玉米营养成分时空动态

研究了玉米营养成分时空动态变化．结果表明,随着玉米生育期的推进,玉米籽粒的总淀粉、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量逐渐升高;而茎、叶的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量逐渐下降,中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤木质素含量逐渐升高．茎、叶粗蛋白含量下降的幅度大于籽粒粗蛋白含量上升幅度．同时,玉米植抹上部叶片的粗蛋白含量高于下部叶片,而中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤木质索含量低于下部叶片．茎上部粗蛋白含量高于下部,中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤木质素含量低于下部．     

崇明东滩湿地芦苇和互花米草N、P利用策略的生态化学计量学分析

测定了崇明东滩湿地典型植物群落内芦苇和互花米草各器官及土壤中的N、P含量和N∶P,揭示了它们的季节性动态,并对其N、P利用对策进行了生态化学计量学分析.结果表明:两种植物的N、P含量差异显著且芦苇＞互花米草;不同植物以及同一植物不同器官的N、P含量随生长节律发生明显变化;N、P含量的器官分配模式对于芦苇和互花米草均是叶＞茎＞根;两种植物地上部分和地下部分N、P含量5月＞9月＞7月;芦苇N、P积累量＞互花米草;2种植物地上部分N、P含量差异显著;互花米草生境土壤各月份N含量均高于芦苇生境土壤;P含量仅在5月份高于芦苇生境土壤,其它月份均低于芦苇生境土壤.芦苇叶片N含量与生境土壤N含量相关不显著,叶片P含量与土壤P含量显著正相关;互花米草叶片N含量与土壤N含量极显著正相关,叶片P含量与土壤P含量相关不显著.芦苇和互花米草叶片N∶P与土壤N、P含量及N∶P间相关均不显著.芦苇在生长初期和生长末期的N∶P＜14,表明其生长受到N限制;处于生长旺季时,14＜N∶P＜16,表明其受到N、P共同限制.互花米草在各月份的N∶P＜14,说明其主要受到N限制.总体而言,N素是芦苇和互花米草净初级生产力的主要而经常性的限制因子.     

丛枝真菌对互花米草和芦苇氮磷吸收的影响

互花米草(Spartina alterniflora Loisel.)是我国海滨盐沼的入侵植物,与土著种芦苇(Phragmites australis)形成了广泛的竞争;已知丛枝菌根(AMF)对不同植物的生长存在差异性影响;但其对互花米草与芦苇之间的种间关系,是否对互花米草入侵芦苇群体产生作用值得探讨.研究对两物种进行了丛枝菌根接种处理,种植模式处理和盐度处理的三因素实验.结果表明:盐度增加使得单种时芦苇、混种时互花米草的AMF侵染率显著下降(p<0.05),而混种时芦苇和单种时的互花米草AMF侵染率受盐度影响不显著(p>0.05).混种时,两种植物的丛枝菌根形成均受对方影响,并且盐度升高使两种植物之间对AMF侵染率的影响发生变化,在淡水生境下混种时,芦苇的AMF侵染率比单种时降低40.5%,互花米草的AMF侵染率比单种时提高了86.9%,均差异显著(p<0.05);在低盐度下混种时芦苇的AMF侵染率比单种时降低24.7%,差异显著(p<0.05),而对互花米草的影响不显著;在高盐度下混种对芦苇的AMF侵染率影响不显著,而使互花米草的AMF侵染率显著降低,降低率比例达78.7%.在淡水生境下,丛枝菌根对芦苇和互花米草的N、P吸收均有显著的促进作用;但是在咸水生境下生长时芦苇的N、P含量主要受盐度的显著影响(p<0.05),随盐度增加而增加;虽然在咸水生境下丛枝菌根仍旧促进芦苇的N、P吸收,但其影响远小于盐度的影响,并且促进效果受到盐度的抑制;但互花米草的N、P含量不受盐度影响.由此可见,接种AMF对这两种植物的氮磷吸收有着不同程度的促进,其作用大小与侵染程度有关,且受到盐度和种植模式的影响.     

