城市郊区小尺度森林生态系统服务功能评估

该研究以沙塘林场为例,筛选出沙塘林场森林生态系统服务功能评估指标体系,包括7项功能13个指标,并制定具体评价方法。利用广西柳州市沙塘林场2009年森林资源二类调查数据、连续观测数据和社会公共数据,采用?森林生态系统服务功能评估规范?( LY/T1721-2008),评估柳州市郊区小尺度森林生态系统服务功能的总物质量及其价值量。结果表明：沙塘林场每年每公顷涵养水源量为5051.04 m3,固土29.30 t,林分年保肥量1.09 t,固碳5.27 t,释氧11.49 t。沙塘林场森林生态系统服务功能的总价值为78077001元.a-1,每公顷提供的生态服务价值为79630元. hm-2. a-1,沙塘林场各功能项价值量从大到小顺序为涵养水源(52.02％)>固碳释氧(22.36％)>生物多样性保护(12.61％)>净化大气环境(5.06％)>保育土壤(3.84％)>森林游憩(3.09％)>积累营养物质(1.03％)。不同林分类型单位面积生态系统服务功能价值由大到小的顺序为桉类(104673.43元.hm-2.a-1)>其他阔叶林(95538.66元.hm-2.a-1)>经济林(69537.58元.hm-2.a-1)>松类(69433.52元.hm-2.a-1)>杉木类(58820.11元.hm-2.a-1)。沙塘林场单位面积涵养水源量(5051.04 m3.hm-2.a-1)大于广西区单位面积涵养水源量(3368.32m3.hm-2.a-1);沙塘林场的固碳量(5.27 t.hm-2. a-1)大于广西森林的平均固碳量(3.52 t.hm-2.a-1),森林游憩的单位面积价值量也大于广西全区的平均价值量。这说明城市郊区小尺度森林在涵养水源、固碳释氧、森林游憩等方面的生态功能价值在当地生态系统服务功能中起到关键作用。该研究结果可为城市郊区小尺度森林生态功能的评估提供理论参考,为柳州市生态文明建设提供科学依据。     

Evaluation of ecosystem services of Chinese pine forests in China

Evaluation of forest ecosystem services is a hot topic, both in China and at abroad, but it has not yet obtained a consistency of evaluation indicator systems and evaluation methods. Under the framework of evaluation criteria to be implemented for forest ecosystem services, years of consecutive observation data from Long Term Ecological Research Stations affiliated to Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network (CFERN), forest resource inventory and public data were applied to carry out a detailed and dynamic evaluation on the physical quantity and value of ecosystem services of Chinese pine forests in China. The results showed that the above services had the total value and unit value of 1144.9640 billion (1.1449640×10¹²) RMB and 52.074 thousand RMB per hectare per year, respectively during the 9th Five-year Plan (1996–2000), and of 1190.5461 billion RMB and 52.101 thousand RMB per hectare per year, respectively, during the 10th Five-year Plan (2001–2005). For Chinese pine forests, water conservation was 40.40 hundred million cubic meters annually, soil conservation was 67 million tons and C fixation 9 million tons annually, production of healthful negative ions was 1.96×10²⁰, absorption of SO₂ was 5.02 hundred million kilograms and dust-catching was 759.10 hundred million kilograms. Among the 15 provinces of China with Chinese pine forests, the biggest beneficiary from ecosystem services was Liaoning Province; while Hunan Province was the smallest beneficiary between the 9th Five-year Plan.     

山西省森林生态系统服务功能评估

森林生态系统服务功能评估一直是国内外研究热点之一,森林不仅具有经济价值,更有巨大的生态价值。基于山西省2016年森林资源2类调查数据,根据中华人民共和国林业行业标准LY/T1721—2008《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》,对山西省11个地市的主要植被类型生态系统服务功能进行评估。结果表明:1)2016年,山西省森林生态系统服务功能总价值为3172.64亿元,其价值量由大到小的顺序为涵养水源、净化大气环境、保育土壤、固碳释氧、生物多样性保护、林木积累营养物质、森林游憩,其中涵养水源、净化大气环境和保育土壤的价值量共占山西省森林生态系统服务功能总价值的78.98%;2)山西省各市森林生态系统服务功能价值量由大到小的顺序为吕梁市、忻州市、临汾市、晋中市、长治市、运城市、晋城市、大同市、太原市、朔州市、阳泉市,而单位面积价值量最大的是晋城市,最小的是朔州市;3)不同林分类型生态系统服务功能价值量由大到小的顺序为乔木林(油松、栎类、针阔混、阔叶混、桦木及山杨类、落叶松、杨树及软阔类、槐类、柏木、针叶混、云杉、硬阔类和竹林)、灌木林和经济林;4)不同龄组提供的生态系统服务功能价值量由大到小的顺序为中龄林、幼龄林、成过熟林、近熟林。     

Forest ecosystem services of changbai mountain in china

The forest ecosystem of the Changbai Mountain is the most typical upland temperate forest ecosystem in eastern Asia. It is also of the most primitive vegetation type that came into being through the natural succession of soil and vegetation following volcanic eruption. The forest ecosystem has great importance for maintaining the structures and functions of the watershed ecosystems of the Songhua River, the Yalu River and the Tumen River. We combined physical assessment method (PAM) with the value assessment method (VAM) to evaluate the forest ecosystem services of the northern slope of the, including eco-tourism, forest by-products, timber, soil and water conservation, air purification, and the recycling of nutritive elements. We also assessed the integrated forest ecosystem service and analyzed its dynamics. The service value provided by the Changbai Mountain forest ecosystem amounts up to RMB 3.38 × 10¹² yuan, of which, water conservation is 66%, water conservation and air purification together make up 80%, while the timber value is only 7%. Therefore, developing the ecosystem services besides timber is the best way to exert the integrated value of the forest ecosystem services of Changbai Mountain.     

