气候变暖对河西走廊绿洲灌区玉米产量影响及对策研究

利用河西走廊绿洲灌区西(酒泉)、中(张掖)、东部(武威)代表站25年的气温和玉米产量资料,计算出各区域玉米生育期内≥0℃、5℃、10℃、15℃、20℃活动积温,用正交多项式拟合分离出玉米气候产量。采用多项式法、线性倾向、累积距平等统计学方法分析积温和玉米气候产量的变化特征,以及气候变暖对玉米产量的影响。结果表明:随着全球气候变暖,河西走廊灌区不同区域积温变化均呈明显上升趋势;玉米生育期内≥10℃的活动积温与产量关系最为密切,是影响当地玉米产量的关键气象因子,玉米产量随≥10℃积温的增加而提高;灌区气候变暖后玉米气候产量比变暖前明显增加,自西向东分别增加124%、186%和301%。气候变暖、热量资源增加有利于提高喜温作物玉米产量,表明河西走廊绿洲灌区可以进一步扩大玉米种植面积,建立玉米种植基地。     

梯棱羊肚菌≥0℃积温对其生长发育的影响

为研究≥0℃积温对梯棱羊肚菌Morchella importuna生长发育的影响,通过调查不同海拔种植的梯棱羊肚菌的生长发育,应用农业气象方法和统计法计算出其不同海拔≥0℃的气温积温和地温积温。结果显示,不同海拔种植的梯棱羊肚菌生育期存在差异,但其生育期≥0℃的气温积温和地温积温差异小。梯棱羊肚菌从播种到原基分化、子实体成熟、原基发育到子实体成熟≥0℃气温积温分别为(563±21)℃·d、(712±20)℃·d、(149±21)℃·d。离地表0cm、5cm、10cm不同深度≥0℃的地温积温有较大的差异,5cm深度≥0℃的地温积温可以作为其生长发育热量需求的参考,估计区间是：从播种到原基分化、子实体成熟、原基发育到子实体成熟分别为(741±36)℃·d、(915±46)℃·d、(174±23)℃·d。     

温度对玉米生长和产量的影响

为了明确气温变化对玉米生长发育和产量的影响,建立玉米低温冷害监测和气象评估模式,在东北地区中部的榆树市进行了玉米分期播种试验。试验采用3个品种,设置早、中、晚3个播种期,进行玉米生长发育进程、叶面积指数、生物量、产量和温度等观测。结果表明：玉米的生长速率与温度密切相关,平均气温每升高1 ℃,出苗速率提升17%,营养生长速率提升5%;积温每增加100 ℃·d,玉米最大叶面积指数增加10%,最大生物量和产量增加8%;玉米生长发育期(日平均气温稳定>10 ℃期间)间平均气温降低0.7 ℃,或活动积温减少100 ℃·d,玉米成熟期将延迟7 d,发生一般低温冷害,玉米单产减少8%;气温下降1 ℃,或积温减少140 ℃·d,生育期延迟10 d,发生严重低温冷害,减产10%以上;在水分条件比较适宜的前提条件下,气候变暖对东北地区玉米单产提高是有利的。     

吉林省东部粳稻生长和产量对移栽期和温度变化的反应

以中晚熟水稻品种"吉粳811"为研究对象,于2013年和2014年在延吉市进行分期播种/移栽试验,分析了吉林省东部地区一季粳稻生长速度和产量对移栽期及温度变化的响应规律,确定该品种在研究地区的适宜播种期和移栽期,以减免低温冷害的影响。结果表明:播期/移栽期的推迟提升了生长季平均气温,水稻生长发育进程加快,有效生育期缩短,主要生长季内平均气温每升高1℃,水稻生长速率提升19%,生育期缩短5 d左右;吉林省东部地区水稻的适宜移栽温度为日均气温13.0℃,移栽过早或偏晚均导致减产;中晚熟品种水稻在4月18日前后播种、5月26日前后移栽可保证在霜前成熟,且产量高;中晚熟品种水稻移栽至成熟适宜活动积温为2280℃·d左右,活动积温每减少100℃·d,水稻产量下降1095 kg·hm~(-2)(约减产13%);积温不足导致水稻冷害发生,因而减产。     

