高寒山区混播草地燕麦和毛苕子种间竞争对密度的响应

混播草地种内与种间竞争的强弱和转化受混播牧草相对密度的制约。2010年6-9月采用取代系列实验方法,在石羊河上游建立燕麦(Avena sativa)和毛苕子(Vicia villo-sa)混播草地,按燕麦与毛苕子相对密度设置1∶0(KY)、8∶2(A)、6∶4(B)、5∶5(C)、4∶6(D)、2∶8(E)和0∶1(KM)7个处理,研究了密度制约下混播草地一年生牧草种间竞争的变化。结果表明:混播草地在密度影响下各物候期的种内与种间竞争发生不同程度的转化,所有混播处理中燕麦相对产量(RYy)随牧草的生长逐渐增加;混播处理A、B和C中毛苕子相对产量(RYm)随牧草的生长逐渐减小,混播处理D和E中逐渐增加;在燕麦出苗期和分蘖期除混播处理A外其余混播处理中两牧草为敌对关系(RYT<1),在牧草生长后期所有混播处理中两牧草转化为共生关系(RYT!1),且燕麦的竞争能力强于毛苕子(RCCy!1、RCCm"1);所有混播处理在牧草整个生长阶段的竞争偏利于燕麦(AG<1)。混播草地内种间竞争在各物候期表现出明显的密度制约现象,实现了资源协同利用目标。     

高寒山区混播草地燕麦和毛苕子生物量分配格局对组分密度比的响应

密度梯度对植物生物量分配格局的制约影响到混播草地在生态和生产上表现.2010年6-9月采用取代系列实验方法,在石羊河上游建立1年生人工混播草地,按燕麦(Avena sativa L.)与毛苕子(Vicia villosa Roth)的密度比例设置A(8∶2)、B(6∶4)、C(5∶5)、D(4∶6)和E(2∶8)5个处理,研究了密度对燕麦与毛苕子生物量分配格局的影响.结果表明:混播草地中随着燕麦相对密度的减小和毛苕子相对密度的增大,燕麦根系生物量先减小后增大最后再减小的趋势与毛苕子相反,燕麦和毛苕子茎、叶生物量先减小后增大;随着牧草的生长,5种混播草地中燕麦和毛苕子茎生物量分配比例逐渐增加,叶、根生物量分配比例逐渐减少.密度制约下混播牧草资源分配策略发生的调整,证明了植物地上部分对光竞争的不对称性和地下部分对资源竞争的对称性,毛苕子攀援生长及其对燕麦茎秆的压力使植物茎秆生物量分配比例较高,实现了资源利用的最大化.     

高寒山区一年生混播牧草生态位对密度的响应

生态位指一个种群占据的时空位置及其与相关种群之间的功能关系,密度是混生种群生态位发生变化的主要制约因子.2010年6-9月采用取代系列实验方法,在石羊河上游建立1年生人工混播草地,按燕麦(Avena sativa L)与毛苕子(Vicia villosa Roth)的密度比例设置KY(1∶0)、A(8∶2)、B(6∶4)、C(5∶5)、D(4∶6)、E(2∶8)和KM(0∶1)7个密度组,研究了时间序列和密度梯度下燕麦与毛苕子生态位宽度和生态位重叠.结果表明:随着牧草的生长,5种混播草地中燕麦的生态位宽度逐渐减小,毛苕子的生态位宽度逐渐增加,燕麦与毛苕子的生态位重叠逐渐减小;混播草地中随着燕麦相对密度的减小和毛苕子相对密度的增加,燕麦的生态位宽度逐渐减小,毛苕子的生态位宽度逐渐增加,燕麦与毛苕子生态位重叠逐渐增加.牧草生长过程中密度制约使两种混播牧草应对种内、种间竞争的资源分配策略发生了调整,使种间关系和群落结构趋于稳定,形成一个相互稳定和相互影响的生态系统,实现了资源利用的最大化.     