江苏盐城湿地麋鹿冬季食性研究

2017年12月至2018年3月在江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区,利用粪便显微组织学分析技术结合野外直接观察法对麋鹿(Elaphurus davidianus)冬季食性和食物营养成分进行了分析。野外调查在7条样线上共收集228堆麋鹿粪便,组成14个复合样本进行分析。结果表明,麋鹿冬季食物来源于14科51种植物,其中,芦苇(Phragmites australis,23.09%)和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora,17.58%)为最主要食物,其次为盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa,6.50%)、白茅(Imperata cylindrica,5.36%)、獐毛(Aeluropus sinensis,4.90%)、苇状羊茅(Festucas arundinacea,3.83%)、扁秆藨草(Scirpus planiculmis,3.45%)、碱蓬(Suaeda glauca,3.27%)、碱茅(Puccinellia distans,3.12%)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne,2.60%)和茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaris,2.60%)。麋鹿冬季食物以草本植物为主(96.73%),极少采食木本植物枝叶(3.27%)。被啃食植物中粗蛋白含量基本满足麋鹿越冬营养需求。     

闽江河口湿地植物与土壤灰分及其影响因子分析

以闽江河口鳝鱼滩湿地生长的芦苇(Phragmitesaustralis)和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)为研究对象,并对相应的36个土壤剖面进行取样分析,揭示它们的(厂火)分含量分布特征,并对其影响因子进行分析。研究结果表明:闽江河口鳝鱼滩湿地芦苇和互花米草各个器官(厂火)分含量的差异性明显,芦苇各部位(厂火)分含量的平均值大于互花米草;芦苇和互花米草湿地土壤(厂火)分含量的垂直分布较为类似,芦苇湿地土壤(厂火)分合量略高于互花米草湿地土壤(厂火)分含量,但两种植物土壤(厂火)分含量的差异并不显著;芦苇和互花米草湿地土壤(厂火)分含量与土壤有机碳有极其显著的负相关关系,与土壤含水量的相关性也较明显;从单一的植物类型来看,互花米草湿地土壤(厂火)分含量与容重、碳含量、含水量和盐度呈显著的相关关系,芦苇湿地土壤(厂火)分含量与土壤pH值有明显的正相关关系。     

微生态白酒糟饲料发酵条件的优化

为优化微生态白酒糟饲料发酵条件,以米曲霉、黑曲霉和酵母菌组合发酵白酒糟,共设计16个发酵组合,根据感官特征初筛出3个组合进行后续发酵实验。测定发酵前、后常规营养成分及发酵后的酶活力,确定最优组合并检测氨基酸含量。结果显示,以米曲霉(0.05%)、黑曲霉(0.05%)和酵母菌(0.05%)组合发酵(80%酒糟+10%玉米+10%麦麸)的效果最好:与发酵前相比,粗蛋白含量、真蛋白含量、酸性蛋白酶活力、中性蛋白酶活力和纤维素酶活力分别提高了30.39%、38.06%、41.69%、67.00%和103.84%,总氨基酸含量提升17.74%,酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量分别降低23.64%、20.40%。     

闽江河口湿地植物氮磷吸收效率的季节变化

以闽江河口湿地土著种芦苇与入侵种互花米草为研究对象,测定了二者地上生物量和氮、磷吸收效率.结果表明：芦苇和互花米草地上生物量的季节变化呈典型的单峰值曲线,芦苇夏季地上生物量最大,达到2195.33 g·m^-2,互花米草则秋季最大,达到3670.02 g·m^-2;不同季节芦苇和互花米草氮、磷吸收效率均呈单峰值曲线,芦苇氮、磷吸收效率分别在夏季和秋季达到最高(21.06 和1.12 g·m^-2),互花米草均在秋季达到峰值(26.76和3.23 g·m^-2);芦苇和互花米草的氮吸收效率极显著大于磷(P<0.01),且互花米草的氮、磷吸收效率显著大于芦苇(P<0.05);植物N/P、C/N和C/P对植物氮、磷吸收效率有一定指示意义.     

长江口芦苇和互花米草盐沼湿地蟹类洞穴分布特征及主要影响因子

蟹类洞穴是蟹类在潮间带盐沼生存、繁衍的特征性结构,具有重要的生态功能。洞穴分布特征及其影响因子的分析,是深入探讨蟹类及其洞穴的生态系统功能的重要基础。2015年10月,在崇明北滩单一芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落,单一互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)群落和芦苇-互花米草混合群落3种典型生境中,对蟹类洞穴的分布特征及其相关的大型底栖动物、植被、沉积物等的特征参数进行了调研与分析。结果表明,生境类型差异对蟹类洞穴分布特征及相关生境因子具有重要影响。蟹类洞穴的分布密度和开口直径在不同生境间存在显著差异(P0.05),且单一芦苇群落生境内洞穴密度要显著高于单一互花米草群落生境(P0.05),洞穴开口直径在单一互花米草生境要显著高于单一芦苇生境(P0.05);大型底栖动物生物量、密度、植物地下部分生物量在不同生境间差异不显著(P0.05),而植株密度、活植株高度、植物地上部分生物量以及沉积物含水率、p H、氧化还原电位在不同生境间存在显著差异(P0.05)。沉积物中值粒径,总氮含量和总碳含量在不同生境间的差异随深度不同会发生变化。不同生境主要生境因子的差异是导致蟹类洞穴分布特征不同的根本原因;蟹类洞穴分布特征受多个生境因子的综合作用。筛选的生境因子的组合虽然与洞穴分布特征具有显著相关性,但相关系数较小。未来研究中需要拓展生境因子涵盖范围,加强多因子综合作用分析。     