山西省农业热量资源变化特征及其对农业的影响

基于山西省境内分布较为均匀的70个地面气象观测站1970—2012年逐日平均气温和地面最低温度资料,统计了≥0℃和≥10℃期间的活动积温、7月平均气温以及无霜冻期等农业热量指标.采用线性倾向估计法和累积距平法分析了农业热量资源的变化及其突变特征,以及农业热量资源变化对作物种植带和棉花、马铃薯可种植区的影响.结果表明:≥0℃和≥10℃期间的活动积温分别以64.8和57.9℃·d·(10 a)-1的速率增加(P<0.001),7月平均气温以0.3℃·(10 a)-1的速率显著升高,无霜冻期以5.9 d·(10 a)-1的速率显著延长.≥0℃和≥10℃期间活动积温的增加幅度西部大于东部,7月平均气温的升高幅度北、中部大于南部,无霜冻期的延长幅度中部大于南、北部.≥0℃和≥10℃期间的活动积温在1996年发生了增加突变,7月平均气温在1993年发生了升高突变,无霜冻期在1997年发生了延长突变.与突变前相比,≥0℃和≥10℃期间的活动积温分别增加了219.4和196.7℃·d,7月平均气温升高了0.8℃,无霜冻期延长了15 d;与此同时,温热作物带和温暖作物带的面积向北扩大,扩大面积最大的是温暖作物带,扩大175.7%,而温和作物带、温凉作物带、温寒作物带和高寒植物区的面积缩小,缩小面积最大的是温寒作物带,缩小87.9%.随着农业热量资源的丰富,喜温作物可种植面积扩大,其中棉花可种植面积扩大1.7×106hm2,扩大53.5%;喜凉作物可种植面积缩小,其中马铃薯可种植面积缩小8.9×106hm2,缩小30.5%.     

全球气候变化对我国西北地区农业的影响

在比较系统总结全球气候变化对我国西北地区农业影响的主要研究成果的基础上,揭示了我国西北地区现代气候变化对全球气候变暖响应的基本特征,阐述了现代气候变化对土壤水分、地表蒸发和作物气候生产力的影响规律;并且比较全面地概括了西北地区冬、春小麦、玉米、马铃薯、冬油菜、棉花、胡麻、牧草、葡萄等9种主要农作物的生长发育、病虫害、种植面积、气候产量以及畜牧业活动等对气候变化的响应特征,发现气候变化对农业生产过程的影响利弊皆存,而且不同农作物对气候变化的响应特征差异较大.研究对西北地区农业生产具有比较重要的科学指导意见.     

主要气候因子对麦棉两熟棉花产量的影响

采用灰色关联度分析法和逐步回归分析法,分析了麦棉两熟种植棉花生育期间主要气候因子与籽棉产量的关系.灰色关联度分析法结果表明,黄淮海棉区棉花产量在年度间的差异主要受积温的影响,4-10月份≥20℃积温与籽棉产量的关联系数0.4463;其次为日照时数,关联系数0.4052,第三是降雨量,关联系数0.3133.在棉花生长的4-10月期间,以8月、9月的日照时数和8月份≥20℃的积温对产量的影响最大,关联系数分别达到0.7201、0.7116和0.7042.逐步回归分析法结果同样表明,积温是影响产量的主要因子,且为正效应;而降水量对产量的影响为负效应;得出的回归方程(P=0.0007598,R2 =0.7477)可试用于黄淮棉区两熟籽棉产量的预测和预报.     

