鸟类核型研究:Ⅻ.非雀形目10科与种鸟类

本文报道了非雀形目鸟类10科15种的核型,并对鸟类中某些核型分类与传统形态学分类不一致之处作了初步的分析。     

鸟类核型研究集形目9种

本文报道了蜂鹰、鸢,苍鹰、雀鹰、松雀鹰、普通鸷、鹊鹞、燕隼和猎隼9种鸟类的核型。鹰科鸟类具有与其它鸟类截然不同的核型。其特点为多而短的大染色体,长度匀称的棱型。谜种匀称的核型是由一般鸟类不匀称核型的大染色体发生了一系列着丝点分裂而形成     

鸟类核型研究Ⅱ.雀形目12科19种

本文首次报道了雀形目12科19种鸟类核型。其中岩鹨科、攀雀科、绣眼鸟科为世界上首次报道核型的科。通过比较我们发现臂间倒位及小染色体的融合在核型进化中起了重要作用,同时对雀形目鸟类核型起源作了初步的探讨。     

五种雀形目鸟类核型的比较研究

染色体核型的比较研究,对于了解物种的特性,探索物种的遗传、进化、系统发育及分类地位都有一定的意义。有关鸟类的核型研究,国外已有不少报道(Castrovicja,1969; Hammar,1966,1975; Ray-Chaudhuri et al.,1969;Shidds,1982;Ta—kagi,1972等)国内在这方面的工作开展较迟,已作过核型分析的鸟类为数不多,仅见王应祥等(1982)的报道。迄今,作过核型研究的鸟类已达500多种,其中雀形目有200种。本文比较分析了五种野生雀形目鸟类的核型,它们是黑头蜡嘴雀,斑鸫,黄腹山雀,红尾伯劳和灰背椋鸟。     

鸟类核型研究 XI.鹑亚科15种鸟类的核型

本文报道了鹤亚科6属1,种鸟类的核型,并讨论了它们之间的演化关系。     

鸟类核型研究——Ⅺ.鸫亚科15种鸟类的核型

本文报道了鸫亚科6属15种鸟类的核型,并讨论了它们之间的演化关系。     

鸟类核型研究 Ⅰ.雀科11种

本文报道了雀形目雀科(Fringillidae)11种鸟类核型。并将其他作者报道的该科其他种类的核型汇总做了配对分析比较。臂间倒位和小染色体相互融合在该科核型进化中起了重要作用。     

鸟类核型研究Ⅳ.heng形目10种

本文报道了heng形目鸟类2科10种的核型。并和已报道过的heng形目6科21种的核型进行了比较研究。我们发现heng形目鸟类中存在两种截然不同的核型，推断它们可能有不同的进化起源。这与Sibley等人(1987)通过对DNA-DNA杂交数据的分析得出的结果相似。     

鸟类核型研究Ⅳ.鸻形目(CHARADRIIFORMES,AVES)10种

本文报道了鸻形目鸟类2科10种的核型。并和已报道过的鸻形目6种21种的核型进行了比较研究。我们发现鸻形目鸟类中存在两种截然不同的核型,推断它们可能有不同的进化起源。这与Sibley等人(1987)通过对DNA—DNA杂交数据的分析得出的结果相似。     

鸟类核型研究 Ⅲ.莺亚科和鹟亚科14种

本文报道了莺亚科10种和鹟亚科4种的核型,并对已报道过的这二亚科18种鸟类的核型进行了比较研究。这两个亚科通常依据表型差异被划分在一个科——鹟科中。Siblcy(1988)等则依据DNA差异(通过DNA—DNA分子杂交测定)将它们划在不问的三个科(鹟科、莺科和戴菊科)中。核型比较的结果支持了Sibley对这两亚科鸟类的重新划分。     

鸟类核型研究：Ⅴ.攀禽类20种（Climbers,Aves）

本文报道了攀禽类8科20种的核型,并对已报道过的16科96种攀禽类鸟类的核型进行了比较研究。攀禽类通常依据表型差异被划分为对趾型,并趾型和异趾型三个类群。Sibley(1988)等则依据DNA差异(通过DNA-DNA分子杂交测定)分为三个小纲:啄木鸟小纲,佛法僧小纲和雀小纲。这两种划分是截然不同的。核型比较的结果支持了Sibley对攀禽类的划分。     

鸟类核型研究XⅣ.鸻形目14种

本文报道了(行鸟)形目14种鸟的核型,并发现该目种类间染色体数目变异很大,由石(行鸟)的2n=40至沙锥的2n=98不等。这种变异是由原始的2n=80核型通过两种方式形成的:在(行鸟)小目中,小染色体相互融合而造成染色体数目的减少;在鹬小目中,大染色体的着丝点分离而造成染色体数目的增加。     

