海南岛热带森林景观类型多样性

依据景观生态学原理,按地貌、气候、土壤、植被和土地利用方式的分异,以带、域、省、区、类型为5个基本单位及亚、组等为辅助单位,组建海南岛热带森林景观类型分类体系。把海南岛热带森林景观作为省级单位,它隶属于全球热带林景观带、亚洲（东方）热带林景观域、中国热带林景观亚域,其下划分为东部潮湿森林景观、西部半干旱森林景观、中南部山地森林景观、热带常绿针叶林景观、热带竹林景观和热带人工林景观6个森林景观区;以热带低地沟谷热带雨林为代表的11个森林景观亚区;以热带低地沟谷龙脑香森林景观为代表的26个森林景观类型组;以热带低地沟谷青皮林为代表的54个森林景观类型。海南岛热带森林景观类型分类体系较全面地表达了海南岛热带森林景观类型多样性。     

黄河三角洲地区人类活动对景观结构的影响分析──以山东省东营市为例

景观生态学是研究由不同生态系统所组成的景观的空间结构、相互作用、功能及动态变化。研究人类活动的区域差异对景观结构的影响,探讨人类活动的强弱对生物生境和资源分布格局的干扰,成为景观生态学研究的一个重要方面。本文以我国黄河三角洲地区东营市为研究区域,通过选取景观多样性、优势度、景观破碎度和景观分离度作为评价指标,分析了该区人类活动和景观结构之间的关系。研究表明,人类活动对景观结构具有显著的影响,主要表现在：１）人类活动对景观多样性有较为明显的影响,随着人类活动的加强,景观多样性降低。２）人类活动的强度与景观的破碎度成正比关系,随着人类活动的加强,景观越破碎,其破碎度的值越大,人类活动越弱,景观破碎度的值越小。３）景观分离度与人类活动的关系较为复杂,表现为两个方面,与人类活动密切相关的景观类型,如耕地和居民点及工矿用地,景观的分离度与人类活动强度成反比关系,对于那些受人类影响遗留下的自然或半自然景观类型,如：草地、水域、盐碱地及荒地,景观的分离度和人类活动成正比关系。     

山东泰山地区景观结构变化及其分形分析

将泰山风景区划分为 8个区域 11个基本景观类型 ,包括松林、栎林、刺槐林、侧柏林、针阔叶混交林、经济林、灌丛、裸岩、荒地、水体、建筑。在此基础上 ,利用 3S技术和分形理论对各个景观要素进行了分析 ,并讨论了景观特性及其变化的分形性质。结果表明 :(1)分维值的大小反映了景观斑块面积、斑块数量和平均斑块面积等因素的相互作用 ,在一定尺度下分维的大小反映了区域内景观斑块的不规则程度和复杂程度 ,斑块越不规则、越复杂 ,其分维越大 ,反之亦然。在泰山地区 ,自 1986年至 2 0 0 1年 ,刺槐林一直保持着较高的分维值 ,其它景观类型的分维值则差别不大 ,而针阔叶混交林的分维值变化较大 ;(2 )森林景观受多种因子的影响 ,在高海拔区域主要受垂直地带性规律影响为主 ,在旅游区主要受人类活动的影响为主 ,15 a来各个区域分形维数的总体变化趋势相似 ;(3)大部分区域在 2 0 0 1年的景观多样性、破碎度高于 1986年的 ,而景观优势度则略为下降     

基于遥感数据源的景观分析系统的设计与实现

在Ｖｉｓｕａｌ Ｃ＋＋环境下,设计并实现了一个景观分析系统。该系统采用提取斑块边界象素集的方法,提高了斑块搜索的速度,而且提供了斑块间距离计算、相邻斑块间边界长度计算等景观分析功能。该系统被应用到北京西北郊同分析中。通过分析表明,该系统不仅能计算面积、周长、中心坐标和最近同类型斑块的距离等单个斑块指数,而且能在此基础上计算景观类型和整个景观层次上的各种指数,从而弥补了目前多数地理信息系统在分析应用     

