荧光假单胞菌2P24中opgGH基因影响抗生素2,4-二乙酰基间苯三酚的产生

【目的】抗生素2,4-二乙酰基间苯三酚(2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol,2,4-DAPG)是生防菌株荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens) 2P24防治植物病害的关键因子,然而对2,4-DAPG生物合成的调控通路并未完全解析。【方法】前期利用Tn5随机突变的方法获得一株对棉花立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)拮抗能力完全丧失的突变菌株W3,本研究利用基因互补等方法研究该突变体中被破坏的基因对菌株2P24分泌2,4-DAPG和其他生防相关性状的影响。【结果】Tn5插入位点及其序列分析表明突变菌株W3中Tn5破坏了opgG基因。鉴于opgG和opgH基因组成操纵子,利用同源重组技术构建了opgGH内缺失突变菌株。与野生菌株2P24相比,opgGH突变菌株中2,4-DAPG的产量显著降低。对其他生防相关性状的检测发现,突变opgGH基因并不影响群体感应系统(quorum sensing,QS)信号分子的产生、氢氰酸的产生以及生物膜的形成,但可抑制菌株2P24的游动性。转录融合实验进一步表明opgGH基因并不调控gacA基因及其调控...     

荧光假单胞杆菌2P24中gacA、dsbA和phoP/phoQ基因对小RNA因子RsmZ的转录调控

Pseudomonas fluorescens 2P24是分离自麦田的植物病害生物防治菌株,产生抗生素2, 4-二乙酰基间苯三酚（2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol;2,4-DAPG）是其主要防病机制。菌株2P24中小RNA基因rsmZ正调控抗生素2,4-DAPG的产量。【目的】本文研究上游调控因子对RsmZ转录表达的影响,以进一步理解抗生素产生机制。【方法】构建了rsmZ: : lacZ的转录融合结构,将含有该结构的报告载体转入2P24的多个调控基因缺失突变体中,检测相应的缺失基因对rsmZ转录水平的调控作用。【结果】结果表明,反应调控因子GacA对rsmZ基因的转录具有正调控作用,二硫键合成蛋白DsbA对其负调控;双因子调控系统PhoP/PhoQ突变后,rsmZ基因的转录明显滞后。【结论】小RNA基因rsmZ在菌株2P24中受到多个基因的调控,并在信号传递网络中起到重要作用。     

荧光假单胞菌2P24中retS对抗生素2，4-二乙酰基间苯三酚合成的影响

假单胞菌中RetS是一个位于膜上的感应激酶,对多种基因的表达都有调控作用.在铜绿假单胞菌中,RetS可以与另一个感应激酶GacS直接互作,并抑制GacS的磷酸化.[目的]本文利用遗传学方法研究了荧光假单胞菌2P24中RetS对抗生素2,4-二乙酰基间苯三酚(2,4-DAPG)合成的影响,并对其可能的调控机制进行了初步探索.[方法]利用高压液相色谱法(HPLC)检测2P24及其衍生菌株中2,4-DAPG的产量.将Gac/Rsm 信号途径中小RNA及调控蛋白的转录报告质粒转入到菌株2P24及其retS突变菌株中,检查RetS对以上基因转录表达的影响.[结果]菌株2P24中缺失retS后未知红色素和抗生素2,4-DAPG的产量较野生型均明显升高.进一步试验表明,RetS转录水平负调控小RNA RsmX和RsmZ的表达,这说明RetS可在转录后水平影响2,4-DAPG的合成.然而,同时缺失retS和gacS或同时缺失retS和gacA之后,由retS单基因缺失所造成的未知红色素和2,4-DAPG合成量升高、小RNA转录表达增强等性状消失,而与gacS或gacA单基因缺失突变体的表型一致.[结论]以上结果说明菌株2P24中RetS是2,4-DAPG及未知红色素合成的负调控因子,并且RetS对2,4-DAPG及未知红色素合成的调控依赖于Gac/Rsm信号传递路径.     

