贵阳市主干道降尘中的多环芳烃及其健康风险评估

用GC-MS方法测定了贵阳市主干道32个降尘样品中13种多环芳烃(PAHs),并运用美国能源部和美国环保局的方法对其健康风险进行了评估。结果表明,贵阳市主干道降尘中PAHs的含量范围为1291~9215μg·kg-1,平均值为4006μg·kg-1,在国内外同类样品中处于中等水平。主成分分析结果表明,降尘中PAHs主要源于机动车尾气的排放和家庭燃煤的燃烧。健康风险评估结果显示,降尘中PAHs的非致癌危害和致癌风险主要由呼吸途径贡献。PAHs的综合非致癌危害指数远小于1,但综合致癌风险值是一般可接受致癌风险值的10倍以上,说明PAHs的致癌风险不容忽视,其中BaP和DBA对综合致癌风险的贡献最大,应引起关注。     

贵阳市城市污泥中多环芳烃的分布特征、来源解析及风险评价

选择贵阳市5个污水处理厂的污泥为研究对象,采用索氏提取和GC-MS方法检测了不同污水处理厂污泥中美国环保局(US EPA)优先控制的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量,通过特征分子比值法和PAHs的毒性当量分别对污泥中PAHs的来源及其生态风险进行解析和评估。结果表明,5个污水处理厂污泥中16种PAHs的总和(∑PAHs)的含量为1.90~4.27 mg·kg-1,低于部分较发达国家及城市,且以2~4环PAHs为主,占∑PAHs的83.0%~90.2%。来源示踪结果显示,污泥中PAHs来源以木材和家庭燃煤为主,兼有汽车尾气排放的特征。风险评价表明,污泥中16种PAHs的毒性当量浓度(TEQBa P16)为0.09~0.29 mg·kg-1,其中7种致癌PAHs的毒性当量浓度占TEQBa P16的97%以上。TEQBa P10的浓度范围为0.07~0.24 mg·kg-1,远远超出荷兰农业土壤的标准。     

沈阳细河水中多环芳烃的分布、来源及生态风险评价

通过测定不同季节细河水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,研究了细河水中PAHs的分布,探讨了PAHs的来源,评价了其生态风险。细河水中6月(夏季)16种PAHs的含量为0.214～0.857μg·L-1,平均为0.562μg·L-1;9月(秋季)水中PAHs含量为0.195～0.633μg·L-1,平均0.380μg·L-1;11月(冬季)水中PAHs含量为0.122～0.486μg.L-1,平均含量为0.236μg·L-1。苯并(a)芘含量明显高于国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002);对细河水中PAHs污染来源分析发现,6月和9月PAHs的主要来源为石油污染和石油及其精炼产品的燃烧;通过商值法对细河的初步风险评价表明,细河水中苯并(a)芘存在较大的生态风险,应引起关注。     

长白山北坡森林土壤汞的含量和形态分布

分别于2009年4月和9月对长白山北坡的土壤样品进行了采集,研究北方森林地区不同海拔土壤样品中的总汞和甲基汞的分布情况.长白山土壤THg和MeHg含量分别为0.08～0.73 mg·kg-1和0.05～0.56 μg·kg-1,库存量分别为97 kg·km-2和128 g·km-2,高于吉林省背景值,MeHg的最高含量...     

南亚热带典型地区农业土壤中多环芳烃和有机氯农药研究

参考美国EPA标准方法对南亚热带潮汕地区农业土壤中持久性有机污染物多环芳烃（PAHs）和有机氯农药（OCPs）进行分析,并对其分布和来源进行研究,最后探讨了不同种植方式下污染物的污染特征。结果表明：该区农业土壤中PAHs含量范围从22．1ng／g到1256．9ng／g,与其它地区的污染程度和一些土壤环境质量标准相比,该区处于中等污染水平。高温裂解是土壤PAHs的主要来源。OCPs在被禁止20a后在土壤中仍有残留,残留水平从4．6ng／g到1021．5ng／g,其中HCHs和DDTs的残留未超过国家土壤环境质量标准。早期使用残留是其主要污染源,但新近仍有DDT和硫丹的输入。PAHs和OCPs的污染主要集中在土壤表层和亚表层,且随着深度的加深,污染逐渐减少,但40cm以下,污染变化很小。菜地土壤PAHs污染水平低于稻田土壤,而OCPs污染水平高于稻田土壤。     

西沙永兴岛土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源

通过采集西沙永兴岛表层土壤和土柱样品, 研究了21种多环芳烃(PAHs)在永兴岛土壤中的浓度和组成特征, 对土壤中PAHs的来源进行解析,并对生态风险进行了评估。结果表明, 永兴岛表层土壤中PAHs的浓度范围为38.9—176.4 ng·g-1, 16种优控PAHs的浓度为36.7—155.6 ng·g-1, 跟其它类似环境相比, 永兴岛土壤中PAHs污染相对较轻。芘、荧蒽、菲、苯并[b]荧蒽、、苯并[a]芘、茚并[1, 2, 3-cd]芘和苯并[e]芘是永兴岛表层土壤中最主要的PAHs。永兴岛土柱中总PAHs与2—3环PAHs浓度分布特征相似, 表层和底层浓度较高, 2—3环PAHs在土柱中占比为74%—96%。来源解析表明永兴岛土壤中PAHs主要以石油、木材或煤等燃烧源为主。16种PAHs的等效致癌风险浓度显示永兴岛土壤中PAHs生态风险较低。     

