山楂果中原花青素提取工艺研究

优选回流提取方法,以山楂果中原花青素含量为考察指标,研究提取溶剂种类、浓度、提取温度、料液比、提取时间、提取次数等因素对原花青素提取效果的影响。通过正交实验,确定山楂果中原花青素的最佳提取工艺条件为:提取溶剂70%乙醇,提取温度80℃,料液比1∶15,提取时间2 h,提取3次。     

原花青素对亚硝化反应的抑制作用研究

研究了葡萄籽原花青素的最佳提取条件,及其对亚硝化反应的抑制作用。结果表明：原花青素的最佳提取条件为60％乙醇,料液比1：5,50℃水浴回流1h,其对亚硝胺合成的最大阻断率为91．2％,对亚硝酸钠的最大清除率为88．3％。     

蕨类植物花青素和原花青素成分及含量分析

以7目14科共44种蕨类植物为材料,对它们的花青素、原花青素和总黄酮含量进行检测。结果显示,44种蕨类植物均含有花青素,较为进化的水龙骨目植物的总花青素平均含量明显高于其它蕨类植物。矢车菊素、飞燕草素和天竺葵素是蕨类植物主要的花青素类型,其中乌毛蕨科植物富含矢车菊素,鳞毛蕨科植物富含飞燕草素。本研究中大部分蕨类含有原花青素,水龙骨目植物的原花青素平均含量高于其它蕨类。研究结果表明,蕨类植物中花青素和原花青素等黄酮类化合物的分布与植物科属相关,推测花青素与蕨类植物的生长发育和抗逆过程相关。     

原花青素提取及微胶囊化研究

作为葡萄加工的副产物,葡萄籽中富含葡萄籽油和低聚原花青素。作者利用超临界二氧化碳萃取葡萄籽后所得的残渣为原料,以含有0.8%醋酸的乙醇溶液为提取剂来提取其中的原花青素,在55℃条件下进行两次重复提取,葡萄籽残渣与提取液的比例控制在1∶8(W/V),每次提取60 min,原料中原花青素的提取率可以达到98.2%;为提高产品的贮藏稳定性,还对以阿拉伯胶与麦芽糊精组合作为原花青素微胶囊壁材来进行微胶囊化的工艺进行研究,结果表明在阿拉伯胶占壁材40%、芯壁材比为3∶7,混合液中固形物含量为20%的条件下,经喷雾干燥后所得原花青素的产率为88.84%,微胶囊化效率达到99.2%。检测结果表明,原花青素紫外吸收光谱在微胶囊化前后没有变化,而其贮藏稳定性得到提高。     

苹果不同品种果实原花青素含量及其动态变化

用香草醛-盐酸法测定了苹果(Malus domestica Mill.)5个品种的幼果和成熟果原花青素含量,并对品种‘富士'和‘新红星'果实发育期间原花青素含量的变化动态进行了研究.结果表明,苹果幼果富含原花青素,5个品种含量在8.46～13.90 mg*g-1(FW)之间,以品种‘金冠'最高,‘乔纳金'次之.苹果成熟果实原花青素主要存在于果皮中,含量达4.232～7.307 mg*g-1(FW),果肉中含量为0.525～1.034 mg*g-1(FW),以品种‘新红星'和‘富士'最高.‘富士'和‘新红星'果实发育期间原花青素含量变化动态基本一致,发育早期果皮原花青素含量呈增加趋势,5月底达最高值,之后下降,7月中旬以后基本稳定;果肉原花青素含量一直呈下降趋势,8月中旬以后基本保持稳定.     

原花青素聚合作用机理研究进展

原花青素是一类通过植物类黄酮次生代谢途径合成的聚多酚类化合物,它具有抗紫外线、抗病、抗虫,清除自由基,调节种子休眠和萌发等生理功能。该文对近年来国内外有关原花青素的结构类型和生物合成机制、原花青素聚合作用机理(包括:原花青素的聚合作用发生在植物细胞中央大液泡、缩合过程中延伸单元前体可能为无色花青素、黄烷-3-醇和花青素等假说)、以及推测参与催化聚合反应的缩合酶(包括:植物多酚氧化酶、植物漆酶和植物过氧化酶)等方面的研究进展进行综述,为深入研究原花青素生物合成机制提供资料。     

山葡萄籽中原花青素的提取

研究了提取溶剂、温度、时间、料液比4个因素对山葡萄籽中原花青素得率的影响。确定最佳提取工艺：以70％丙酮为提取荆，在60℃条件下，提取120min，料液比为1：7，原花青素的得率为2．31％     