生防假单胞菌2P24中mvaT和mvaV基因对PcoI/PcoR群体感应系统的调控作用

【目的】自小麦全蚀病自然衰退土壤分离得到的荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)2P24,可防治多种由植物病原菌引起的土传病害。菌株2P24具有群体感应(quorum-sensing,QS)系统PcoI/PcoR,该系统影响生防菌2P24生物膜的形成以及其在小麦根围的定殖能力,从而影响2P24的生防能力。本文利用遗传学方法进一步研究了2P24中QS系统的调控途径。【方法】将QS系统信号合成基因pcoI的转录报告质粒p970Gm-pcoIp转入gacA基因突变菌株PM201中,再利用Tn5转座子对该菌株进行随机突变,筛选影响pcoI基因表达的调控因子。【结果】根据菌落颜色的变化筛选到2株突变菌株。Tn5插入位点和基因序列分析表明这2个突变体中Tn5破坏了同一个基因mvaT;设计引物利用PCR方法从2P24基因组中获得mvaT基因及其同源基因mvaV。转录融合报告实验表明:与野生菌株2P24相比,mvaT及mvaV突变体中pcoI基因的表达和N-乙酰高丝氨酸内酯的产量显著提高;HPLC试验表明mvaT和mvaV基因影响抗生素2,4-二乙酰基间苯三酚的合成。细菌双杂交试验证实,MvaT蛋白和MvaV蛋白在体内发生自身互作,这两个蛋白也可相互作用。【结论】以上结果表明mvaT和mvaV参与调控生防假单胞菌2P24的PcoI/PcoR群体感应系统,并可能影响其生防功能基因的表达。     

抗生素2,4-二乙酰基间苯三酚作为荧光假单胞菌2P24菌株生防功能因子的实证分析

荧光假单胞杆菌2P24菌株分离自小麦全蚀病自然衰退土壤,它是酚类抗生素2,4-二乙酰基间苯三酚(2,4-DAPG)的高产菌,对多种土传病害具有较好的防治能力。利用同源重组构建2,4-DAPG合成基因的定位突变体,并对突变体进行基因互补,通过检测突变菌株和恢复突变菌株抗生素产量和生防效果确定2,4-DAPG在菌株2P24生防功能中的作用。实验中,定位突变体丧失产生抗生素和拮抗病原菌的能力,而恢复突变体的抗生素产量和拮抗能力均恢复至野生菌水平。在对番茄青枯病的防病试验中,2,4-DAPG突变体的防效低且下降快,而恢复突变体的生防能力与野生菌相当,且效果稳定。由此可确定2,4-DAPG是菌株2P24防治番茄青枯病的主要因子,在防效上起关键作用。     

荧光假单胞菌2P24中gidA基因对PcoI/PcoR群体感应系统的影响

【目的】荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)2P24中PcoI/PcoR群体感应系统是调控生物膜形成与植物根部定殖能力的重要元件,同时该系统也受到多种上游因子的调控。利用遗传学方法研究P.fluorescens 2P24中gidA基因对群体感应系统的调控作用。【方法】将群体感应信号合成基因pcoI的转录报告质粒p970km-pcoIp转入菌株2P24和gidA基因突变体中以检测gidA对pcoI基因表达的影响,并利用报告菌Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL4(pZLR4)测定菌株2P24及其衍生菌的信号N-乙酰高丝氨酸内酯(AHL)产量。【结果】gidA基因突变后pcoI基因的转录表达和AHL产量与野生型2P24相比显著降低。gidA基因突变体的游动能力没有受到明显的影响,但生物膜的形成显著低于野生型和互补菌株。小麦根部定殖实验表明,温室条件下gidA突变菌株在灭菌土和自然土中对小麦根尖和根围的定殖量较野生型和互补菌显著减少。此外,突变gidA基因并不影响菌株在LB培养基中的生长,但以葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、甘油、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、木糖或山梨醇为唯一碳源时,gidA突变体的生长受到明显的抑制。【结论】GidA对假单胞菌2P24中的PcoI/PcoR群体感应系统、生物膜形成、定殖和碳源利用具有显著的正调控作用。     