科尔沁沙地景观研究中的尺度效应

从研究区域取样尺度和分析尺度两个方面入手 ,对科尔沁沙地景观的尺度效应进行了分析 ,结果表明 :取样尺度的尺度效应可以通过回归分析和统计分析来判断其变化趋势和范围。回归分析的结果表明 ,景观中斑块数量 ( y)与取样面积 ( x)之间有很好的拟合关系 y=- 7.1 2 82 x+ 2 2 0 .31 ( R=0 .95 8>0 .70 8=α0 .0 1(10 ) ) ;最大斑块面积 ( y)和取样面积 ( x)二者的关系为 y=0 .0 0 4 x2 - 0 .0 0 96x+ 0 .3346( R=0 .947>0 .70 8=α0 .0 1(10 ) ) ,关系密切。取样面积对景观结构特征的影响分析显示 ,在取样面积最小为 0 .2 8的情况下 ,景观多样性指数的变化为抛物线型 ,在取样面积约为研究区面积的一半左右时 ,景观多样性最高 ,为1 .931。不同取样面积的平均多样性指数为 1 .863(± 0 .0 75 )。从景观优势度指数的变化来看 ,呈倒抛物线型。在取样面积约为研究区面积的一半左右时 ,优势度最低 ,为 0 .467。不同取样面积的平均优势度指数为0 .5 34(± 0 .0 75 )。在取样面积不变的情况下 ,研究尺度的分析表明 ,沙地景观间隙度具有分形结构。间隙度与研究斑块的占有概率有关 ,占有概率越高 ,分维数越大。在研究对象占有概率相同的情况下 ,不同分布格局存在不同的景观间隙度 ,研究尺度越大 ,差别越大。相对而     

景观生态学与生物多样性保护

景观生态学的发展为生物多样性保护提供了新理论,方法和技术手段,从景观多样性与遗传多样性,物种多样性,生态系统多样性各层次生物多样性之间的相互关系及生物多样性保护的景观规划等方面评述近年来景观生态学应用于生物多样性保护的主要内容及研究进展,阐述了生物多样性动态及反馈,生物多样性保护的地理途径（ＧＡＰ分析）,景观生态安全格局,区域和大陆尺度的生态网络等一些新的概念和方法。     

石河子莫索湾垦区绿洲景观格局变化分析

以新疆石河子１５０团场为例,从景观多样性、优势度、均匀度、分离度、分维数、嵌块体伸长指数、聚集度、嵌块体数目破碎化指数、嵌块体形状碎化指数等９个方面,对其景观格局进行了分析,结果表明：随着干扰时间的延长,整个景观的多样性和均匀度下降,而优势度聚集度指数值增加,这说明,该团场绿洲愈来愈由少数嵌块体类型所控制,嵌块体伸长度指数的增加与分维数的下降则说明,该团场绿洲嵌块体形状有愈加规则、愈趋简单势。而嵌块体形状破碎化指标数、数目破碎化指数、分离度指数的变化情况显示,１５０团场绿洲景观的破碎化程度在逐渐增加,其中以自然和半自然嵌块体的影响最大,对于人工景观而言,这意味着人类活动对１５０团绿洲施加的直接影响在逐渐减弱、而间接影响在增强。     

海南岛霸王岭垂直带热带植被物种多样性的空间分析

以常用的Shannon-Wiener指数,Simpson指数以及新近提出的两个非参数指数(Chao多样性指数和二阶刀切法多样性指数),计测了海南岛霸王岭垂直带上不同植被类型(包括热带低山雨林、热带山地雨林、热带云雾林、热带山地矮林)的物种多样性.在此基础上,借助地理信息系统的空间分析技术,模拟绘制了整个梯度的多样性变化谱.总体而言,样带下部的物种多样性高于上部,或者说热带低山雨林与热带山地雨林的物种多样性高于热带云雾林与热带山地矮林,而南部稍高于北部.这种基于插值方法的空间分析技术为探索植被结构分析提供了一条新的途径.     

海南岛霸王岭垂直带热带植被物多样性的空间分析

以常用的Shannon-Wiener指数,Simpson指数以及新近提出的两个非参数指数（Chao多样性指数和二阶刀切法多样性指数）,计测了海南岛霸王岭垂直止不同植被类型（包括热带低山雨林、热带山地雨林、热带云雾林、热带山地矮林）的物种多样性。在此基础上,借助地理信息系统的空间分析技术,模拟绘制了整经度的多样性变化谱。总体而言,样带下部的物种多样性高于上部,或者说热带低山雨林与热带山地雨林的物种多样性高于热带云雾林与热带山地矮林,而南部稍高于北部。这种基于插值方法的空间分析技术为探索植被结构分析提供了一条新的途径。     