高寒山区混播草地燕麦和毛苕子根长密度分布格局

植物通过维系根长密度的大小及其分布格局逐渐优化资源利用格局.本实验在祁连山地建立禾本科牧草燕麦与豆科毛苕子混播草地,按燕麦(Avena sativa)与毛苕子(Vicia villosa)的密度比例设置CK1(0∶10)、Ⅰ(6∶4)、Ⅱ(5∶5)、Ⅲ(4∶6)、Ⅳ(2∶8)和CK2(10∶0)6个密度组,研究了混播草地燕麦与毛苕子根系根长密度的空间分布格局.结果表明:混播草地燕麦和毛苕子根长密度显著大于单播处理,并且随着混播草地中燕麦密度的减小,牧草根长密度逐渐增大,出现高燕麦密度低根长密度的现象;在空间分布上燕麦和毛苕子根长密度表现出明显差异,燕麦根系主要分布在0 ～ 25 cm土层,毛苕子根系主要分布在0～15 cm土层.根系的分层分布改变了其竞争格局,垂直分布上出现的差异使根系结构和形态逐渐发生转变,混播处理使Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ处理的主根生长受到抑制,5个处理的侧根生长受到促进.一年生牧草侧根在空间上的分层分布改变了混播草地的资源利用格局,逐渐优化了根长密度配置格局,实现了土壤资源利用最大化的目标.     

禾-豆混播草地种间竞争与共存

以羊草分别与沙打旺、兴安胡枝子、花苜蓿、紫花苜蓿、山野豌豆5种豆科牧草在混播数量比为1:0、2:1、1:2、0:1的条件下建立两物种混播草地,以相对产量、相对密度和相对产量总值为指标,比较各个混播草地中种间竞争的相对激烈程度;各个物种组合的种间竞争优势以及是否发生氮素资源分离;并探索不同禾-豆混播群落达到共存状态的可能途径.研究结果表明,各个禾-豆组合的相对产量总值分别在不同收获时期大于1,禾草与豆科牧草的生态位发生了不同程度的分离.沙打旺和紫花苜蓿对羊草具有显著的竞争优势,即使其种内竞争大于种间竞争时,混生的羊草亦受到强烈的种间竞争压力.与此相反,羊草对兴安胡枝子、花苜蓿和山野豌豆具有种间竞争优势.刈割对竞争双方的优劣地位产生很大影响,减少强竞争力物种的混播比例,可促进混播物种双方均受益,形成共存格局.实验采用的相对密度指标在预测未来混播种群组成上比相对产量更为可行,并且具有维持低个体大小、高构件密度能力是竞争关系中忍耐型物种能够长期存在的可能原因之一.     

植物物候对气候变化的响应

植物物候的变化可以直观地反映某些气候变化,尤其是气候变暖.植物生长节律的变化引起植物与环境关系的改变.生态系统的物质循环（如水和碳的循环）等过程将随物候而改变.不同种类植物物候对气候变化的响应的差异,会使植物间和动植物间的竞争与依赖关系也发生深刻的变化.目前欧洲、美洲、亚洲等许多地区均有关于春季植物物候提前,秋季物候推迟,使植物的生长季延长,从而提示气候变暖的趋势.植物物候的模拟模型构成生态系统生产力模型的重要部分.     