原花青素防癌抗癌作用研究进展

综述了原花青素对各种癌症的预防或治疗作用。     

植物原花青素生物合成及调控研究进展

原花青素是通过类黄酮途径生成的一类多酚类化合物。原花青素具有重要的生物学功能,不仅是植物应对生物和非生物胁迫的一种重要防御手段,还能影响植物外观、风味和品质,因此原花青素合成途径一直是作物性状改良的研究热点。该文主要在模式植物拟南芥研究的基础上,综述了原花青素生物合成研究的最新进展,讨论了原花青素遗传工程应用前景和主要限制因素,旨在为进一步开展原花青素的研究和应用提供参考。     

锁阳原花青素对葡萄糖/甘氨酸模拟体系糖基化终产物的抑制效果

为探究锁阳原花青素对葡萄糖/甘氨酸模拟体系中形成的晚期糖基化终产物(advanced glycation end-product,AGEs)的抑制效果。本实验考察了不同温度,不同反应时间下锁阳原花青素对体系中AGEs抑制的影响,同时探讨了多种金属离子对抑制效果的作用。结果表明:在80℃下加热75 min,锁阳原花青素的质量浓度为1 mg/mL时,对AGEs的抑制效果可达85.73%±1.57%,而100℃下加热30 min时抑制率达到74.01%±1.45%。当加入金属离子(Al³⁺、Cu²⁺、Fe²⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、Zn²⁺)时,对AGEs的形成既有抑制作用也有促进作用;与仅有锁阳原花青素存在时相比,金属离子在低浓度时减弱了锁阳原花青素对AGEs的抑制作用,高浓度差异显著。此结果可为天然AGEs抑制剂的开发和在食品中应用提供参考价值。     

The Arabidopsis tt19-4 mutant differentially accumulates proanthocyanidin and anthocyanin through a 3' amino acid substitution in glutathione S-transferase

The Arabidopsis transparent testa (tt) mutant tt19-4 shows reduced seed coat colour, but stains darkly with DMACA and accumulates anthocyanins in aerial tissues. Positional cloning showed that tt19-4 was allelic to tt19-1 and has a G-to-T mutation in a conserved 3'-domain in the TT19-4 gene. Soluble and unextractable seed proanthocyanidins and hydrolysis of unextractable proanthocyanidin differ between wild-type Col-4 and both mutants. However, seed quercetins, unextractable proanthocyanidin hydrolysis, and seedling anthocyanin content, and flavonoid gene expression differ between tt19-1 and tt19-4. Transformation of tt19-1 with a TT19-4 cDNA results in vegetative anthocyanins, whereas TT19-4 cDNA cannot complement the proanthocyanidin and pale seed coat phenotype of tt19-1. Both recombinant TT19 and TT19-4 enzymes are functional GSTs and are localized in the cytosol, but TT19 did not function with wide range of flavonoids and natural products to produce conjugation products. We suggest that the dark seed coat of Arabidopsis is related to soluble proanthocyanidin content and that quercetin holds the key to the function of TT19. In addition, TT19 appears to have a 5' GSH-binding domain influencing both anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin accumulation and a 3' domain affecting proanthocyanidin accumulation by a single amino acid substitution.     

Analyses of Polyphenols in Cacao Liquor,Cocoa, and Chocolate by Normal-Phase and Reversed-Phase HPLC

The antioxidant polyphenols in cacao liquor, a major ingredient of chocolate and cocoa, have been characterized as flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidin oligomers. In this study, various cacao products were analyzed by normal-phase HPLC, and the profiles and quantities of the polyphenols present, grouped by molecular size (monomers~oligomers), were compared. Individual cacao polyphenols, flavan-3-ols (catechin and epicatechin), and dimeric (procyanidin B2), trimeric (procyanidin C1), and tetrameric (cinnamtannin A2) proanthocyanidins, and galactopyranosyl-ent-(-)-epicatechin (2α→7, 4α→8)-(-)-epicatechin (Gal-EC-EC), were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC and/or HPLC/MS. The profile of monomers (catechins) and proanthocyanidin in dark chocolate was similar to that of cacao liquor, while the ratio of flavan-3-ols to the total amount of monomeric and oligomeric polyphenols in the case of pure cocoa powder was higher than that in the case of cacao liquor or chocolate.     