滩涂湿地蟹类活动对表层土壤的扰动效应

为探究在不同植物群落中的大型底栖动物无齿螳臂相手蟹(Chiromantes dehaani)对滨海滩涂湿地表层土壤的生物扰动效应, 在江苏大丰糜鹿国家级自然保护区第三核心区的滩涂湿地潮坪区, 春季末期在潮沟附近的互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)群落、白茅(Imperata cylindrica)群落、芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落3个植物群落中, 分别设置多蟹围隔区、少蟹围隔区和无围隔区, 冬季采集并检测处理后围隔区蟹洞数量、土壤的理化性质及植物生物量等生态指标, 分析底栖动物对表层土壤的扰动效应。研究发现: 互花米草及白茅群落中土壤总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)含量在多蟹区显著低于少蟹区, 蟹丘土壤的TOC及TN含量显著高于多蟹区表层土壤; 而在芦苇群落中则相反。互花米草群落多蟹区土壤C/N、白茅群落多蟹区土壤C/N及C/P显著低于少蟹区, 芦苇群落不显著。互花米草群落蟹穴数量与植物生物量呈显著正相关。研究结果显示, 相手蟹扰动降低了互花米草及白茅植物群落表层土壤的有机质稳定性, 加速碳氮分解, 降低表层土壤的碳氮含量, 并促进互花米草植物生物量的增长, 但对芦苇群落表层土壤扰动的影响则相反。     

外来种互花米草和土著种芦苇空中凋落物氮动态的比较研究

土壤氮含量是限制植物生长的重要因素, 所以入侵植物要入侵成功必须突破土壤氮限制的瓶颈。近年来, 外来种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)在中国海岸带盐沼中快速取代土著种芦苇(Phragmites australis), 引起了多方面的生态学后果。为了解互花米草与本地种芦苇空中凋落物的氮含量是否存在差异及产生这种差异的机制, 2003年11月至2004年4月, 作者在长江口九段沙湿地对互花米草与芦苇空中凋落物氮含量(单位面积凋落物的总氮量, N g/m²)进行了测定, 结果表明互花米草的氮含量比芦苇高。在空中分解过程中, 互花米草茎(包括叶鞘与秆)凋落物的氮含量显著上升, 但芦苇茎凋落物的氮含量显著降低。2006年1月, 又对中国海岸带6个地点的盐沼中互花米草的凋落物进行取样和氮浓度测定, 发现互花米草空中叶鞘与秆的老凋落物(2004年冬季产生)的氮浓度均显著高于其新产生的凋落物(2005年冬季产生), 表明在空中分解过程中, 互花米草叶鞘与秆凋落物氮含量增加具有普遍性。进一步的温室受控实验结果表明, 互花米草凋落物氮含量增加可能是由腐生固氮微生物引起的。以上结果表明,互花米草取代芦苇后, 改变了空中凋落物的氮动态, 增加了生态系统中氮的输入, 可能有利于互花米草的快速扩张。     

Estimate of chitin in raw whole insects

Insects contain significant amounts of fiber as measured by crude fiber, acid detergent fiber (ADF) or neutral detergent fiber (NDF). It has always been assumed that the fiber in insects represents chitin based on the structural similarity between cellulose and chitin and the fact that the ADF fraction from insects contains nitrogen. In this study, a number of insect species that are raised commercially as food for insectivores were analyzed for moisture, crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25), fat, ash, NDF, ADF, and amino acids. Additionally, the ADF fraction was analyzed for nitrogen and amino acids to determine if proteins might be present in the ADF fraction. The ADF fraction contained a significant amount of amino acids accounting for 9.3–32.7% of the ADF (by weight). The presence of amino acids in the ADF fraction means that using ADF to estimate insect chitin results in an overestimation of insect chitin content. Using ADF adjusted for its amino acid content, the estimated chitin content of these insect species ranged from 2.7–49.8 mg/kg (as is) and 11.6–137.2 mg/kg (dry matter basis). Additionally, these data suggest that for the species measured here the amount of chitin nitrogen is quite small (as a % of total nitrogen) and that crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) provides a reasonable estimate of the true protein for most species of insects. Zoo Biol 0:1–11, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