鸟类核型研究Ⅶ.雉科10种鸟类

本文报道了雉科10种鸟的核型,并依据核型的DNA比较数据提出了对雉科中亚科分类的新观点。     

鹅观草属4个种核型与进化的研究

报道了鹅观草属(Roegneria C. Koch)4个种的核型,即中华鹅观草,核型为2n=4x=28=28m(2SAT);裸穗鹅观草,核型为2n=4x=28=24m+4sm(2SAT);缘毛鹅观草,核型为2n=4x=28=22m+6sm(2SAT);缘穗鹅观草,核型为2n=4x=28=24m(2SAT)+4sm。4个种核型的共征和自征反映了形态划分中共属分种的合理性。尤其通过核型不对称性和相对进化程度的分析,表明中华鹅观草最原始,缘穗鹅观草最进化,裸穗鹅观草和缘毛鹅观草演化居中;狭颖草系高级于缘毛草系。核型不对称性所表示的进化程度似乎与系间颖芒的发生,种间花序的增长变粗、外稃芒的延伸相关。     

New Ctenomys karyotypes (Rodentia,Octodontidae) from north-eastern Argentina and from Paraguay confirm the extreme chromosomal multiformity of the genus

Bone-marrow karyotypes of 68 specimens of the subterranean octodontid rodent genus Ctenomys from 16 different populations of north east Argentina and one from Paraguay have been studied. A surprising variety of chromosome numbers was found, ranging from 2n=42 to 2n=70. Some of the karyomorphs are clearly assigned to named species by topotypy: C. conoveris 2n=50, FN=56; C. argentinus, 2n=44, FN=54; C. perrensi, 2n=50, FN=84; C. dorbignyi, 2n=70, FN=84; C. roigi, 2n=48, FN=80; C. yolandae, 2n=50, FN=78. Four populations of Corrientes Province similar in morphology to C. perrensi were found to be polymorphic and polytypic; they maintain the same FN=84, but diploid numbers increase from 2n=54 to 2n=58 from SW to the NE, thus suggesting Robertsonian rearrangements. In the middle of this cline, a stable karyomorph of 2n=62, FN=84 was found in two different populations, suggesting to belong to an undescribed species. Another karyomorph of 2n=42, FN=76 found in Curuzú Laurel, Corrientes, may also prove to represent another undescribed species. One karyomorph of 2n=52, FN=74, and another of 2n=56, FN=78 from Paraná and Ubajaý (Entre Ríos Province, Argentina) respectively are close to C. rionegrensis. The relationships among these karyomorphs is considered in light of data on sperm morphology. The hypothesis is advanced that karyotypic rearrangements among the FN=84 group may be the result of Robertsonian repatterning from a 2n=70 original widespread form. Fixation of chromosomal variants is correlated with patchy distribution and small size of unstable demes, and may or may not have resulted in reproductive isolation.     

Chromosomal evolution of South American Columbiformes (Aves)

Karyotypes are compared of 14 species of Brazilian Columbiformes (family Columbidae): Claravis pretiosa (2n=74), Columba cayennensis (2n=76), Columba picazuro (2n=76), Columba speciosa (2n=76), Columbina minuta (2n=76), Columbina passerina (2n=76), Columbina picui (2n=76), Columbina talpacoti (2n=76), Geotrygon montana (2n=86), Leptotila rufaxilla (2n=76), Leptotila verreauxi (2n=78), Scardafella squammata (2n=78), Uropelia campestris (2n=68) and Zenaida auriculata (2n=76). The macrochromosomes of each species were analysed by conventional Giemsa staining, cytobiometrically and with G-and C-banding.All species studied are characterized by typical bird karyotypes with a few pairs of macrochromosomes and many microchromosomes.The morphology and relative length of the Z chromosome are nearly the same in all species, but the W chromosome shows variation. The G-band patterns of the first pair in Columbiformes show a large positive band distally in the long arm, common to all species of the order. The constitutive heterochromatin is restricted to the centromeres of the macro- and microchromosomes. The W is the most heterochromatic chromosome in all species studied.Studies of relative lengths, arm ratios and G- and C-banding patterns showed that in Columbiformes pairs 3, 4 and 5 are the most stable. The types of rearrangements distinguishing between species vary among the genera: pericentric inversions in Columba; fusions and translocations in Uropelia; centric fissions in Geotrygon; fusions, translocations, para and pericentric inversions in Columbina, Leptotila, Zenaida and Scardafella.On the basis of the karyological findings the phylogenetic relationships of the Brazilian Columbiformes are discussed.This work was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico (Plano Integrado de Genética-Processo No. 22.1375/77 and 40.0499/80).     

锯缘摄龟和齿缘摄龟的核型与Ag-NORs

本文分析了锯缘摄龟和齿缘摄龟的核型与Ag－NORs,结果：2n均为52,核型模式9＋5＋12.但锯缘摄龟AN＝78,其NOR位于A组No．4的长臂上,而齿缘摄龟AN＝76,NOR位于A组的No．7的长臂。作者对这两种摄龟核型的结构特点和NOR位置差异的细胞分类学意义进行了讨论。