浙江古田山亚热带常绿阔叶林开花和结实物候的种间种内差异

植物物候学主要研究植物的生活史事件发生时间和环境因子之间的关系.物候作为植物重要的功能性状,却未见有在群落水平上将植物物候变异和群落结构特征(多度)联系起来探究植物物候变异规律的报道.为了探索物候性状的种间种内变异规律,2012年4月~2015年8月在中国东部地区浙江省古田山国家级自然保护区亚热带常绿阔叶林24hm~2大样地(GTS;29°10′19.4″~29°17′41.4″N,118°03′49.7″~118°11′12.2″E)内,对106种植物的物候进行连续观测,用标准差定性分析物候的种间和种内差异.结果表明,影响开花物候的气候因子为降水,群落开花高峰集中在5月,结实成熟高峰集中在10月.群落结实物候种间差异小于开花物候,其中结实物候种间差异为41天,开花物候种间差异为52天;群落水平植物开花和结实物候的种内变异小于种间;大部分物种开花物候的种内变异小于结实物候.本研究首次探讨了物候期种内变异系数和物种多度的关系,也是首次研究物候种内变异系数与物候期早晚的关系,发现群落物候种内变异与物种的多度不相关,群落开花物候种内变异与物候期的关系不显著,群落结实物候的种内变异和物候期具有显著负相关关系,即物候期早的结实物候种内变异大,物候期晚的结实物候种内变异小.将植物物候变异和群落结构特征(多度)联系起来探究植物物候变异规律,有利于理解物候的改变是怎样影响物种的相互作用和适合度,这对于在气候变化大背景下理解植物性状变异及物种分化和群落动态变化具有重要意义.     

土壤养分异质性和种间竞争对互花米草和芦苇生长繁殖特性的影响

土壤养分异质性在自然界中普遍存在。土壤养分异质性对克隆植物生长繁殖有一定影响,但耦合竞争对入侵植物和本土植物生长繁殖影响的研究却相对匮乏。以入侵克隆植物互花米草和本土克隆植物芦苇为研究对象,通过温室控制实验模拟设置了土壤养分同质和养分异质处理(保证两种土壤的总养分含量相同),交叉3种定植模式(实验容器内单植入侵种6株,单植本土种6株以及两物种各3株交替种植),探究土壤养分异质性和种间竞争对入侵种互花米草和本土种芦苇生长繁殖的影响。结果表明:土壤养分异质性显著降低了互花米草的单株叶片数,而增加了其单株节间长以及芦苇的单株根状茎长;种间竞争模式下,互花米草的单株分株数,以及两种植物的单株节间长、根状茎节数和根状茎长都显著高于单植模式,而芦苇的单株地上生物量、叶生物量、茎生物量都显著低于单植模式;土壤养分异质性和种间竞争对互花米草单株的叶片数和茎生物量产生了显著的交互作用,而对芦苇各指标无显著影响。这些结果说明,土壤养分异质性可以影响互花米草与芦苇的种间竞争关系。     

不同来源地同种植物种群间物候期比较研究

通过比较西双版纳植物园内雨树和甜菜豆不同大洲来源种群间的物候期,本研究探讨了两种植物种群间的物候分化现象及其与气候因子的关系。结果发现:(1)两种植物不同来源地种群间物候期相似,但是同步性不高,呈现明显的分化现象,且不同种群间萌叶起始期先后顺序差异显著;(2)不同种群间物候期同步系数与气候因子相关,尤其干季气候因子。因此可以认为:不同的生境气候因子是导致两种植物不同种群间出现物候变异的重要因子,并且这种关系可能会影响不同种群对气候变化的响应。     

消落带湿地优势植物竞争关系

竞争是植物间贯穿于整个生活史的行为,对植物生长、繁殖产生重要影响.本文以三峡库区消落带植物调查为基础,对广泛分布于消落带的优势植物苍耳(Xanthium sibirium)群落种内、种间竞争关系进行了研究.结果表明:苍耳群落平均高度1.4m,盖度90％,多度40;单株苍耳最高为2.6m,最大生物量为1622.3 g;植物竞争强度随距离的增大而减小(P＜0.01),0～10cm竞争最为激烈,0～30 cm范围是受竞争影响的主要区域,种间竞争强度大干种内竞争;优势种个体数量和高度随距离的增大而增加,生物量、结实量、分枝数量先减小后增加;高繁殖力和高生长率的物种在竞争中具有优势,确保其能在消落带生存.     