分枝杆菌glpX基因的功能

【目的】构建耻垢分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium smegmatis)glpX基因敲除株,研究其在生理代谢中的功能。【方法】利用分枝杆菌噬菌体Che9c重组系统构建耻垢分枝杆菌glpX基因敲除株;比较野生株及突变株在不同碳源培养条件下的生长差异;通过荧光实时定量PCR,比较野生株在以葡萄糖或油酸为唯一碳源培养下,glpX基因的表达水平。【结果】glpX突变株在以甘油或油酸为唯一碳源的培养基中无法生长;野生株在以油酸为唯一碳源培养下,glpX基因表达上调。【结论】glpX基因编码了分枝杆菌糖异生途径必需的和非冗余的果糖1,6-二磷酸酶(fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase,FBPase)。     

铜绿假单胞菌水解弹性蛋白能力相关基因的筛选与鉴定

【目的】研究铜绿假单胞菌弹性蛋白水解能力相关基因。【方法】应用人工Mu转座技术构建铜绿假单胞菌野生型菌株PA68的转座突变文库,从2000多个突变子中筛选得到4株弹性蛋白水解能力改变的突变子,并通过克隆及测序获得转座子插入位点侧翼的序列。将铜绿假单胞菌弹性蛋白酶结构基因lasB的转录启始区序列整合入载体pDN19lacΩ并将该重组质粒电转化入野生型菌株PA68及4个突变株中,对报告基因在不同菌株中的表达水平进行测定。【结果】发现4个突变株中Mu转座子分别插入lasA、galU、xcpZ和ptsP 4个基因。ptsP基因失活的突变株中,lasB基因的转录水平是野生型菌株的7%,xcpZ和lasA基因的失活使lasB基因的转录水平分别降低为野生株的54%和75%,galU基因的插入失活使lasB基因的转录上升了1倍。【结论】推测ptsP和galU基因很可能直接或间接地调控着弹性蛋白酶的生物合成。     

霍乱弧菌中调控aphB 的基因筛选及其功能

【目的】筛选霍乱弧菌C6706-中调控LysR家族蛋白AphB表达的基因。【方法】将霍乱弧菌埃尔托型菌株C6706-aphB启动子区克隆到2个报告质粒pBBRLux和pKP302上,并将其导入霍乱弧菌C6706-中,以此作为出发菌株。利用出发菌株与转座子pSC123接合构建LZV630-302转座子随机突变文库,通过测定化学发光强度检测aphB启动子的表达水平,筛选aphB表达受影响的突变株。利用随机PCR方法检测转座子插入位点,并测序比对分析基因。【结果】从7个转座子库中(共约4万个突变株)得到能影响aphB表达(均导致下降)的2株突变株T1和T2。测序比对发现T1中转座子插入在vc1585读码框内,T2中转座子插入在距vc1602基因末端7 bp处。【结论】获得aphB表达改变的突变株,基因vc1585和vc1602可能直接或间接影响aphB表达,为进一步研究aphB表达调控影响因素奠定了基础。     

固氮施氏假单胞菌A1501四碳二羧酸结合蛋白DctP的功能及表达特性

【目的】研究施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)A1501四碳二羧酸结合蛋白Dct P的生物学功能和自身表达特性。【方法】构建结合蛋白编码基因dct P的非极性突变株,测定dct P突变株以不同四碳二羧酸(琥珀酸延、胡索酸、苹果酸)为唯一碳源时的生长情况和固氮酶活性;构建dct P基因启动子的融合表达载体dct P-lac Z,将其分别转入野生型A1501和ntr BC、rpo N和dct B突变株中,测定在不同四碳二羧酸为唯一碳源诱导条件下重组菌株中的β-半乳糖苷酶活性。【结果】dct P基因的突变使菌株丧失了四碳二羧酸的利用能力,影响了菌株的固氮酶活性;苹果酸、延胡索酸、琥珀酸对dct P-lac Z具有明显的诱导作用;在rpo N、ntr BC和dct B突变株中,dct P的表达量均显著降低。【结论】Dct P蛋白在四碳二羧酸的利用过程中起重要的作用,dct P基因的表达是Rpo N依赖型,可被四碳二羧酸诱导,受到调控蛋白Ntr BC/Dct B的协同调控。     

