某医院2007年至2009年医院感染不动杆菌属耐药调查分析

目的了解医院感染不动杆菌属细菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药现状。方法对2007年至2009年852例不动杆菌属医院感染病例进行回顾性调查及耐药情况统计。结果不动杆菌属主要来源于痰液(60%)和血液(8%)标本,3年间17种抗生素耐药水平差异均有统计学意义;852株不动杆菌属对17种抗菌药物总耐药率:头孢哌酮/舒巴坦35.13%、亚胺培南/西司他丁46.4%、美罗培南51.0%、阿米卡星64.7%、四环素66.7%、左氧氟沙星67.1%、替卡西林/克拉维酸67.8%、环丙沙星68.0%、头孢吡肟68.7%、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦70.1%、头孢他啶70.5%、头孢曲松71.6%、头孢噻肟72.8%、庆大霉素73.5%、哌拉西林73.8%、复方新诺明77.3%和头孢哌酮86.8%。结论不动杆菌属细菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药现象严重,仅头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南/西司他丁、美罗培南保持相对高的抗菌活性。     

革兰阴性杆菌10年耐药性变化分析

目的 对重庆医科大学附属第二医院2001年1月1日至2009年12月31日10年临床标本中分离的主要革兰阴性杆菌耐药性变化进行分析,为临床合理用药提供依据.方法 采用回顾性方法对十年间大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和不动杆菌的药敏结果用WHONET 5.4软件进行统计分析.结果 大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南耐药率小于5％;对阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟耐药率小于30％;对三代头孢、头孢西丁和氨曲南耐药率为40％左右;对青霉素类、喹诺酮类和磺胺类耐药率大于50％.铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟和亚胺培南耐药率小于40％;对其余监测抗生素耐药率大于50％.不动杆菌属对亚胺培南耐药率小于25％(2009年除外),对其余监测抗生素耐药率很高,维持在50％ ～ 96％.铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌泛耐药菌检出率分别为0～14％和0～48％.结论 革兰阴性杆菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药已非常普遍,且有逐年升高的趋势;肠杆菌科对碳青霉烯类、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟耐药率相对较低;非发酵菌耐药性增加明显,铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌泛耐菌增加明显;严格控制抗菌药物的应用及耐药菌和泛耐药菌的传播和爆发流行已迫在眉睫.     

头孢他啶耐药褪色沙雷菌β-内酰胺酶检测及耐药性分析

目的了解头孢他啶耐药褪色沙雷菌临床分离株产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）、头孢菌素酶（AmpC）及碳青霉烯酶情况,并分析其对14种常见抗菌药物的耐药性。方法 ESBLs、AmpC采用三维试验进行检测;碳青霉烯酶采用改良Hodge试验进行检测;药物敏感试验采用K-B法测定。结果 112株头孢他啶耐药褪色沙雷菌ESBLs、AmpC检出率较高;未发现同产ESBLs、AmpC及碳青霉烯酶3种酶的菌株。产ESBLs、AmpC褪色沙雷菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药率低于6.00%,与非产酶菌株相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢比肟的耐药率均明显高于非产酶菌株（P〈0.01）。另外,同产ESBLs＋AmpC头孢他啶耐药褪色沙雷菌分离株与单产酶株相比,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢比肟、复方新诺等多种抗生素耐药率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。碳青霉烯酶株对14种常见抗生素多重耐药或泛耐药。结论我院头孢他啶耐药褪色沙雷菌分离株对常用抗菌药物的耐药性较高,耐药性的产生与细菌产多种β-内酰胺酶有关。     

ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌的分布及其耐药性,为临床合理治疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析我院2010年1月至2013年12月ICU病房370例VAP患者的临床资料,了解其病原菌的构成及其药物敏感性。结果共分离出病原菌412株,其中革兰阴性菌301株(73.06%),前四位分别为鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌;革兰阳性菌70株(16.99%),前三位为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌;真菌41株(9.95%),以白色假丝酵母菌为主。药敏结果显示,鲍氏不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对大部分常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星、妥布霉素、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率较低;金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素G的耐药率90%,对左氧氟沙星、利福平、呋喃妥因、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺和万古霉素的耐药率较低。结论 G-杆菌是ICU中导致VAP的主要病原菌,且对多种抗菌药物耐药率较高,抗菌药物治疗应以病原学和耐药性监测结果为依据。     

脑膜败血黄杆菌医院感染的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解温州医学院附属第一医院脑膜败血黄杆菌医院感染的分布及耐药趋势,为临床治疗提供参考。方法收集该院2003年1月至2006年3月脑膜败血黄杆菌医院感染共47例,采用全自动微生物鉴定仪进行细菌鉴定及药敏试验。结果脑膜败血黄杆菌对多种抗菌药物耐药,对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、环丙沙星、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、左氧氟沙星的耐药率较低,分别为0％、8．7％、10．8％、10．9％。结论脑膜败血黄杆菌是一种高度耐药的细菌,治疗上应根据药敏选用抗菌药物。     