Implications of body size for interspecific interactions and assemblage organization among coral-reef fishes

Abstract Population size-structure is often ignored in assemblage-level studies of reef fishes, which usually rely on static and dynamic patterns of relative total abundance to infer what mechanisms organize those assemblages. However, body size has substantial effects on processes that affect competitive relationships between species: (i) small, recently recruited fish, which usually(?) suffer high mortality, can dominate total abundance and strongly influence the dynamics of the relative total abundances of different species, while having little effect on interspecific biomass relations; (ii) numeric abundance and biomass of a species can vary independently, due to habitat variation in population size-structure resulting from variation in mortality and growth, as well as habitat selection; and (iii) population size-structure affects the potential for and outcome of interspecific competition due to (a) ontogenetic change in types of resources used, (b) levels of resource needs being dependent on individual and species biomass rather than numbers, (c) advantages due to large size in behavioural contests, (d) variation in population size-structure being linked to habitat preference, which affects expression of competitive dominance, and (e) size dependency in the development of interspecific resource-sharing relationships. Assemblage-level analyses that ignore such size effects may fail to detect important effects of interspecific interactions.     

山西五鹿山白皮松群落乔灌层的种间分离

种间分离的研究对于揭示种间相互作用、群落组成与动态具有重要意义。为了探讨五鹿山自然保护区白皮松林内物种间的关系及其共存机制,运用ArcGIS软件、N×N最近邻体列联表及其2×2列联表截表的方法、Pielou的分离指数,Hegyi单木竞争指数对山西五鹿山白皮松群落55个样方内的15种乔木和灌木的种间分离规律及9种乔木的种内种间竞争关系进行研究,并根据种间分离情况以及物种对环境的适应方式,将样地中15个物种划分为3个生态种组。结果表明:(1)该群落中随机毗邻种对占绝大多数(80%),正分离种对较少(16.19%),负分离种对极少(3.81%),群落趋于稳定。(2)种间分离在不同种之间存在着一定的差异,正分离常发生在群落中的建群种或优势种之间;而负分离常发生在群落中的优势种和一些伴生种之间。(3)物种的种间分离状况与其种内种间竞争及物种的空间分布格局具有密切的关系,正分离常常发生在种内竞争大于种间竞争呈聚集分布的优势种或建群种之间;而负分离常常发生在种间竞争大于种内竞争的优势种和伴生种之间,且同一生态种组内的物种种间竞争较不同生态种组间激烈。(4)种间分离与群落的生境异质性和物种的生态需求也具有密切的关系,即两个具有不同生境要求的物种之间常常发生正分离;而具有相同或相似生境要求的物种之间常常发生负分离。(5)白皮松群落内物种的总体分离规律为全面不分离。(6)由生境异质性和物种间不同的生态适应性引起的种内种间关系是维持五鹿山自然保护区白皮松群落稳定共存的机制。     

Patterns of growth compensation in eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.): the influence of herbivory intensity and competitive environments

To investigate complex growth compensation patterns, white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings were clipped to simulate different herbivory levels. Seedlings were growing with different understory competition levels (created through monthly weeding vs no brush control) under a range of overstory canopy closures. Compensation patterns varied for the different growth and size measures. After one growing season, seedlings did not fully compensate for lost biomass regardless of the competitive environments of the seedlings. Although relative height growth was stimulated by light intensity clipping (20-40% of last-year shoots removed), relative diameter growth, total biomass, and biomass growth of seedlings declined sharply with increasing clipping intensity. Likewise, all growth parameters declined with increasing interspecific competition. Results showed that seedlings in highly competitive environments showed smaller growth loss due to clipping than those in competition-free environments, presumably because seedlings experiencing high interspecific competition devoted more energy to maintaining apical dominance and a balanced shoot-root ratio. While competition from canopy trees altered compensatory patterns, competition from understory vegetation only altered the magnitude, but not the patterns, of compensatory growth. We suggest that compensatory growth follows a complex pattern that will vary with the parameters measured, competitive conditions, and clipping intensities. Our results support the assertion that overcompensation may be an adaptation to competitive ability, rather than a response to herbivory itself.     