Quorum-sensing system influences root colonization and biological control ability in Pseudomonas fluorescens 2P24

Pseudomonas fluorescens 2P24 is a biocontrol agent isolated from a wheat take-all decline soil in China. This strain produces several antifungal compounds, such as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG), hydrogen cyanide and siderophore(s). Our recent work revealed that strain 2P24 employs a quorum-sensing system to regulate its biocontrol activity. In this study, we identified a quorum-sensing system consisting of PcoR and PcoI of the LuxR–LuxI family from strain 2P24. Deletion of pcoI from 2P24 abolishes the production of the quorum-sensing signals, but does not detectably affect the production of antifungal metabolites. However, the mutant is significantly defective in biofilm formation, colonization on wheat rhizosphere and biocontrol ability against wheat take-all, whilst complementation of pcoI restores the biocontrol activity to the wild-type level. Our data indicate that quorum sensing is involved in regulation of biocontrol activity in P. fluorescens 2P24.     

AsSlt2基因对茄链格孢细胞壁完整性的调控

【背景】由茄链格孢(Alternaria solani)引起的马铃薯早疫病被普遍认为是马铃薯生产上的第二大叶部病害,在马铃薯各产区普遍发生,给马铃薯生产造成了巨大的经济损失。【目的】明确AsSlt2基因对茄链格孢细胞壁完整性的影响。【方法】在含有刚果红、细胞壁降解酶和十二烷基硫酸钠(sodiumdodecylsulfate,SDS)等细胞壁胁迫的培养基上观察ΔAsSlt2缺失突变株的生长情况,计算相对生长抑制率;通过实时荧光定量PCR (RT-qPCR)方法检测ΔAsSlt2菌株中细胞壁合成相关基因的表达情况;进一步检测ΔAsSlt2细胞壁中几丁质的含量及胞外酶活性。【结果】ΔAsSlt2缺失突变株对SDS、刚果红、细胞壁降解酶等细胞壁胁迫的敏感性增强,在加入细胞壁降解酶后突变株原生质体释放量显著增多;ΔAsSlt2对外源氧胁迫更敏感,突变株胞外过氧化物酶和漆酶活性均显著降低;进一步研究发现,ΔAsSlt2细胞壁中几丁质含量减少,几丁质合成相关基因与漆酶合成相关基因的表达量均明显降低。【结论】AsSlt2基因在茄链格孢细胞壁的完整性及抵御外界胁迫方面发挥重要作用。     

