应用资源选择函数研究朱鹮的巢址选择

本文介绍了资源选择函数的原理与方法,并分析了朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)的巢址选择我们将上述结果与主成分分析的结果进行了比较,发现两种方法都显示水田面积、营巢树高度海拔高度和人类干扰程度对朱鹮巢址选择有较大影响,而巢向、巢上郁闭度、坡向和坡度对朱鹮影响较小。然而,两种方法也有明显的差异：资源选择函数显示营巢地的坡位非常重要而主成分分析显示植被密度比较重要。分析表明资源选择函数更好地反映了多种生境因素对朱鹮巢址选择的影响。本文探讨了应用资源选择函数所必须注意的对照样方选择和参数的独立性问题,并提出了对朱鹮保护工作的建议。     

朱Huan分布与栖息地内农民的关系

1998到2000年间,我们在陕西省洋县应用样方法调查了朱Huan(Nipponia nippon)活动区（面积约1000平方公里）内所有正在使用的巢和部分往年的旧巢,以及主要夜宿地和觅食地,并将当地的地形,水系和居民区数字化,建立了地理信息系统数据库。通过对共空间位置的统计分析,发现朱Huan显著倾向于在村庄附近栖息。朱Huan的活动区与湿地的分布密切相关,而村庄都分布在湿地附近。朱Huan与人类保护一定的预警距离,同时也对农民的日常活动表现出一定的适应性。我们分析了朱Huan二十年来的繁殖成功率,发现它与巢址到农户的距离无关。而且,朱Huan营巢的海拔逐年降低,其主要活动区正向人口更密的低海拔农村转移。因此,我们认为朱Huan对以人类为主导的山村生态系统有良好的适应性。     

原鸡海南亚种的巢址特征

选择适宜的巢址对降低巢捕食风险,提高繁殖成效有重要意义。2008年3—7月,在海南省大田国家级自然保护区,采用随机样线法结合访问法在各种生境类型中系统地寻找原鸡海南亚种(Gallus gallus jabouillei)的巢,并在野外追踪观察基础上用样方法对原鸡的巢址选择进行研究。共记录到原鸡的巢16个,以巢为中心选取样方并测量反映巢址的13个特征生境参数,同时分析16个对照样方以进行比较,并通过主成分分析探讨影响巢址选择的主导因子。结果表明:(1)原鸡的巢位于密集的丛生草本下或低矮的灌木丛基部。营巢背景多样,其中位于草本植物下10个(62.5%);灌草丛5个(31.3%);灌木下1个(6.25%)。(2)Mann–WhitneyU检验的结果显示,原鸡偏好于比较开阔、地面落叶稀少而靠近的小道和林缘的位置营巢。(3)主成分分析表明,植被盖度因子和空间位置因子贡献率最大,在降低巢捕食风险中有重要价值,是影响原鸡巢址选择的主要因素。     

原鸡海南亚种的巢址特征

选择适宜的巢址对降低巢捕食风险,提高繁殖成效有重要意义。2008年3—7月,在海南省大田国家级自然保护区,采用随机样线法结合访问法在各种生境类型中系统地寻找原鸡海南亚种(Gallus gallus jabouillei)的巢,并在野外追踪观察基础上用样方法对原鸡的巢址选择进行研究。共记录到原鸡的巢16个,以巢为中心选取样方并测量反映巢址的13个特征生境参数,同时分析16个对照样方以进行比较,并通过主成分分析探讨影响巢址选择的主导因子。结果表明：（1) 原鸡的巢位于密集的丛生草本下或低矮的灌木丛基部。营巢背景多样,其中位于草本植物下10个(62.5%);灌草丛5个(31.3%);灌木下1个(6.25%)。（2) Mann–Whitney U检验的结果显示,原鸡偏好于比较开阔、地面落叶稀少而靠近的小道和林缘的位置营巢。（3) 主成分分析表明,植被盖度因子和空间位置因子贡献率最大,在降低巢捕食风险中有重要价值,是影响原鸡巢址选择的主要因素。     