紫松果菊对多环芳烃重污染土壤修复效能

采用盆栽试验,以实际油田污染土与自然土和沙土按照一定比例配置两种污染浓度的土壤(PAHs总浓度分别为122.40和183.60 mg·kg-1),以株高、生物量变化以及芘(Pyr)、屈(CHR)、苯并b荧蒽(Bb F)、苯并k荧蒽(Bk F)4种多环芳烃去除率为指标,研究了紫松果菊对PAHs污染土壤的修复效能。结果表明:(1)4种多环芳烃污染土壤对紫松果菊株高和生物量有明显抑制作用,在PAHs总浓度为183.60 mg·kg-1时,紫松果菊仍能存活,说明紫松果菊对PAHs污染土壤具有较强的耐性。(2)在PAHs总浓度为183.60mg·kg-1时,紫松果菊对土壤中4种PAHs的去除率分别为66.2%、70.3%、40.6%和65.4%,4种PAHs的总量由183.60 mg·kg-1降到104.52 mg·kg-1,总去除率为56.93%,远大于对照组中PAHs总去除率。说明紫松果菊具有修复PAHs重污染土壤的潜能。相关性分析发现,PAHs的去除率与地下生物量的相关性更好,说明植物地下生物量对多环芳烃去除率影响较大。本研究拓展了利用植物修复PAHs污染土壤的应用范围,使重污染土壤的植物修复成为可能。     

长期灌溉含多环芳烃污水对稻田土壤酶活性与微生物种群数量的影响

以沈抚污水灌区为例,研究了长期灌溉含多环芳烃(PAHs)污水对稻田土壤酶活性、微生物种群数量的影响。结果表明,灌区稻田土壤PAHs含量在319.5～6362.8μg.kg-1。长期污水灌溉导致稻田土壤PAHs含量严重超过环境标准。随清水连续灌溉年限的增加,土壤PAHs总量不同程度降低直至低于土壤PAHs环境质量标准。相关性分析表明,在目前污染程度下,灌区稻田3大土壤微生物类群和主要功能群的种群数量主要受土壤理化性质的影响,受PAHs含量影响不明显。土壤全氮含量与细菌数量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。土壤酶活性受到土壤养分和PAHs污染的双重影响,土壤有机碳和全磷含量分别与脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶和脲酶活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),PAHs含量分别与脱氢酶和脲酶活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与多酚氧化酶活性呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。     

濒危植物东方水韭（Isoёtes orientalis）自然生境土壤营养状况及水体pH值分析

对东方水韭(Iso(e)tes orientalis H. Liu et Q. F. Wang) 2个自然样地(浙江松阳叔婆湾和小烂湖)生境土壤主要营养成分含量进行了比较分析,并对叔婆湾样地水体pH值进行了测定,在此基础上,对导致东方水韭濒危的土壤及水体因素进行了讨论.结果显示:东方水韭叔婆湾样地的土壤有机质、总氮、速效磷、速效钾和总铁离子(包括Fe3+和Fe2+)含量分别为102.7 g·kg-1、3.1 g·kg-1、18.1 μg·g-1、15.0 μg·g-1和221.6 μg·g-1;小烂湖样地土壤中上述营养成分的含量分别为122.8 g·kg-1、4.8 g·kg-1、13.7 μg·g-1、7.1 μg·g-1和240.0 μg·g-1.小烂湖样地土壤中有机质、总氮和速效钾含量显著或极显著高于叔婆湾样地,2个样地间速效磷和总铁离子含量差异不显著, 但2个样地土壤中速效钾含量极低、总铁离子含量丰富. 叔婆湾样地中上、中、下游水体的pH值分别为pH 6.35、pH 6.53和pH 6.49,略呈中性.分析结果表明,东方水韭2个自然样地的土壤均为有机质、总氮、速效磷以及总铁离子含量较为丰富且速效钾含量较低的土壤类型,土壤中速效钾极度缺乏和水体中性化很可能是限制东方水韭种群发展的重要环境因素.     

中国城市污泥土地利用关注的典型有机污染物

污泥土地利用是国内外城市污泥主要的处置方式之一,而污泥中的有机污染物是污泥土地利用的限制性因素之一.本文分析了国内外城市污泥中有机污染物的浓度和研究现状,针对我国国情,认为多环芳烃(PAHs)是城市污泥中一种常见的有机污染物,总含量一般在1 ～ 10 mg·kg-1,有的因污水来源复杂而超过了100 mg·kg-1;壬基苯酚(NP/NPE)在我国污水处理厂污泥样品中均有检出,浓度在1～128 mg·kg-1.污泥园林绿化、林地利用、土壤改良等将是今后主要的利用方向,要实现污泥安全、环保的土地利用,多环芳烃(PAHs)和壬基苯酚(NP/NPE)将是主要考虑的典型有机污染物.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.