荧光假单胞菌ZX对采后锦橙绿霉病的防治及其抑菌机制

【目的】采后柑橘极易受指状青霉(Penicillium digitatum)侵染而发生严重的绿霉病腐烂,生物防治因具有安全、有效、环保等特点近年来备受关注。论文旨在研究荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)ZX对采后柑橘绿霉病的防治效果,揭示P.fluorescensZX对P.digitatum可能存在的作用机制。【方法】以"北碚447"锦橙果实为试材,先分别接种20μL拮抗菌培养液、滤液(培养液离心后,上清经0.22μm滤膜过滤)、菌悬液(培养液离心后,菌体用无菌水反复洗涤并用无菌水重悬)和热杀死液(培养液高温高压灭菌),2 h后接种20μL P. digitatum孢子悬浮液(1×10~4spores/m L),所有果实于20oC、90%相对湿度环境下恒温恒湿培养8 d后,测定果实的发病率和病斑直径;制备柑橘皮培养基,进行平板抑菌试验,探索P. fluorescens ZX对P. digitatum孢子发芽情况的影响;采用两板对扣法和生物熏蒸法研究P.fluorescensZX挥发性次级代谢产物的抑菌作用;利用插入式细胞培养皿等分析P.fluorescensZX和P.digitatum之间竞争的营养物质;同时,测定P.fluorescensZX的生长曲线,利用结晶紫染色法评估P. fluorescens ZX的生物膜形成能力。【结果】P. fluorescens ZX不同处理液之间对采后锦橙绿霉病的作用效果差异显著,菌悬液抑菌效果最好,经菌悬液处理的果实,发病率和病斑直径分别仅为40.83%和1.78 cm;不论是在柑橘皮固体培养基上对峙培养还是在液体培养基中混合培养,菌悬液和原液的作用效果较好,固体平板上,相对抑制率达到了35%–45%,液体培养基中,P. digitatum孢子12 h后的发芽率不超过27%;P. fluorescens ZX产生的挥发性物质具有抑菌作用,经P. fluorescensZX熏蒸处理的锦橙果实,发病率和病斑直径都显著降低;营养竞争试验结果表明,P. fluorescens ZX能更快速有效地消耗柑橘皮培养基中的营养,并和P. digitatum竞争葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、亮氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸等营养物质;同时,P. fluorescens ZX生命力强,培养4 h后即进入对数生长期,约24 h后形成成熟的生物膜。【结论】P. fluorescens ZX可能通过抑制P. digitatum孢子发芽、营养与空间竞争、形成生物膜、产生抑菌物质等方式抑制P.digitatum的生长繁殖,有效防治采后锦橙绿霉病。     

Influence of Host Plant Genotype, Presence of a Pathogen, and Coinoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens Strains on the Rhizosphere Expression of Hydrogen Cyanide- and 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol Biosynthetic Genes in P. fluorescens Biocontrol Strain CHA0

The production of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) is a major factor in the control of soil-borne diseases by Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0. We investigated the impact of different biotic factors on the expression of HCN–in comparison to DAPG biosynthetic genes in the rhizosphere. To this end, the influence of plant cultivar, pathogen infection, and coinoculation with other biocontrol strains on the expression of hcnA-lacZ and phlA-lacZ fusion in strain CHA0 was monitored on the roots of bean. Interestingly, all the tested factors influenced the expression of the two biocontrol traits in a similar way. For both genes, we observed a several-fold higher expression in the rhizosphere of cv. Derakhshan compared with cvs. Goli and Naz, although bacterial rhizosphere colonization levels were similar on all cultivars tested. Root infection by Rhizoctonia solani stimulated total phlA and hcnA gene expression in the bean rhizosphere. Coinoculation of strain CHA0 with DAPG-producing P. fluorescens biocontrol strains Pf-68 and Pf-100 did neither result in a substantial alteration of hcnA nor of phlA expression in CHA0 on bean roots. To our best knowledge, this is the first study investigating the impact of biotic factors on HCN production by a bacterial biocontrol strain in the rhizosphere.     

Flavonoids repress the production of antifungal 2,4-DAPG but potentially facilitate root colonization of the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens

In the well-known legume–rhizobia symbiosis, flavonoids released by legume roots induce expression of the Nod factors and trigger early plant responses involved in root nodulation. However, it remains largely unknown how the plant-derived flavonoids influence the physiology of non-symbiotic beneficial rhizobacteria. In this work, we demonstrated that the flavonoids apigenin and/or phloretin enhanced the swarming motility and production of cellulose and curli in Pseudomonas fluorescens 2P24, both traits of which are essential for root colonization. Using a label-free quantitative proteomics approach, we showed that apigenin and phloretin significantly reduced the biosynthesis of the antifungal metabolite 2,4-DAPG and further identified a novel flavonoid-sensing TetR regulator PhlH, which was shown to modulate 2,4-DAPG production by regulating the expression of 2,4-DAPG hydrolase PhlG. Although having similar structures, apigenin and phloretin could also influence different physiological characteristics of P. fluorescens 2P24, with apigenin decreasing the biofilm formation and phloretin inducing expression of proteins involved in the denitrification and arginine fermentation processes. Taken together, our results suggest that plant-derived flavonoids could be sensed by the TetR regulator PhlH in P. fluorescens 2P24 and acts as important signalling molecules that strengthen mutually beneficial interactions between plants and non-symbiotic beneficial rhizobacteria.     