朱鹮线粒体DNA的分子系统发育

朱Huan是一种濒危鸟类。过度开发和栖息地的破坏导致了朱Huan日本种群的绝灭,而在中国目前也仅存一野生种群。本文利用NJ法和最大简约法分析了鹳形目鸟类977bp的线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因的部分序列,以期从DNA水平上阐明朱Huan的系统地位。结果表明,朱Huan与彩Huan和非洲琶鹭组成一姐妹群;NJ法分析得出的结果与DNA杂交分析结果一致,即((Huan科,鹭科),鹳科);而最大简约法分析的结果则与形态学结果一致,即((鹭科,鹳科),Huan科)。同时,这两种系统树上较低的置信度,认为部分是由于可用细胞色素b基因序列的有限所致。     

芜湖市及附近地区三种鹭鸟巢址特征

2005年,对芜湖市及附近地区4个营巢地的3种主要营巢鹭鸟--白鹭(Egretta garzetta)、夜鹭(Nycticorax nycticorax)和池鹭(Ardeola bacchus)的巢址特征进行了抽样调查,选取了11个巢址变量,即营巢树种、巢高、巢树高、巢上方郁闭度、巢周围1m半径内植被郁闭度、巢树胸径、巢离树干距离、巢下最大支撑枝直径、巢离巢区边缘的距离、坡位、巢位海拔,运用单因素方差分析和主成分分析方法研究3种鹭乌的巢址特征.结果表明,巢位因子、巢树因子、保护因子、坡位因子等4个主成分描述了3种鹭鸟的巢址特征,其贡献率分别为25.51%、24.42%、13.19%和12.32%.影响鹭鸟巢址选择的最主要因素是微栖息地适合度和巢捕食压力.     

内蒙古达赉湖西岸地区大鵟巢穴特征和巢址选择

2010年和2011年3月-6月,对内蒙古达赉湖国家级保护区达赉湖西岸地区大鵟(Buteo hemilasius)的巢穴结构和巢址选择因子进行了调查研究.采用野外观察和样方法定位了13个大鵟巢址,并对巢址样方的20个生态因子进行测量,运用主成分分析法对影响大鵟巢址选择的主要因子进行了分析.测量显示,大鵟巢穴的基本结构特征为:外径(94.7+4.2) cm;巢高度(46.1±2.7) cm;内径(24.8±1.5)cm;巢深(14.0±+0.9)cm.生境因子分析结果表明,达赉湖西岸地区大鵟的巢集中分布在湖岸或水塘附近的悬崖,营巢点坡度为15°-45°之间的阳坡或半阳坡;隐蔽度高于20％;草本密度大于5株/m2;植被均高大于30cm;巢距悬崖上部距离2-5m;距水源l00m以内;距居民点距离大于lkm;距草原道路的距离大于0.5km;而对于物种丰富度没有特殊要求.主成分分析显示,影响大鵟巢址选择的主要因子有3个,依次为:隐蔽性因子(主要包括巢址区域的植物特征和地形特征)、干扰因子和食物因子.各主成分中,相对系数绝对值最高的变量依次是:植被盖度、距居民点距离、巢的高度和距草原道路距离.     

黄腹角雉的巢址选择

１９９１￣１９９３年，在浙江省乌岩岭自然保护区对黄腹角雉的巢址选择进行了研究。野外工作共发现黄腹角雉巢１５个，其中８０％位于人工柳杉林中，营果树以柳杉为主，占７３．３％。主成分分析表明，影响黄腹角雉巢址选择的主要因素有４种，依次为：营巢树因素（包括营巢树的高度、胸径、巢位高度和巢上方的植被盖度）、地形因素（包括坡向和坡度）、海拔因素和位置因素。     

四川南充农田区乌鸫的巢址选择

2007年3～5月在四川省南充市近郊农田区域对乌鸫Turdus merula sowerbyi的巢址选择进行了研究.共调查57个巢址样方,通过主成分分析(PCA)提取到影响乌鸫巢址选择的6个主要因子,其累积贡献率达74.44%, 其中乔木因子的贡献率最高,达26.58%.农田区中,乌鸫在4月中旬开始营巢,营巢树平均高度为16.02±2.29 m,主要巢树种类是白杨.     