基于分期播种的气候变化对东北地区玉米(Zea mays)生长发育和产量的影响

利用在东北地区中部开展玉米(Zea mays)分期播种试验资料,分析气候变化对玉米出苗速度、生长发育速度、灌浆过程、植株干物质积累和产量的影响,进而分析未来气候变化对东北地区玉米生产的影响及适应性对策.结果表明,气候变化对玉米生长发育和产量的影响十分明显,在水分基本适宜的条件下,东北地区气候变暖导致玉米生长季气温升高、积温增加,使玉米生长发育和灌浆速度加快,生物量增加,从而提高单产.但气候变暖的同时,气候变干会限制热量资源的利用,将缩短玉米灌浆时间,降低灌浆速率,使千粒重下降,从而造成明显减产,而且减产幅度明显大于温度升高的增产幅度.在水分条件基本得到满足的条件下,未来夏半年气候变暖对东北地区玉米生产是有利的,偏晚熟玉米品种比例可以适当扩大,东北玉米带可以向北部和东部扩展,单产和总产都会增加;但如果水分得不到满足,气候的暖干化趋势会使东北地区的中、西部玉米主产区的农业干旱变得更加严重且频繁,造成产量下降和不稳定,给玉米生产带来严重威胁,因而更应加强农业干旱的综合防御工作.     

气候暖干化对甘肃省谷子产量的影响及对策

基于甘肃省甘州（河西温和干旱绿洲灌溉区）、安定（陇中温和半干旱旱作区）、西峰（陇东温和半湿润旱作区）气温、降水和谷子产量资料,计算出各区域谷子生育期内≥0 ℃、≥5 ℃、≥10 ℃、≥15 ℃、≥20 ℃活动积温以及生育关键期平均气温和降水量,用正交多项式拟合分离出谷子气候产量,并采用线性倾向、累积距平、Mann-Kendall法分析研究区气候和谷子气候产量的变化特征,以及气候变化对谷子产量的影响.结果表明：气候暖干化是甘肃各区域现代气候变化的主要特征,各地气温从20世纪90年代初开始呈显著上升趋势,降水从20世纪80年代后期开始显著减少;该区谷子产量与温度、降水量呈显著相关关系,旱作区谷子产量随生育关键期内气温增高、降水量增多而提高,河西走廊绿洲灌区谷子产量随气温增高而提高;气候暖干化严重影响谷子产量,西峰、安定、甘州谷子产量的气象波动指数分别占实际产量变异系数的73%、72%和54%,变暖后（1993-2008年）较变暖前（1985-1992年）所占百分率明显增大;气候变暖有利于谷子产量增加,与气候变暖前相比,气候变暖后西峰、安定、甘州谷子年均气候产量的增加量分别为30.6、43.1和121.1 kg·hm^-2.针对甘肃省未来气候继续暖干化的趋势,应进一步扩大谷子种植面积、调整谷子种植结构,同时,要根据不同气候类型区域、不同气候年型选种不同特性的品种,采取不同的种植措施.     

玉米覆膜栽培地积温效应对根系及植株生长发育的影响

本文对玉米覆膜栽培地积温效应对根系及植株生长发育的影响进行了研究。覆膜后,土壤耕层水热状况可迅速改善。在适宜的温湿度条件下,覆膜玉米各发育阶段根系生长状况明显地优于对照。在地积温的作用下,覆膜玉米的各生育期和各阶段的地上部生物量均显著地提前和增加。由此,本文提出播种至开花阶段的发育速度是由茎生长点处温度所决定;开花至成熟期灌浆饱满程度主要受气温的影响,即由≥20℃日数的多少而定。因此,玉米采用覆膜栽培对于克服生育前后期低温冷害,获取高产稳产,以致将各种熟性的玉米种植北界和海拔高度进一步向北和向上推移,均具有重要的现实意义。     

Impact of climate warming on crop planting and production in Northwest China

One major challenge in agro-meteorological research is to accurately predict the impacts of global climate warming on future agricultural production. So the effects of climate warming over the past decades need to be assessed. We analyzed the effects of climate warming on crop planting, structure and yield in 5 northwestern provinces of China with a focus on Gansu Province, utilizing accumulated temperature (≥ 10°C, AT), accumulated negative temperature (< 0°C, ANT) and crop data collected from 1981 to 2003. The analysis led to the following conclusions: 1) climate warming is the main driving force for the expansion of winter wheat toward the north and the west in China, for the rapid increase in cotton planting acreage, and for the expansion of annually multi-crop areas toward the north in China and higher altitude; 2) Climate warming is the direct cause for early seeding of spring crops, prolonged growth duration for thermophilic crops and shortened growth duration for overwinter crops; 3) Climate warming is largely attributed to the dramatic increase in cotton yield.     