Diversity of tropical forest landscape types in Hainan Island, China

A novel landscape classification system was proposed in this study based on landscape ecological theory and the differentiation in climate, topography, soil, vegetation and land use mode. Five basic units (zone, tract, province, region and type) and two assistant units (sub and group) were used in this system. The tropical forest landscape in Hainan Island was regarded as a landscape province, belonging to global tropical forest landscape zone, Asiatic (oriental) tropical forest landscape tract and Chinese tropical forest landscape subtract. Based on the grade system of region, sub-region, type-group and type, this landscape province (Hainan Island) is divided into 6 landscape regions (east moist forest landscape, west semi-arid forest landscape, central-south mountainous forest landscape, tropical evergreen needle-leaved forest landscape, tropical bamboo landscape and tropical plantation landscape), 11 tropical forest landscape sub-regions represented by tropical lowland valley rain forest landscape, 26 tropical forest landscape-type groups represented by tropical lowland valley Dipterocarpaceae forest landscape, and 54 forest landscape types (FLT) represented by lowland valley Vatica mangachapoi forest. Generally, this classification system represents the landscape diversity of the tropical forest in Hainan Island. Further studies are needed to better understand the landscape diversity of Hainan Island.     

Diversity of tropical forest landscape types in Hainan Island, China

A novel landscape classification system was proposed in this study based on landscape ecological theory and the differentiation in climate, topography, soil, vegetation and land use mode. Five basic units (zone, tract, province, region and type) and two assistant units (sub and group) were used in this system. The tropical forest landscape in Hainan Island was regarded as a landscape province, belonging to global tropical forest landscape zone, Asiatic (oriental) tropical forest landscape tract and Chinese tropical forest landscape subtract. Based on the grade system of region, sub-region, type-group and type, this landscape province (Hainan Island) is divided into 6 landscape regions (east moist forest landscape, west semi-arid forest landscape, central-south mountainous forest landscape, tropical evergreen needle-leaved forest landscape, tropical bamboo landscape and tropical plantation landscape), 11 tropical forest landscape sub-regions represented by tropical lowland valley rain forest landscape, 26 tropical forest landscape-type groups represented by tropical lowland valley Dipterocarpaceae forest landscape, and 54 forest landscape types (FLT) represented by lowland valley Vatica mangachapoi forest. Generally, this classification system represents the landscape diversity of the tropical forest in Hainan Island. Further studies are needed to better understand the landscape diversity of Hainan Island.     

川西丘陵区景观空间格局分析

采用分形维数、平均斑块面积、形状指数和伸张度分析了川西不同丘陵地貌区灌溉水田、一般旱地、果园、有林地和农村居民点斑块的空间格局特征,并用分形维数、平均斑块面积和Shannon-Weiner指数3种方法研究了浅丘、中丘和高丘的综合景观特征。结果表明,不同景观斑块在同一丘陵区内的格局特征不同,同一景观斑块在3种丘陵区的格局也有差异。浅丘、中丘和高丘的综合景观格局特点是随着地势起伏的增加、人类活动和土地利用强度的减弱,分形维数增加,从1.1865到1.3123;斑块平均面积则依次变小,从2.2204hm^2减少到1.2403hm^2。3种丘陵区的景观多样性指数分别为1.7199、1.9802和2.0898。     

海南岛蜥蜴类多样性

经过多年调查,共得海南岛蜥蜴类动物标本238号,隶属5科16属22种。综合文献记录,海南岛实有蜥蜴类动物8科19属28种,约占全国总数的17％,多于福建,与广东省（含香港）相当,略少于台湾和广西。海南蜥蜴类均为东洋界物种,物种多样性较高,但特有种较少。     

基于景观格局和生态敏感性的海南西部地区生态脆弱性分析

以海南岛西部地区为研究对象,选取分离度、分形维数、破碎度3个景观格局指标和土地沙化、土壤侵蚀2个敏感性指数,构建景观类型脆弱度和区域生态脆弱度模型,从景观格局与生态系统敏感性相结合角度探讨了区域生态环境脆弱性问题。结果表明：（1）研究区耕地的景观类型脆弱度最大,林地次之,水域最小;（2）相关分析显示,景观类型脆弱度与沙化敏感性、景观类型脆弱度与破碎度、破碎度与土地沙化敏感性、破碎度与区域生态环境脆弱性之间存在着显著和极显著的正相关关系;（3）区域生态环境脆弱性分区的空间分布与客观实际吻合良好,表现为：水平方向上,生态脆弱度大体平行于海岸线,呈条带状分布,离海岸线的距离越近脆弱度值越高;垂直方向上,生态脆弱度具有随海拔增高坡度变大而出现增大的趋势;（4）格局指数与区域生态环境脆弱性驱动力间的关联分析,表明琼西区域景观特征和区域生态环境脆弱性的变化主要受人类活动所调控,同时,还受控于海洋和地貌两大自然因素。区域生态脆弱性格局指标与脆弱性驱动力之间有着良好的信息反馈联系;（5）从景观视角出发,建立起景观信息与区域生态环境响应之间的联系,可以从更广、更高层面上来分析与评价区域环境问题,并为区域生态环境的建设提供新的研究方法和思路及有益的实践指导。     