四川南充市夜鹭的巢址选择

2006年3~6月,在四川省南充市太和保护区对夜鹭的巢址选择进行了研究。野外调查了夜鹭巢47个,对照样方26个,通过主成分分析和对比分析,表明影响夜鹭巢址选择的主要因子依次为:营巢树高度、植被平均高度、巢高、竹平均直径、隐蔽度、巢上方盖度、距水(西河)距离、距白鹭巢距离、植被盖度、巢下盖度。     

Reduced Dependence of Crested Ibis on Winter-Flooded Rice Fields: Implications for Their Conservation

The Crested Ibis Nipponia nippon was once thought to be extinct in the wild until seven birds were discovered in a remote mountain village in China in 1981. Studies suggested that winter-flooded rice fields play an essential role in nest site selection by the Crested Ibis and hence in their survival. Considerable efforts were therefore made to conserve the winter-flooded rice fields, but these have caused conflicts between the agricultural and conservation communities. The population and geographical range of the wild Crested Ibis has expanded greatly since 1981, but there is no spatial information on the winter-flooded rice fields, nor on the current association of nest sites and winter-flooded rice fields. We mapped winter-flooded rice fields across the entire current range of Crested Ibis using innovative remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS) techniques. The spatial relationships between the nest site clusters and winter-flooded rice fields were quantified using Ward''s hierarchical clustering method and Ripley''s K-function. We show that both have significantly clumped distribution patterns and that they are positively associated. However, the dependence of Crested Ibis on the winter-flooded rice fields varied significantly among the nest site clusters and has decreased over the years, indicating the absence of winter-flooded rice fields is not constraining their recovery and population expansion. We therefore recommend that efforts should be made to protect the existing winter-flooded rice fields and to restore the functionality of natural and semi-natural wetlands, to encourage both in-situ conservation and the re-introduction of the Crested Ibis. In addition, we recommend that caution should be exercised when interpreting the habitat requirements of species with a narrow distribution, particularly when that interpretation is based only on their current habitat.     

朱鹮野化种群对冬季低温的行为响应

低温对鸟类的生长发育、新陈代谢和生活状态有显著的影响,鸟类往往通过改变行为模式来适应温度的变化。朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)是东亚特有的濒危鸟类,2018年从秦岭南麓的陕西洋县引入到河北北戴河,建立了全球纬度最高的野化种群。本文以北戴河和洋县两个野化种群为研究对象,采用瞬时扫描法观察分析了季节和温度等因素对朱鹮休息行为的影响。结果表明,双腿站立露喙是朱鹮在游荡期最常见的休息行为(70.9%),但在越冬期显著降低(55.6%),而单腿站立和隐喙行为比例相应升高。温度对双腿站立隐喙、单腿站立露喙和单腿站立隐喙3种行为的比例有显著影响。可见,朱鹮在冬季通过增加保护裸露部位的行为比例来适应低温。在冬季,随着温度的下降,朱鹮趴卧在树干上的夜宿行为比例逐渐增加,而这一行为在白天没有记录到。温度对成鸟和幼鸟冬季的休息行为有显著影响。由此表明,趴卧行为很可能是朱鹮对极端耐受低温的一种应对,在保护监测过程中需警惕。朱鹮在北戴河越冬过程中没有使用网笼中的遮挡伞棚和庇护场所,表明其能够自主适应-20℃的低温。为了确保野化朱鹮顺利越冬,建议在野化网笼中增加一些松科等常绿树种,为朱鹮提供更加优良的夜宿环境,并用稻草搭建风挡,减少夜间大风的负面影响。     