气候变化对甘肃省粮食生产的影响研究进展

甘肃省气候自1986年起向整体暖干化、局部暖湿化转型突变.与1960年相比,转型后2010年平均气温升高了1.1 ℃,平均降水量减少了28 mm,干旱半干旱区南移约50 km.气候变暖使甘肃省主要作物生育期有效积温增加,生长期延长,熟性、布局和种植制度改变,宜种区和种植海拔增加,多熟制北移,夏粮面积缩小,秋粮面积增大.弱冬性、中晚熟品种逐步取代强冬性、中早熟品种,有利于提高光温利用率,增加产量.暖湿型气候增加了绿洲灌区作物的气候生产力,暖干型气候降低了雨养农业区的气候产量,水分和肥力条件是决定因素.以提高有限降水利用率和利用效率、改善和提升土壤质量及肥力为核心,选育强抗逆、弱冬性、中晚熟、高水分利用效率的作物新品种,建立适温、适水的种植结构和种植制度,是甘肃省应对气候变化进行粮食生产的主要发展方向.     

中国北方气候暖干化对粮食作物的影响及应对措施

东北、华北和西北50a来的平均气温增幅高于全国平均水平,气候变暖明显,尤其冬季增温最显著。区域增暖的极端最低气温远比极端最高气温的贡献大。东北、华北大部、西北东部降水量明显减少,平均每10a减少20—40mm,尤其春夏季减少最明显。这种趋势一直延续到20世纪90年代以后,干旱化趋势非常突出。在综述我国北方现代气候变化基本特征是暖干化的基础上,重点阐述了喜凉作物冬小麦、春小麦、马铃薯和喜温作物水稻、玉米、谷子、糜子等7种主要粮食作物的生长发育、品种熟性、种植区域与面积、产量与品质等对气候暖干化的响应特征。揭示了气候暖干化使春播作物播期提早,苗期生长发育速度加快,营养生长期提前,生殖生长期和全生育期延长;秋作物发育期推迟,生殖生长期和全生长期延长;越冬作物播期推迟,越冬死亡率降低,种植风险减少,春初提前返青,生殖生长期提早,全生育期缩短。使作物适宜种植区域向高纬度高海拔扩展;品种熟性向偏中晚熟高产品种发展;喜温作物和越冬作物以及冷凉气候区的作物种植面积迅速扩大;在旱作区种植不较耐旱的玉米、春小麦等作物种植面积受到制约。对雨养农业区的作物气候产量影响严重,尤其对不够耐旱的小麦和玉米的气候产量受影响最大;对较耐旱的谷子、糜子、马铃薯等影响较轻。从作物属性而言,对喜温作物水稻、玉米和越冬作物冬小麦有利于气候产量提高;对喜凉作物春小麦和马铃薯的气候产量将产生不利影响。同时,提出了从5个方面应对气候暖干化的技术措施,调整作物种植结构,确保粮食生产安全;根据不同气候年型调整各种作物种植比例;针对不同气候区域发展优势作物和配置作物种植格局;采取不同栽培技术和管理模式应对气候变化;采取综合配套技术提髙抵御灾害能力。为粮食作物安全生产和种植结构调整与布局提供科学依据。     