Forest ecosystem services of changbai mountain in china

The forest ecosystem of the Changbai Mountain is the most typical upland temperate forest ecosystem in eastern Asia. It is also of the most primitive vegetation type that came into being through the natural succession of soil and vegetation following volcanic eruption. The forest ecosystem has great importance for maintaining the structures and functions of the watershed ecosystems of the Songhua River, the Yalu River and the Tumen River. We combined physical assessment method (RAM) with the value assessment method (VAM) to evaluate the forest ecosystem services of the northern slope of the Changbai Mountain, including eco-tourism, forest by-products, timber, soil and water conservation, air purification, and the recycling of nutritive elements. We also assessed the integrated forest ecosystem service and analyzed its dynamics. The service value provided by the Changbai Mountain forest ecosystem amounts up to RMB 3.38×1012 yuan, of which, water conservation is 66%, water conservation and air purificatio     

中国森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

森林作为陆地生态系统的主体,在全球生态系统中发挥举足轻重的作用,其服务功能价值的评估是研究的一个热点。本研究根据全国第5次资源清查资料(1994~1998年)及Costanza等人的计算方法估算了我国森林生态系统八项服务功能的总价值为30601.20×108yuan/a,其中间接价值是直接经济价值的14.94倍;在我国森林生态系统中,单位面积的各种森林生态系统所提供的年平均价值为23095.25yuan/(hm2·a)。在森林涵养水源、固碳释氧、营养物质循环、净化空气和保护土壤五项服务功能中,热带雨林、季雨林单位面积所提供的价值量最大为32417.45yuan/(hm2·a),温带荒漠单位面积所提供的价值最小为12507.90yuan/(hm2·a);在森林生态系统各项服务功能价值的贡献之当中,其大小顺序依次为:固碳释氧>净化空气>土壤保持>涵养水源>养分循环>林木、林副产品〉维持生物多样性〉森林游憩。该研究的目的在于尽快将自然资源和环境因素纳入国民经济核算体系而最终为实现绿色GDP提供基础,为我国可持续发展的政策与生态环境保护提供科学依据。     

贵州草海湿地生态系统服务价值评估

贵州草海是中国三大高原淡水湖泊之一,其湿地生态系统能给人类提供产品和服务,为社会可持续发展提供基础,由于其价值没有被量化,人们对其重要性缺乏直观认识,导致了湿地的不合理开发及利用。根据草海湿地的特征,运用市场价值法、影子工程法、问卷调查法等定量评估了2010年草海湿地生态系统最终服务价值,包括供给服务、调节服务和文化服务。结果表明,草海湿地生态系统服务总价值为4.39×108元,其中供给服务价值为0.74×108元,调节服务价值为1.14×108元,文化服务价值为2.51×108元;所计算的10项服务按其价值大小排序为:休闲娱乐生物多样性与景观资源保护水资源供给调蓄洪水气候调节补给地下水大气组分调节原材料生产水质净化食物生产;单位面积服务价值为16.40×104元/hm2,是2010年贵州省威宁县单位面积GDP产值的16.91倍。从研究结果来看,草海湿地生态系统服务价值较大,为草海湿地的管理及保护提供了一定参考依据。     

中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的初步研究

生态系统服务功能主要表现为提供保存生物进化所需要的丰富的物种与遗传资源,太阳能,二氧化碳的固定,有机质的区域气候调节,维持水及营养物质的循环,土壤的形成与保护,污染物的吸收与降解及创造物种赖以生存与繁育的条件,维持整个大气化学组分的平衡与稳定,以及由于丰富的生物多样性所形成的自然景观及其具有的美学,文化科学,教育的价值。     

桑沟湾海洋生态系统的服务价值

对我国黄海内的典型集约化浅海养殖区域——桑沟湾的生态系统服务价值进行了评估.结果表明:2003年桑沟湾的总服务价值为6.07×108元,平均单位海域面积的服务价值为4.24×106元.km-2.在总服务价值中,供给服务、调节服务和文化服务分别占51.29%、17.34%和31.37%.在所评估的8项主要和次要生态系统服务中,食品供给服务价值最高(50.45%),其次是旅游和娱乐服务价值(29.89%)及气候调节服务价值(9.18%),最低的是有害生物与疾病的生物调节与控制服务价值(0.0017%).桑沟湾的养殖活动对当地社会经济、环境调节与社会文化均有较大贡献.海水养殖活动,特别是大型藻类的养殖对于维持和提升海洋生态系统的服务具有重要意义.     

中国生物多样性与生态系统服务评估指标体系

生物多样性和生态系统服务评估是生态系统管理与决策制定的重要依据,指标体系是开展评估的主要工具。中国在生物多样性与生态系统服务评估指标体系建设方面,由于没有形成统一的指标体系和技术方法,导致不同区域间的评估结果可比性差,区域和国家尺度上的集成研究难以开展。因此,构建一套适用于中国国家尺度的科学化、系统性和规范化的生物多样性和生态系统服务评估指标体系,便成为当前迫切需要研究解决的问题。本文参考国内外生物多样性与生态系统服务评估的主要研究成果,在充分考虑"生物多样性—生态系统结构—过程与功能—服务"级联关系基础上,建立了生物多样性与生态系统服务评估指标体系构建的主要原则,构建了中国生物多样性与生态系统服务评估指标体系。