Heterosis in hybrids within and between yeast species

The performance of hybrids relative to their parents is an important factor in speciation research. We measured the growth of 46 Saccharomyces yeast F1 interspecific and intraspecific hybrids, relative to the growth of each of their parents, in pairwise competition assays. We found that the growth of a hybrid relative to the average of its parents, a measure of mid‐parent heterosis, correlated with the difference in parental growth relative to their hybrid, a measure of phenotypic divergence, which is consistent with simple complementation of low fitness alleles in one parent by high fitness alleles in the other. Interspecific hybrids showed stronger heterosis than intraspecific hybrids. To manipulate parental phenotypic divergence independently of genotype, we also measured the competitive growth of a single interspecific hybrid relative to its parents in 12 different environments. In these assays, we not only identified a strong relationship between parental phenotypic divergence and mid‐parent heterosis as before, but, more tentatively, a weak relationship between phenotypic divergence and best‐parent heterosis, suggesting that complementation of deleterious mutations was not the sole cause of interspecific heterosis. Our results show that mating between different species can be beneficial, and demonstrate that competition assays between parents and offspring are a useful way to study the evolutionary consequences of hybridization.     

Variation in the relative magnitude of intraspecific and interspecific competitive effects in novel versus familiar environments in two<Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila</Emphasis> species

Models of competitor coevolution, especially the genetic feedback hypothesis, suggest that a negative correlation between intraspecific and interspecific competitive effects may be important in sustaining competitor coexistence, and can give rise to oscillatory dynamics with repeated reversals of competitive superiority. I reanalyzed previously published census data from an experiment in which populationsof Drosophila melanogaster andD. simulans underwent competitive coevolution in one familiar and two novel environments, to specifically look for any evidence of a negative relationship between intraspecific and interspecific competitive effects on population growth rates, and for any indication of short period cycling in the relative magnitude of intraspecific and interspecific competitive effects. While there was considerable variation in the relative magnitude of intraspecific and interspecific competitive effects over generations, among both populations and environments, there was no clear evidence supporting the genetic feedback hypothesis. Intraspecific and interspecific competitive effects on population growth rates were strongly positively correlated in novel environments, and uncorrelated in the familiar environment. Data from the familiar environment indicated that indices of competition of populations of the initially superior competitor,D. melanogaster, might be showing some cyclic behaviour, but I argue that this is likely to be transient, and not suggestive of sustained oscillatory dynamics predicted by the genetic feedback model. I discuss the results in the context of the importance of the genetic architecture of intraspecific and interspecific competitive abilities in determining the coevolutionary trajectory of competitive interactions.     

Shoot and root competition in potato/maize intercropping: Effects on growth and yield

Interspecific competitive relationships and their effect on yield have been analysed in the association of potato and maize, two species with contrasting patterns of root and shoot systems establishment. Greenhouse experiments were carried out under three configurations (NC: no interspecific competition; FC: shoot and root interspecific competition; SC: shoot-only interspecific competition). Despite large variations between replicate experiments associated with seasonal effects, the study revealed consistent patterns of competition for above- and below-ground resources. Light interception in FC and SC was dominated by potato (60%) during the first 45 days after planting and by maize thereafter (80%). The extra shade caused by the companion crop increased soil moisture by up to 10% in SC treatments. The yield of the two species responded in opposite ways to SC, which was consistent with asymmetric patterns of competition between the two species. In potato, FC reduced tuber yield (number and size) by 4–26%, while SC increased tuber size (compared to NC) by 3–39%. In maize, FC reduced LAI and plant height by up to 45%, shoot and root dry mass, nutrient content, yield, the weight of 100 grains and harvest index by ca. 30–100%, while SC affected all but LAI and plant height. It appears that the contrast between the progressive installation of the maize root system and the rapid early extension of the potato root system is amplified by the restriction of maize root development under competition, which leads to close interdependencies between root and shoot competitive relationships. Although the specific effects of root competition cannot be uncovered by this set of experiments, competition effects on maize in the potato/maize intercropping seem to primarily related to light availability in the mixed canopy.     