2014—2017年湘潭市第一人民医院临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性变迁

摘要：目的 了解2014—2017年湘潭市第一人民医院临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌对抗菌药物的耐药性变迁。方法 采用VITEK 2 Compact微生物分析仪对细菌进行鉴定和药敏试验,K-B法为补充,对湘潭市第一人民医院2014—2017年肺炎克雷伯菌分布与耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果 肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢唑啉林（>30%）耐药率一直偏高,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦（2.9%~14.1%）、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦（3.6%~16.8%）、头孢他啶（13.2%~25.8%）、头孢吡肟（8.6%~19.8%）、头孢曲松（27.8%~35.0%）、头孢替坦（2.0%~20.8%）以及碳青霉烯类耐药率有明显上升,尤其是碳青霉烯类抗生素四年间上升了约5倍,而亚胺培南（1.8%~11.1%）、美罗培南（2.4%-11.9%）从2016年开始上升幅度增大。氟喹诺酮类及氨基糖苷类耐药性亦有增长趋势。耐药性较稳定的抗生素是复方新诺明（24.9%~30.5%）、米诺环素（16.5%~19.3%）。2014—2017年该菌产ESBLs亦有上升（30.2%~36.4%）。结论 临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性4年间呈普遍上升趋势。     

儿童社区获得性肺炎的致病菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨我院儿童社区获得性肺炎(CAP)细菌感染情况及药敏情况,为抗生素的合理使用提供依据。方法以本院2010年1月至2013年12月儿科收治的CAP患儿为研究对象,回顾性分析CAP的病原菌分布和耐药情况。菌株鉴定使用法国梅里埃VITEK32分析仪,用纸片扩散法做药敏试验。结果病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,前四位分别为肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌、流感嗜血杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌;革兰阳性菌次之,主要为肺炎链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。药敏结果显示,主要革兰阴性菌对头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和亚胺培南耐药率较低;主要革兰阳性菌对左氧氟沙星、莫昔沙星和万古霉素耐药率较低。结论了解CAP患儿病原菌分布,有利于在儿童CAP经验性治疗时制定正确的治疗方案。     

新乡地区13年儿童与成人肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性变迁及对比分析

目的探讨新乡地区1997年至2009年儿童和成人肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性变迁并进行对比分析。方法采用全自动微生物鉴定系统和纸片扩散法（K-B）法对13年间临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌成人1993株和儿童297株,用28种抗菌药物进行药敏试验。结果儿童和成人组肺炎克雷伯菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦均高度敏感。高度耐药的抗菌药物为氨苄西林。大部分抗菌药物成人组的耐药率大于儿童组,尤其哌拉西林、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、庆大霉素、奈替米星、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星和氯霉素等,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。大部分抗菌药物的耐药率13年间有普遍增高趋势,且大多具有显著差异。近3年来,一些抗菌药物耐药率稍有降低。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）率分别为儿童组33.3%,成人组37.0%。结论针对儿童和成人肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药率及变迁的区别,对于成人的耐药率不适用于儿童,各地区应分别定期监测成人和儿童的耐药结果以供临床参考。     

综合ICU危重症患者大肠埃希菌致尿路感染菌群特点及耐药性

目的分析综合ICU危重症患者大肠埃希菌致尿路感染病原菌的分布特点和耐药性。方法收集2012-2014年宁波市北仑区第二人民医院128例综合ICU危重症患者大肠埃希菌致尿路感染的清洁中段尿液培养标本,分别进行细菌鉴定、药敏试验及超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检测。结果 128例患者共分离出大肠埃希菌128株,2012-2014年每年留置尿管患者检出的产ESBLs菌株数均多于非留置尿管患者,但差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。产ESBLs菌株对头孢唑林、头孢呋辛完全耐药,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢替坦较为敏感,对亚胺培南的敏感性最强。产ESBLs菌株对大部分抗菌药物的耐药性均高于非产ESBLs菌株,部分耐药性的差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论大肠埃希菌产ESBLs菌株对多数抗菌药物存在较高的耐药性,但对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢替坦、亚胺培南的耐药性较低,可作为治疗大肠埃希菌致尿路感染优先抗菌药物。     

医院常用抗菌药物使用频度与 细菌耐药性分析

目的分析我院2016年抗菌药物的临床使用情况与主要临床分离病原菌的耐药情况,为合理用药提供依据。方法通过郑州市第一人民医院HIS系统查询抗菌药物使用量与金额,计算抗菌药物用药频度(DDDs)及日均费用(DDDc);同时分析临床常见菌的耐药率。结果在10种抗菌药物中,DDDs排名前3位的依次是左氧氟沙星(28368)、头孢西丁(13346)和哌拉西林/舒巴坦(11748)。DDDc排名前3位的依次是拉氧头孢(777.00)、美罗培南(504.00)和头孢替安(424.00),左氧氟沙星的DDDc值最小。临床常见菌对左氧氟沙星的耐药率高低差别较大。临床常见G-菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和多粘菌素B的耐药率较低;常见G+菌对阿米卡星、万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺和米诺环素的耐药率较低。结论左氧氟沙星在临床中的使用频度最高且日均费用最低,临床常见菌对其耐药率差别较大。β-内酰胺类抗菌药的日均费用低于其他抗菌药物。大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对常见抗菌药物的耐药率较低,说明该院抗菌药物临床应用较合理。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.