment during feeding than during resting, or foraging. Tail prehension appears to aid in the stability, support, and balance of the animal across numerous positional behaviors.