北戴河朱鹮野化训练种群的繁殖和婚外配北大核心CSCD

为了扩大朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)种群的数量和分布区,于2018年7月从洋县引进20只朱鹮在北戴河建立了朱鹮野化种群。2020年繁殖期,北戴河共有22只朱鹮,其中成年朱鹮17只,雌雄性比为1.1;实际繁殖密度为37.8只/hm2;人工巢的密度为40.0巢/hm2,人工巢筐内径为50 cm。2020年繁殖期,北戴河朱鹮共配对8对,其中6对繁殖成功,营巢成功率为75%;共产卵33枚,平均窝卵数为(4.1±1.8)枚;出壳18只,孵化率54.5%;出飞13只,出飞率72.2%,繁殖成功率为39.4%,繁殖生产力为2.2±1.2。与洋县饲养种群相比,北戴河种群首枚卵的产卵时间晚17 d,与两地温差相吻合。北戴河朱鹮的窝卵数显著高于洋县种群,这可能是由种内巢寄生所致。监控录像表明,北戴河1巢朱鹮的窝卵数高达6枚,超过野生种群平均窝卵数(2或3枚)的2倍,推测发生了种内巢寄生行为。此外,还观察到8号巢朱鹮同时发生了婚外配和种内巢寄生行为,婚外配雌鸟将卵产在该雄鸟的巢中,使得窝卵数高达7枚。此后在该巢中发现3只朱鹮轮流孵卵,以及2只雌性朱鹮并排孵于同一巢中的异常情况。北戴河朱鹮的种内巢寄生行为可能是因网笼内人工巢址密度较高但隐蔽性较低所致,而婚外配行为可能与种群密度和繁殖密度过高有关。本文有关朱鹮异常繁殖行为的研究结果可为野化网笼内人工巢筐的设置和野化种源的选择提供参考,并提示我们进一步关注朱鹮在环境压力下的表型可塑性和生态适应能力。     

朱鹮冬季觅食地的选择

在无线电遥测的基础上 ,采用样方法对朱冬季觅食地进行了调查。朱冬季觅食地有冬水田、河流浅滩和水库 3种类型。成鸟与幼鸟的主要觅食地类型及分布有明显的差别 ,位于海拔 6 0 0～ 10 0 0m的低山区冬水田是朱成鸟冬季最重要的觅食地 ,幼鸟多在汉江流域的河流及浅滩中觅食。对冬水田的主要栖息地特征的方差分析和因子分析的结果表明 :影响朱冬季觅食地选择的主要因子为觅食地的海拔高度、开阔度、面积及人类活动的干扰程度等。冬水田的恢复及保护对朱的保护有着重要的意义     

Approaches to delineate greater sage-grouse winter concentration areas

The usefulness of protected areas as regulatory mechanisms to conserve wildlife populations relies on their ability to contain all seasonal habitats necessary for species persistence. Efficient conservation practices require understanding behavior and habitat needs of individual species and populations rather than simply relying on reserves of approximate size and configuration. Priority Areas of Conservation (PACs) have been delineated as protected areas based on known breeding habitat for greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; sage-grouse) throughout their range. These PACs include Core Areas designated in the Wyoming Sage-grouse Executive Order; however, this order also indicated the need to identify winter concentration areas (WCAs; flocks ≥50 individuals) based on habitat features using validated resource selection functions (RSFs). We used aerial infrared videography to identify locations of wintering sage-grouse in south-central and southwest Wyoming, USA, to evaluate winter sage-grouse habitat selection with individual-based RSFs, RSFs based on WCAs, and relative flock size. We located 4,859 individuals comprising 132 flocks across our study area. Flocks occurred in Core Areas more than expected, but a biologically meaningful number of sage-grouse flocks were located outside of Core Areas. Individual-based RSFs contained useful predictors that were consistent with previous sage-grouse winter habitat selection studies. Flock size and WCA models produced similar predictions to individual-based RSF models. Individual-based and WCA-based RSF model predictions had a high degree of similarity, suggesting that identifying important winter habitats with individual-based RSF modeling is useful for locating potential WCAs when information on flock sizes is not available. Our results and survey technique provide a potential framework for identifying sage-grouse WCAs with implications for improving PAC protection of all seasonal habitats for sage-grouse conservation. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.     

Accuracy of resource selection functions across spatial scales

Resource selection functions (RSFs) can be used to map suitable habitat of a species based on predicted probability of use. The spatial scale may affect accuracy of such predictions. To provide guidance as to which spatial extent or grain is appropriate and most accurate for animals, we used the concept of hierarchical selection orders to dictate extent and grain. We conducted a meta-analysis from 123 RSF studies of 886 species to identify differences in prediction success that might be expected for five selection orders. Many studies do not constrain spatial extent to the grain of the next broader selection order in the hierarchy, mixing scaling effects. Thus, we also compared accuracy of single- vs. multiple-grain RSFs developed at the unconstrained extent of an entire study area. Results suggested that the geographical range of a species was the easiest to predict of the selection orders. At smaller scales within the geographical range, use of a site was easier to predict when environmental variables were measured at a grain equivalent to the home-range size or a microhabitat feature required for reproduction or resting. Selection of patches within home ranges and locations of populations was often more difficult to predict. Multiple-grain RSFs were more predictive than single-grain RSFs when the entire study area was considered available. Models with variables measured at both small and large (> 100 ha) grains were usually most predictive, even for many species with small home ranges. Multiple-grain models may be particularly important for species with moderate dispersal abilities in habitat fragments surrounded by an unsuitable matrix. We recommend studies should no longer address only one grain to map animal species distributions.     