玉米自交系秸秆品质性状鉴定与评价

利用近红外漫反射光谱法,对50份常用普通玉米自交系和50份高油自交系秸秆的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、可溶性糖(WSC)和粗蛋白(CP)4个品质性状进行了鉴定评价和相关性分析。结果表明,各品质性状变异较大,各性状自交系间差异均达极显著水平。不同品质性状变异程度不同,其中WSC含量变异最大,变异系数达34.23%。WSC与NDF、ADF极显著负相关,NDF与ADF含量极显著正相关。高油系表现为高WSC、CP和低NDF、ADF含量,总体上高油系秸秆品质优于普通玉米。     

贵州麻阳河黑叶猴秋季主要食物营养分析及对食物选择的影响

2009年9～11月,采集贵州麻阳河黑叶猴取食较多的23种主要食物及取食较少的14种非主要食物,用称重法、凯氏定氮法、酸碱洗涤法及范式洗涤法分析各独立样本的水分、粗蛋白、粗纤维和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的营养含量,计算相应的粗蛋白/酸性洗涤纤维(PROT/ADF)比值,并将所得到的各样本的营养含量与相应的秋季取食比例进行...     

弄岗黑叶猴旱季食物营养组分及其对食物选择的影响

正蛋白质与纤维素的比值以及能量高低是影响灵长类动物食物选择的重要因素(Oftedal,1991;Waterman and Kool,1994;Chapman and Chapman,2002;Wasserman and Chapman,2003;Hanya et al.,2007;Huang et al.,2010),但它们是否影响疣猴的食物选择目前尚具有较大的争议。Waterman     

Digestibility of a high-fiber biscuit-based diet by black and white colobus (Colobus guereza)

The acceptability and digestibility of a high-fiber biscuit-based diet was investigated using two adult male Colobus guereza animals. Although the animals were initially reluctant to accept the biscuit, it was eventually readily consumed. Apparent digestion coefficients for the diet (average composition, dry matter basis: 16% crude protein, 25% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 9.5% acid detergent fiber (ADF), 1.2% acid lignin) determined by total fecal collection were 0.871 for dry matter, 0.813 for NDF, 0.693 for ADF, and 0.208 for acid lignin. Fiber digestive capabilities in C. guereza generally exceeded those reported in ruminant species based on predictive equations. Use of acid lignin and Cr₂O₃ as markers underestimated dry matter digestibility by 3.9 and 6.0%, respectively.     

Food selection in relation to nutritional chemistry of Cao Vit gibbons in Jingxi,China

The Cao Vit gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) has only one population with about 110 individuals living in a degraded karst forest along the China–Vietnam border. Investigation of food choice in relation to chemical nutrition will offer important insights into its conservation. We studied the food choice of two groups of Cao Vit gibbons using instantaneous scan sampling in Bangliang National Nature Reserve, Guangxi, China, over 4 years, and analyzed the chemical components (total nitrogen, TN; water-soluble sugar, WSS; crude fat, CF; neutral detergent fiber, NDF; acid detergent fiber, ADF; acid detergent lignin, ADL; condensed tannin, CT; and ash) of 48 food plant parts and 22 non-food plant parts. Fruits and figs that are rich in sugar are important food resources for gibbons. For other food types, flowers are a good source of total nitrogen and carbohydrates, and leaves and buds provide sources of protein and minerals. Cao Vit gibbons selected fruits that contain less total nitrogen, less acid detergent fiber and more water-soluble sugar than non-food fruits. Several food species that were heavily consumed by Cao Vit gibbons are suggested as potential tree species for ongoing habitat restoration.     

QTL analyses of fiber components and crude protein in an annual × perennial ryegrass interspecific hybrid population

Annual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and perennial (Lolium perenne L.) ryegrasses are two important forage and turfgrass species. Improving the digestibility of forage by decreasing fiber content is a major goal in forage crop breeding programs. An annual × perennial ryegrass interspecific hybrid population was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for fiber components, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL), and crude protein (CP). Samples were harvested three times in August and September 2003 and August 2004, respectively. Simple interval mapping was used to detect QTLs from both the male and female parental maps previously developed for the population. Fiber components were all correlated positively with each other and were negatively correlated with CP. The largest correlations were between NDF and ADF with r = 0.86, 0.72, and 0.82 for each of the three harvests. All four traits showed intermediate broad-sense heritability values ranging from 0.35 to 0.72. A total of 63 QTLs were detected for the four traits measured over the three harvests from both the female and male maps. Coincident QTLs were detected on linkage groups (LGs) 2, 6, and 7 for NDF, LGs 1, 2, and 7 for ADF, LGs 6 and 7 for ADL, and LG 2 for CP, respectively. Coincident QTLs were also detected on LGs 2, 6, and 7 for NDF and ADF, providing evidence of the genetic basis of the observed high level of phenotypic correlation. The QTLs on LGs 2, 6, and possibly 7 for fiber components were co-located on the same LG as several lignin biosynthetic genes from perennial ryegrass.     