Analysis of the ecological vulnerability of the western Hainan Island based on its landscape pattern and ecosystem sensitivity

The ecological vulnerability of the western Hainan Island of China was assessed using a combined approach of landscape pattern and ecosystem sensitivity. Models were developed using the following five factors: reciprocal of fractal dimension (FD), isolation (FI), fragmentation (FN), sensitivity of land desertification (SD), and sensitivity of soil erosion (SW). The major findings include: (1) the vulnerability of various landscape types was in the following decreasing order: farmland > forestland > water area. This suggests that the ecosystems of farmland and forestland are unstable and sensitive to external disturbances; (2) significantly positive relationships were found between the vulnerability of landscape types (VI) and SD, VI and FN, FN and SD, and FN and EVI (regional eco-environment vulnerability). This suggests that FN and SD have considerable effects on VI and EVI in this case; (3) there is a good agreement between the predicted and the actual distribution of the EVI zones. EVI value tends to decrease with increasing distance from the coastline and increase with increasing altitude; (4) the landscape pattern and the regional ecological vulnerability in this study is predominantly controlled by human activities, although physical factors such as topography and oceanic influences also play roles in the process; and (5) the establishment of relationships between data with respect to landscape and the regional ecological responses could be beneficial in guiding the ecological construction of this region.     

Analysis of the ecological vulnerability of the western Hainan Island based on its landscape pattern and ecosystem sensitivity

The ecological vulnerability of the western Hainan Island of China was assessed using a combined approach of landscape pattern and ecosystem sensitivity. Models were developed using the following five factors: reciprocal of fractal dimension (FD), isolation (FI), fragmentation (FN), sensitivity of land desertification (SD), and sensitivity of soil erosion (SW). The major findings include: (1) the vulnerability of various landscape types was in the following decreasing order: farmland > forestland > water area. This suggests that the ecosystems of farmland and forestland are unstable and sensitive to external disturbances; (2) significantly positive relationships were found between the vulnerability of landscape types (VI) and SD, VI and FN, FN and SD, and FN and EVI (regional eco-environment vulnerability). This suggests that FN and SD have considerable effects on VI and EVI in this case; (3) there is a good agreement between the predicted and the actual distribution of the EVI zones. EVI value tends to decrease with increasing distance from the coastline and increase with increasing altitude; (4) the landscape pattern and the regional ecological vulnerability in this study is predominantly controlled by human activities, although physical factors such as topography and oceanic influences also play roles in the process; and (5) the establishment of relationships between data with respect to landscape and the regional ecological responses could be beneficial in guiding the ecological construction of this region.     

泾河流域分县景观格局特征及相关性

景观生态主要是研究生态系统的空间格局。因而很有必要对空间格局进行数量化的分析,在此基础上进行科学管理。应用斑块数、斑块面积、斑块密度、优势度、聚集度和分维数计算了泾河流域31个县景观格局的特征,首次以景观特征值为基础,将研究区域各县景观进行分类,并对不同类型的景观特征及相关性进行分析。结果表明,近年来流域破碎化程度有所增加,各景观指数值在研究区域之间变异很大。优势度和聚集度比较高的区域土地利用较单一,常常是以农用地为主导如咸阳、泾阳和乾县,或以农地和草地共同主导如环县。而优势度和聚集度较低的区域,土地利用较多样化,农地、林地和草地面积比例相近,如泾源、平凉、陇县、宁县和旬邑,这些县位于黄土丘陵沟壑区和黄土高塬沟壑区。高优势度、高聚集度和低分维数的区域为陕西省咸阳市,为泾河流域冲积平原区,土地利用以大面积的农用地为主导。景观指数的相关分析表明,3种主要的土地利用面积比例之间存在极显著负相关,林地面积和优势度、聚集度有极显著负相关,而草地面积和分维数存在极显著正相关,分维数高的县位于泾河流域中游的黄土高原沟壑区,分维数低的县位于下游河谷阶地和关中平原和黄土高原交界处。这种相关性表明了自然地貌及人类活动对景观的影响和干扰作用。