The attraction of the known: the importance of spatial familiarity in habitat selection in wapiti Cervus elaphus

Most studies of habitat selection by large herbivores focus on the resource availability and interactions with other species, but neglect the importance of an animal being familiar with an area due to past use. Yet, studies of the establishment and retention of territories, home ranges, birth sites, and feeding site choices in experimental settings have shown the importance of spatial familiarity at these scales. We used GPS locations of translocated wapiti Cervus elaphus , resource selection functions (RSF), and time-to-return to examine whether previous site use was important for selection of sites by wapiti in west-central Alberta. To construct RSFs, we used logistic regression that included spatial familiarity (presence of a previous GPS location within a 50-m radius) as well as estimates of herbaceous and shrub biomass, elevation, aspect, slope, and predation risk to wapiti from wolf predation, as dependent variables. We found that previous use had a strong positive relationship with subsequent site use, indicating that wapiti were not avoiding previously visited locations, as would be expected if memory of forage depletion (which we did not measure) determined response to familiar locations. Revisited sites were of higher quality, i.e. had more moderate terrain, higher forage, and lower predation risk, than sites that were not revisited, indicating that the selection of familiar locations was likely not the result of avoidance of unfamiliar locations. Finally, animals demonstrated preference for familiar locations that it had visited most recently, indicating that memory (which would decline with time) of higher site quality, rather than high quality alone, influenced selection for familiar locations. We conclude that spatial familiarity is important not only for large scale processes such as selection of home range and territory, but for smaller scale habitat selection and foraging as well.     

Habitat selection by northern spotted owls in mixed-coniferous forests

Conservation planning for the federally threatened northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) requires an ability to predict their responses to existing and future habitat conditions. To inform such planning we modeled habitat selection by northern spotted owls based upon fine-scale (approx. 1.0 ha) characteristics within stands comprised primarily of mixed-aged, mixed coniferous forests of southwestern Oregon and north-central California. We sampled nocturnal (i.e., primarily foraging) habitat use by 71 radio-tagged spotted owls over 5 yr in 3 study areas and sampled vegetative and physical environmental conditions at inventory plots within 95% utilization distributions of each bird. We compared conditions at available forest patches, represented by the inventory plots, with those at patches used by owls using discrete-choice regressions, the coefficients from which were used to construct exponential resource selection functions (RSFs) for each study area and for all 3 areas combined. Cross-validation testing indicated that the combined RSF was reasonably robust to local variation in habitat availability. The relative probability that a fine-scale patch was selected decreased nonlinearly with distances from nests and streams; varied unimodally with increasing average diameter of coniferous trees and also with increasing basal area of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees; increased linearly with increasing basal areas of sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) and hardwood trees and with increasing density of understory shrubs. Large-diameter trees (>66 cm) appeared important <400 m from nest sites. The RSF can support comparative risk assessments of the short- versus long-term effects of silvicultural alternatives designed to integrate forest ecosystem restoration and habitat improvement for northern spotted owls. Results suggest fine-scale factors may influence population fitness among spotted owls. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.     

Use of exotic conifers as nesting sites by Black-faced Ibis (Theristicus melanopis melanopis) in an urban area of southern Chile

We studied the influence of seven habitat variables, including tree species, for nesting by the Black-faced Ibis (Theristicus melanopis melanopis) in an urban area of southern Chile. Variables were compared between 30 trees with nests and 30 randomly selected trees without nests. Nests were found in big trees with large diameters and heights. However, the only variable found to have a significant effect on site selection was tree species, which explained 57.9% of data variability (deviance) and suggested a selection of exotic conifers, mainly Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Tree species and tree diameter also had significant effects upon the number of nests per tree, jointly explaining 68.9% of data deviance. Our results suggest that in urban environments the Black-faced Ibis uses larger trees that provide greater nest stability and protection.