Genetic mapping and analysis of quantitative trait loci affecting fiber and lignin content in maize

Plant cell walls of forage provide a major source of energy for ruminant animals. Digestion of cell walls is limited by the presence of lignin, therefore the improving the digestibility of forages by reducing lignin content is a major goal in forage crop breeding programs. A recombinant inbred line maize population was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) of leaf-sheath and stalk tissues. All traits were positively genetically correlated. The larger genetic correlations were between NDF and ADF in sheaths (r = 0.84), NDF and ADF (r = 0.96), ADF and ADL (r = 0.83), and NDF and ADL (r = 0.76) in stalks. Twelve QTL were detected for NDF and 11 QTL for ADF in leaf-sheaths. Eight QTL detected for both traits were defined by the same or linked marker loci. Eight QTL were associated with leaf-sheath ADL. Eleven QTL were detected for NDF and ADF, and 12 QTL for ADL in stalks. Nine of eleven QTL detected for both NDF and ADF in stalks coincided in their genomic position. A high proportion of QTL detected for these traits had the same parental effects and genomic locations, suggesting that it is only necessary to select on one fiber component (NDF or ADF) to improve digestibility. Favorable correlated responses of unselected fiber components are expected due to coincident genomic locations of QTL and the high genetic correlation between fiber components. Several QTL detected in this study coincided in their positions with putative cellulose synthase genes from maize.     

The effect of white-rot basidiomycetes on chemical composition andin Vitro digestibility of wheat straw

Five white-rot basidiomycetes were evaluated for their potential to improve ruminal degradation of wheat straw.Polyorus brumalis, Lyophyllum ulmarium III,Trametes gibbosa, Pleurotus ostreatus, and aPleurotus ostreatus mutant were incubated on wheat straw for 30 d at 28°C. Detergent fiber, crude protein andin vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were determined. The results showed increasing crude protein and ash contents in fungus-treated straw. IVDMD values were increased in straws treated withP. ostreatus, P. ostreatus mutant andT. gibbosa only. Relative to untreated wheat straw the detergent fiber content—neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was reduced in fungus-treated straw and out of three fractions—hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, hemicellulose showed the largest proportionate loss whereas lignin the smallest one in all 5 samples of fungus treated straw.     

马鹿和狍饲料植物的营养质量

本项研究测定了１４种木本植物的枝和叶以及苔草、非禾本和莎草科草、蕨、榆树皮的粗蛋白（ＣＰ）、中性洗涤纤维（ＮＤＦ）、酸性洗涤纤维（ＡＤＦ）、钙（Ｃａ）、磷（Ｐ）、钠（Ｎａ）、钾（Ｋ）等营养成分和体外干物质消化率（ＩＶＤＤＭ）。结果表明,各类饲料植物中营养成分的含量存在显著的差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。木本植物叶中ＣＰ的含量在全年呈最高趋势,枝条中ＣＰ含量为最低;木本植物枝条中ＮＤＦ和ＡＤＦ的四季含量最高,非禾本和莎草科草中的ＮＤＦ和ＡＤＦ的含量最低。Ｃａ在木本植物的枝条和非禾本及莎草科草中的四季含量最高,在苦草中的含量最低;Ｋ在非禾本和莎草科草以及蕨类中的四季含量最高,在木本植物枝条中的含量最低;Ｐ和Ｎａ在各类饲料植物中的四季含量变化很大。木本植物枝条中ＣＰ含量的季变化很小,木本植物的叶、苔草、非禾本和莎草科草及蕨中ＣＰ的含量从春到秋逐渐减少。各类饲料植物中ＮＤＦ和ＡＤＦ在春季的含量明显地低于其它季节。Ｋ在各类饲料植物中的含量由春季到冬季呈下降趋势,而Ｃａ、Ｐ、Ｎａ在不同饲料植物中的含量表现出不同的季节变化。马鹿和狍对饲料植物干物质的体外消化率与饲料植物中ＣＰ的含量存在显著的正相关,与ＡＤＦ存在显著的负相关。