Polymeric proanthocyanidins of Photinia glabrescens, modification of molecular weight and nature of products from hydrogenolysis

The hydrogenolysis of Photinia glabrescens proanthocyanidin polymer was investigated. Among the low MW products identified were phloroglucinol, catechin, epicatechin, 1 - (3, 4 - dihydroxyphenyl) - 3 - (2, 4, 6 -trihydroxyphenyl) propan - 2 - ol and the procyanidin dimers B1 and B2. Initial reaction products may be related to the known structure of the polymer. The yield of the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction reached a maximum after about 3 hr of hydrogenation and the major oligomeric fractions had significantly lower MWs than the parent polymer.     

Construction of the seed-coat cDNA microarray and screening of differentially expressed genes in barley

Proanthocyanidins are dimeric or polymeric conden-sation products of the flavonoids, including catechin,epicatechin or gallocatechin with leucocyanidin, leuco-pelargonidin or leucodelphinidin [1]. They are prominentcolorless compounds, and are found widely existed inthe bark of trees, leaves, fruits, flowers and seed coats.They have many natural functions, such as antioxidantproperties [2] and insect resistance [3]. In forage, theycan bind and precipitate dietary proteins, thus protectthe anim…     

Hydrolysable tannins and proanthocyanidins from green tea

Two hydrolysable tannins were isolated from green tea, and their structures were characterized by chemical and spectral means as 1,4,6-tri-O -galloyl-β-d-glucose and 1-O-galloyl-4,6-(?)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-β-d-glucose. In addition, a new proanthocyanidin gallate was isolated, together with the known procyanidins B-2, B-4 and C-1. The structure of the proanthocyanidin was established as epigallocatechin-(4β → 8)-3-O-galloylepicatechin.     

Molecular weight averages and 13C NMR intensities provide evidence for branching in proanthocyanidin polymers

Molecular weight distributions for several proanthocyanidin polymers (condensed tannins) have previously been shown to be characterized by DP_w/DP_n > 2, where DP denotes the degree of polymerization. Molecular weight ratios of the size observed experimentally are expected if a few percent of the units form trifunctional branch points. An independent assessment of the extent of branching can be obtained from analysis of intensities of resonances in the ¹³C NMR spectra. Similar branch contents are deduced from DP_w/DP_n and from the spectral analysis. In the case of the Chinese quince (Chaenomeles chinensis) polymer, about 3% of the epicatechin units form trifunctional branch points.     

Jasmonate induces biosynthesis of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin in apple by mediating the JAZ1–TRB1–MYB9 complex

Jasmonate (JA) induces the biosynthesis of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin. MdMYB9 is essential for modulating the accumulation of both anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin in apple, but the molecular mechanism for induction of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by JA is unclear. In this study, we discovered an apple telomere-binding protein (MdTRB1) to be the interacting protein of MdMYB9. A series of biological assays showed that MdTRB1 acted as a positive modulator of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin accumulation, and is dependent on MdMYB9. MdTRB1 interacted with MdMYB9 and enhanced the activation activity of MdMYB9 to its downstream genes. In addition, we found that the JA signaling repressor MdJAZ1 interacted with MdTRB1 and interfered with the interaction between MdTRB1 and MdMYB9, therefore negatively modulating MdTRB1-promoted biosynthesis of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin. These results show that the JAZ1–TRB1–MYB9 module dynamically modulates JA-mediated accumulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin. Taken together, our data further expand the functional study of TRB1 and provide insights for further studies of the modulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by JA.     

Optimized ultra-high-pressure-assisted extraction of procyanidins from lychee pericarp improves the antioxidant activity of extracts

To establish optimal ultra-high-pressure (UHP)-assisted extraction conditions for procyanidins from lychee pericarp, a response surface analysis method with four factors and three levels was adopted. The optimum conditions were as follows: 295 MPa pressure, 13 min pressure holding time, 16.0 mL/g liquid-to-solid ratio, and 70% ethanol concentration. Compared with conventional ethanol extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction methods, the yields of the total procyanidins, flavonoids, and phenolics extracted using the UHP process were significantly increased; consequently, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity and cellular antioxidant activity of UHP-assisted lychee pericarp extracts were substantially enhanced. LC-MS/MS and high-performance liquid chromatography quantification results for individual phenolic compounds revealed that the yield of procyanidin compounds, including epicatechin, procyanidin A2, and procyanidin B2, from lychee pericarp could be significantly improved by the UHP-assisted extraction process. This UHP-assisted extraction process is thus a practical method for the extraction of procyanidins from lychee pericarp.