小麦/蚕豆间作作物生长曲线的模拟及种间互作分析

物种间的相互作用与间作产量优势的形成密切相关,但很少有人注意到种间互作动态.本研究通过2年田间定位试验,运用Logistic分析模拟了不同种植模式(小麦单作、蚕豆单作和小麦/蚕豆间作)和不同磷水平下[P₀,施磷量(P₂O₅)为0 kg·hm^-2(对照);P₁,施磷量(P₂O₅)为45 kg·hm^-2;P₂,施磷量(P₂O₅)为90 kg·hm^-2]单间作小麦、蚕豆的生长模型,分析了作物种间互作的动态变化.结果表明: 小麦/蚕豆间作使小麦产量提高了10.5%~18.6%,蚕豆产量却降低了4.8%~12.3%,但间作系统仍具有产量优势,土地当量比(LER)和相对拥挤系数(K)分别为1.01~1.15 和1.12~3.20.小麦和蚕豆的产量及关键生长参数均受磷水平调控,但LER和K并不受磷水平影响.与单作相比,间作小麦的最大生长速率(R_max)和最初生长速率(r)分别提高21.8%~38.7%和20.7%~38.9%,但间作对蚕豆的关键生长参数无影响.在小麦、蚕豆的生长初期,不同磷水平下,单间作作物的生长曲线无差异;间作群体以种间竞争为主,无间作生物量优势(LER<1,K<1).当蚕豆达到最大生长速率(T_max)后,间作显著提高了小麦的生长速率,降低了小麦的种内竞争压力,表现出间作生物量和产量优势(LER>1,K>1).总之,在不同的生长发育阶段,小麦、蚕豆的相互作用不同,间作提高了中后期小麦的生长速率,为间作优势的形成奠定了基础.     

Competition between perch (Perca fluviatilis) and ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus): the advantage of turning night into day

1. The outcome of interspecific competition for food resources depends both on the competitors’ sensory abilities and on environmental conditions. In laboratory experiments we tested the influence of daylight and darkness on feeding behaviour and specific growth rate (SGR) of two species with different sensory abilities. 2. We used perch (Perca fluviatilis) as a visually orientated, and ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) as a mechano‐sensory oriented predator and tested their growth rates and behaviour under conditions of interspecific and intraspecific competition. Three different foraging conditions were used: food supplied (i) only during the day, (ii) only during the night or (iii) during both day and night. 3. In perch neither SGR nor feeding behaviour were influenced substantially by interspecific competition during daylight. During darkness their foraging behaviour changed markedly and their access to the food source as well as their SGR were negatively affected by the presence of ruffe. 4. Ruffe's foraging behaviour did not change during either day or night with interspecific competition. During the night ruffe's SGR was higher with interspecific competition, probably because of a release from intraspecific competition and the competitive inferiority of perch during the night. 5. Because of its seonsory abilities ruffe feeds predominantly at night, thereby reducing competitive interference from perch.     

Defensive tradeoffs are not prerequisites to plant diversity in a two species model

Trait‐based theories of biodiversity consider interspecific tradeoffs among species‐specific traits as prerequisites to maintaining community evenness, a component of species diversity. Such tradeoffs are commonly observed in plant communities, particularly in relation to traits associated with resistance to herbivory. Indeed, global experiments show that interspecific tradeoffs are common between plant defense and growth or competitive ability; however, the positive effects of herbivory on plant diversity predicted by theories with trait‐based tradeoffs are far less commonly observed. Moreover, both the overall and relative importance of these tradeoffs in promoting plant diversity are not well known. To disentangle the relationships among growth, competition, and defense in relation to plant community evenness, we built a model that describes the effects of a shared herbivore on two plant species with the potential to differ in each of these traits. While tradeoffs between plant defense and growth or competitive ability can increase plant diversity via evenness, this is not always the case nor is it a requirement for increased diversity. Herbivores may increase plant diversity even in the absence of defensive tradeoffs, preferentially consuming apparently maladapted species, by limiting the negative effects of interspecific interactions. Therefore, the importance of defensive tradeoffs in increasing diversity may not be as important, or as straightforward, as previously hypothesized.