Cross Talk between 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol-Producing Biocontrol Pseudomonads on Wheat Roots

The performance of Pseudomonas biocontrol agents may be improved by applying mixtures of strains which are complementary in their capacity to suppress plant diseases. Here, we have chosen the combination of Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 with another well-characterized biocontrol agent, P. fluorescens Q2-87, as a model to study how these strains affect each other's expression of a biocontrol trait. In both strains, production of the antimicrobial compound 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) is a crucial factor contributing to the suppression of root diseases. DAPG acts as a signaling compound inducing the expression of its own biosynthetic genes. Experimental setups were developed to investigate whether, when combining strains CHA0 and Q2-87, DAPG excreted by one strain may influence expression of DAPG-biosynthetic genes in the other strain in vitro and on the roots of wheat. DAPG production was monitored by observing the expression of lacZ fused to the biosynthetic gene phlA of the respective strain. Dual-culture assays in which the two strains were grown in liquid medium physically separated by a membrane revealed that Q2-87 but not its DAPG-negative mutant Q2-87::Tn5-1 strongly induced phlA expression in a ΔphlA mutant of strain CHA0. In the same way, phlA expression in a Q2-87 background was induced by DAPG produced by CHA0. When coinoculated onto the roots of wheat seedlings grown under gnotobiotic conditions, strains Q2-87 and CHA0, but not their respective DAPG-negative mutants, were able to enhance phlA expression in each other. In summary, we have established that two nonrelated pseudomonads may stimulate each other in the expression of an antimicrobial compound important for biocontrol. This interpopulation communication occurs in the rhizosphere, i.e., at the site of pathogen inhibition, and is mediated by the antimicrobial compound itself acting as a signal exchanged between the two pseudomonads.     

类芽孢杆菌QHZ11-gfp在马铃薯植株上的定殖特征及促生效果

[背景] 生防菌在作物根系的有效定殖是其功能发挥的前提,而直观的跟踪技术和有效的定量方法是研究生防菌根系分布规律的重要工具。[目的] 研究马铃薯黑痣病病原菌立枯丝核菌（Rhizo ctonia solani） JT18的拮抗菌QHZ11在马铃薯植株上的定殖特征及对马铃薯的促生效果。[方法] 采用绿色荧光蛋白（Green Fluorescent Protein,GFP）对QHZ11进行标记,将标记菌株菌悬液、生物有机肥和无菌水分别接种至灭菌土壤,通过激光共聚焦显微技术和实时荧光定量PCR等方法观察和测定标记菌株在马铃薯植株不同部位的定殖特征、数量变化及对马铃薯的促生效果。[结果] pHAPII质粒成功导入QHZ11并可稳定遗传40代,记为QHZ11-gfp;菌株标记前后的菌落形态、生长曲线和对R.solani JT18的拮抗能力等基本一致。从第7天开始,相继在马铃薯芽上和根上发现了绿色荧光,说明QHZ11-gfp成功定殖到了马铃薯的芽、根等部位。QHZ11-gfp在根系和匍匐茎的定殖数量均呈现先升高至块茎形成期达到峰值后下降的趋势,并且在整个生育期根系的定殖数量始终大于匍匐茎。菌悬液和生物有机肥处理均显著促进了马铃薯根系的生长,并通过增加株高等农艺性状提高了块茎产量。其中,生物有机肥处理在各部位的荧光强度、定殖数量和对马铃薯的促生效果均显著优于菌悬液。[结论] QHZ11-gfp可在马铃薯植株上成功定殖并对马铃薯有良好的促生效果,将其制成生物有机肥促进了其定殖,使促生效果也更好。