Effects of climate change and crop planting structure on the abundance of cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The interactions between plants and insects play an important role in ecosystems. Climate change and cropping patterns can affect herbivorous pest insect dynamics. Understanding the reasons for population fluctuations can help improve integrated pest management strategies. Here, a 25‐year dataset on climate, cropping planting structure, and the population dynamics of cotton bollworms (Helicoverpa armigera) from Bachu County, south Xinjiang, China, was analyzed to assess the effects of changes in climate and crop planting structure on the population dynamics of H. armigera. The three generations of H. armigera showed increasing trends in population size with climate warming, especially in the third generation. The relative abundances of the first and second generations decreased, but that of the third generation increased. Rising temperature and precipitation produced different impacts on the development of different generations. The population numbers of H. armigera increased with the increase in the non‐Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton‐planted area. Asynchrony of abrupt changes existed among climate change, crop flowering dates, and the phenology of H. armigera moths. The asynchronous responses in crop flowering dates and phenology of H. armigera to climate warming would expand in the future. The primary factors affecting the first, second, and third generations of moths were T_mean in June, the last appearance date of the second generation of moths, and the duration of the third generation of moths, respectively. To reduce the harm to crops caused by H. armigera, Bt cotton should be widely planted.     

Potential impact of climate change on selected agricultural crops in north-eastern Austria

The vulnerability and adaptation of major agricultural crops to various soils in north‐eastern Austria under a changing climate were investigated. The CERES crop model for winter wheat and the CROPGRO model for soybean were validated for the agrometeorological conditions in the selected region. The simulated winter wheat and soybean yields in most cases agreed with the measured data. Several incremental and transient global circulation model (GCM) climate change scenarios were created and used in the study. In these scenarios, annual temperatures in the selected region are expected to rise between 0.9 and 4.8 °C from the 2020s to the 2080s. The results show that warming will decrease the crop‐growing duration of the selected crops. For winter wheat, a gradual increase in air temperature resulted in a yield decrease. Incremental warming, especially in combination with an increase in precipitation, leads to higher soybean yield. A drier climate will reduce soybean yield, especially on soils with low water storage capacity. All transient GCM climate change scenarios for the 21st century, including the adjustment for only air temperature, precipitation and solar radiation, projected reductions of winter wheat yield. However, when the direct effect of increased levels of CO₂ concentration was assumed, all GCM climate change scenarios projected an increase in winter wheat yield in the region. The increase in simulated soybean yield for the 21st century was primarily because of the positive impact of warming and especially of the beneficial influence of the direct CO₂ effect. Changes in climate variability were found to affect winter wheat and soybean yield in various ways. Results from the adaptation assessments suggest that changes in sowing date, winter wheat and soybean cultivar selection could significantly affect crop production in the 21st century.     

Spring phenology of cotton bollworm affects wheat yield

Climate change has changed numerous species phenologies. Understanding the asynchronous responses between pest insects and host plants to climate change is helpful in improving integrated pest management. It is necessary to use long‐term data to analyze the effects of climate change on cotton bollworm and wheat anthesis. Data for cotton bollworm, wheat yield, and wheat anthesis collected since 1990 were analyzed using linear regression and partial least‐squares regression, as well as the Mann–Kendall test. The results showed that warmer temperatures in the spring advanced the phenologies of cotton bollworm and wheat anthesis, but the phenology changes in overwintering cotton bollworm were faster than those in wheat anthesis, and the eclosion period of overwintering was prolonged, resulting in an increase in overwintering adult abundance. This might lead to more first‐generation larvae and subsequent wheat damage. An early or late first‐appearance date significantly affected the eclosion days. The abrupt changes of phenologies in cotton bollworm, wheat anthesis, and climate were asynchronous, but the abrupt phenology changes occurred after or around the climate abrupt change, especially after or around the abrupt changes of temperature in March and April. The expansion of asynchronous responses in the change rate of wheat anthesis and overwintering cotton bollworm would likely decrease wheat yield due to climate warming in the future. Accumulated temperature was the major affecting factor on the first eclosion date (t₁), adult abundance, and eclosion days. Temperatures in March and April and precipitation in the winter mainly affected the prepeak date (t₂), peak date (t₃), and postpeak date (t₄), respectively, and these factors indirectly affected wheat yield. Thus, the change in the spring phenology of the cotton bollworm and wheat anthesis, and hence wheat yield, was affected by climate warming.     

区域种植业气候适宜度及其对种植活动的响应——以四川省盐亭县为例

在分析盐亭县近63年来(1950—2012)种植业生产发展的基础上,选取该县农村社会经济条件相对稳定的近32年(1981—2012)为研究时段。运用农业生态气候适宜度方法,依据水稻、红薯、玉米、小麦和油菜等5种主要作物生育期的光、热、水等气候条件,分别估算各种作物的资源适宜指数、效能适宜指数和利用指数,构建小尺度区域种植业气候适宜度模型和种植活动对区域种植业气候适宜度的影响度模型,进行小尺度区域种植业气候适宜度以及种植活动对种植业气候适宜度的影响度估算,并对种植业生产对气候变化的适应进行探讨。研究结果表明,(1)近32年来盐亭县大春作物的平均资源适宜指数、效能适宜指数和利用指数(分别为0.578、0.281和48.37%)均大于小春作物(分别为0.304、0.128和42.24%),大春作物的气候适宜度高于小春作物,且作物间的气候适宜度差异较大。(2)受季风气候波动的影响,该县作物气候适宜度有明显的年际波动;该县近32年来气候变化对大春作物气候适宜度有轻微不利影响,而对小春作物气候适宜度趋于有利。(3)盐亭县近32年来种植业平均的资源适宜指数为0.466、效能适宜指数为0.212、利用指数为45.49%;受5种作物资源适宜指数、效能适宜指数,以及作物播种面积与产量年际波动的综合影响,该县种植业气候适宜度亦有明显的年际波动;气候变化对该县种植业气候适宜度总体上有不利影响。(4)近32年来该县种植活动对种植业气候适宜度的影响度平均值为0.00092,其年际波动较大。通过作物种植组合结构的调整,在20世纪90年代中期前对种植业气候适宜度的提高有微弱的正向影响,对气候变化有一定程度的适应;而后期则有负向作用。     

Crop responses to climatic variation

The yield and quality of food crops is central to the well being of humans and is directly affected by climate and weather. Initial studies of climate change on crops focussed on effects of increased carbon dioxide (CO2) level and/or global mean temperature and/or rainfall and nutrition on crop production. However, crops can respond nonlinearly to changes in their growing conditions, exhibit threshold responses and are subject to combinations of stress factors that affect their growth, development and yield. Thus, climate variability and changes in the frequency of extreme events are important for yield, its stability and quality. In this context, threshold temperatures for crop processes are found not to differ greatly for different crops and are important to define for the major food crops, to assist climate modellers predict the occurrence of crop critical temperatures and their temporal resolution. This paper demonstrates the impacts of climate variability for crop production in a number of crops. Increasing temperature and precipitation variability increases the risks to yield, as shown via computer simulation and experimental studies. The issue of food quality has not been given sufficient importance when assessing the impact of climate change for food and this is addressed. Using simulation models of wheat, the concentration of grain protein is shown to respond to changes in the mean and variability of temperature and precipitation events. The paper concludes with discussion of adaptation possibilities for crops in response to drought and argues that characters that enable better exploration of the soil and slower leaf canopy expansion could lead to crop higher transpiration efficiency.     

未来10年黄土高原气候变化对农业和生态环境的影响

利用区域气候模式PRECIS输出的未来A2和B2气候情景及基准气候时段逐日资料,选择生态环境极其脆弱的黄土高原为研究区,分析了未来10a黄土高原气候变化特征及其对主要农作物和生态环境的影响。结果表明,未来10a,黄土高原光热资源增加,降水量减少。增温将对冬小麦和春玉米产量影响较大,对马铃薯产量的影响程度可能较小,但降水量减少对主要农作物的产量都有较大影响。在主要作物品种不发生较大变化的前提下,作物生育期太阳辐射和积温增加可能导致生育期需水量增加10%-15%,冬小麦、春玉米和马铃薯的播期分别延迟或提前1-3d,收获期提前1-2d,生育期缩短3-5d,可能引起冬小麦和春玉米气候产量下降50%-100%。未来10a,降水量减少可能导致草地盖度的增幅下降和人工林地稀疏化,引起黄土高原片状水力侵蚀程度下降。但突发性暴雨洪水和土地利用现状改变可能增强切沟溯源冲蚀能力,增加了黄土高原水土流失和农田及道路被冲毁的风险。