ON THE STATUS OF THE GENERIC NAMES OF THE NUDIBRANCH GENERA CATRIONA, CRATENA, HERVIA, RIZZOLIA AND TRINCHESIA

The genus Catriona Winckworth (1941) is synonymous with TrinchesiaPruvot-Fol (1951) but not with Trinchesia von Jhering (1879). It has priority over Trinchesia Pruvot-Fol. The genus Cratena Bergh (1864) is valid and synonymous withRizzolia Trinchese (1877) but not with Hervia Bergh (1871). The genus Hervia Bergh (1871) is synonymous with Facelina Alderand Hancock (1855), but not all species of Hervia can be includedin the latter genus, and these should, therefore, be distributedamong other genera, some of which are listed. (Received 8 October 1954;     

THE GENUS TRAPANIA (NUDIBRANCHIA: GONIODORIDIDAE) IN THE INDO-WEST PACIFIC

Seven new species of the nudibranch genus Trapania Pruvot-Fol,1931 (Goniodorididae) are described from the Indo-West Pacificand an eighth species, T. japonica (Baba, 1935), originallydescribed from one preserved specimen from Japan, is redescribedfrom specimens collected in Hong Kong and tropical eastern Australia.Three of the new species are from temperate south-eastern Australiaand one from tropical eastern Australia. Two species are knownonly from Hong Kong and a third is recorded from the SudaneseRed Sea as well as Hong Kong. Only ten other species of Trapania have been described, sixof those from Europe, and one each from Brazil, California,Japan and New Zealand. The anatomy and external colour patternof these species is compared with that of the seven new species. (Received 12 December 1986;     

A REVISION OF BENTHOBROOKULA CLARKE, 1961 (GASTROPODA, TROCHOIDEA) IN THE SOUTHWESTERN ATLANTIC OCEAN

A systematic revision of the species of Benthobrookula Clarke,1961 from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean was carried out. Theglobose protoconch, sculptured with a reticulate pattern, isrecognized as a diagnostic character for the genus. Benthobrookulaexquisita Clarke, 1961 and B. powelli Clarke, 1961 are redescribedand Cyclostrema calypso Melvill & Standen, 1912, Brookulapfefferi Powell, 1951 and Brookula strebeli Powell, 1951 areredescribed and allocated to Benthobrookula. Benthobrookulastrebeli is validated on the basis of the study of topotypicalspecimens. Two new species are described: Benthobrookula argentinafrom South Georgia and Benthobrookula paranaensis from off Brazil.A new allocation of Scalaria brevis d'Orbigny, 1840 to Benthobrookulais proposed. (Received 14 October 2004; accepted 20 May 2005)     

A PRELIMINARY CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF NORTH ATLANTIC OENOPOTA MOERCH, 1852 AND PROPEBELA IREDALE, 1918 (GASTROPODA: CONOIDEA)

The phytogeny of 23 species of the conoidean gastropods Oenopotaand Propebela from the North Atlantic is estimated in a parsimonyanalysis based on 26 morphological characters. Mangeha attenuata(Montagu, 1803) is used as outgroup. The results indicate thatmost Propebela species form a mono-phyletic group within theOenopota/Propebela complex, whereas Oenopota constitutes a paraphyleticassembly. The genus Curtuoma Bartsch, 1941 is probably non-monophyletic. (Received 11 September 1995; accepted 8 December 1995)     

THE GENUS TRICOLIA IN THE EASTERN ATLANTIC AND THE MEDITERRANEAN

The genus Tricolia(Phasianellidae) in the Eastern Atlantic andMediterranean is reviewed on the bases of radular morphology,shell characters and polychromatism. The taxa included within the T. pullus (L.) group are not clearlyseparable and are treated as geographical subspecies:T. pulluspullus (L.), T. pullus picta (da Costa), T. pullus azorica (Dautzenberg),T. pullus canarica Nordsieck. The case of T. tenuis (Michaud)is problematic since it is clearly separable from sympatricT. pullus pullus in most parts of the Mediterranean but transitionalto T. pullus picta, towards the Atlantic. Other taxa are considered as having specific status since theyare consistently separable when found in sympatric populations.These include T. speciosa (Muhlfeldt), T. miniata (Monterosato),T. tingitana n.sp., T. petiti (Craven), T. nordsiecki (Talavera)and T. algoidea (Pallary). The last two species are stated forthe first time as belonging to the Phasianellidae. The genusEpheriella Pallary, based on T. algoidea, is synonymized withTricolia. (Received 6 April 1981;     

SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF THE EPIMENIIDAE (MOLLUSCA: SOLENOGASTRES)

The species of Epimeniidae (Solenogastres: Cavi-belonia) arecompared and revised according to available type material. Structuresof particular interest include the differentiation of the foregut,the pharyngo-buccal nervous system and the blood cells. Sevenspecies are recognized in the family. Of these, six are placedin the genus Epimenia: E. australis (Thiele) (synonym Dinomeniaverrucosa Nierstrasz), E. ohshimai Baba, E. arabica Salvini-Plawen& Benayahu, and the three new species E. babai from offKyushu, Japan (synonym E. verrucosa in Baba 1939–1951),E. allohaemata from off Korea and E.indica from the Maldives. E. vixinsignis Salvini-Plawen is transferred to Epiherpia gen.nov. (Received 2 February 1996; accepted 19 September 1996)     

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE GENUS AEGIRES LOVEN, 1844 (OPISTHOBRANCHIA: DORIDOIDEA: AEGIRETIDAE) IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES

New information on Aegires ortizi Templado, Luque & Ortea,1987 is given, and two new species of the genus Aegires aredescribed, one from the Caribbean and one from the MediterraneanSea. A key to the North Atlantic species of Aegires is given. (Received 10 February 1989; accepted 11 July 1989)     

Shell characters and taxonomy of Latirus and related fasciolariid groups

The neogastropod family Fasciolariidae contains a complex ofgenera related to Latirus Montfort, 1810, many of which havetraits unusual for the family. In a taxonomic revision of someof these genera, based on shell characters, we restrict Latirusto a mainly Indo-West Pacific group of Pliocene to Recent species,which closely resemble the middle Miocene to Recent pantropicalgenus Hemipolygona Rovereto, 1899. Hemipolygona stenomphalus(Habe & Kosuge, 1966) is synonymized with H. recurvirostris(Schubert & Wagner, 1829). Lathyropsis Oostingh, 1939, basedon a small Pliocene species from Indonesia, is here tentativelysubsumed under Polygona Schumacher, 1817. The latter genus,ranging from the late Oligocene to Recent, occurs mainly inthe New World and eastern Atlantic, and contains at least twospecies groups centered on P. infundibulum Schumacher, 1817(type of genus) and P. angulatus (Röding, 1798). Taxa assignedby many authors to Latirulus Cossmann, 1889, are here reassignedto the new genus Turrilatirus (type species: Voluta turritaGmelin, 1791), from the Pliocene to Recent of the Indo-WestPacific. Latirulus is restricted to Eocene species. We assignvarious early Miocene to Recent species from the western Atlanticand eastern Pacific to the new genus Pustulatirus (type species:Latirus mediamericanus, Hertlein & Strong, 1951a). Taxaformerly assigned to Latirus but here removed from Fasciolariidaeinclude Latirus ewekoroensis Adegoke, 1977; the Eocene RusculaCasey, 1904; Lathyrus granifer and L. compactilis, both of Martin,1931; Latirus kirbyi Clark, 1938; Latirus tortilis var. nanafaliusHarris, 1899; and Latirus quercotillaensis Olsson, 1931. (Received 6 September 2005; accepted 29 May 2006)     

BROODING AND NON-BROODING DACRYDIUM (BIVALVIA: MYTILIDAE): A REVIEW OF THE ATLANTIC SPECIES

The Atlantic species of the marine bivalve genus Dacrydium arereviewed, with particular emphasis on their hinge and protoconchcharacters. The basic groundplan of a Dacrydium comprises afunctional primary ligament, a paired series of primary teeth,and a posterior row of secondary teeth separated from the latterby a secondary ligament; this can be transformed into a singleseries either by loss of the secondary ligament and mergingprimary and secondary teeth, or by loss of secondary teeth andligament through paedomorphosis. Twelve species are recognized, of which eleven are illustrated.One abyssal species is not separable morphologically from theIndian Ocean D. speculum Poutiers, 1989 and is new to the Atlantic;four new species (D. wareni, D. dauvini, D. filiferum and D.balgimi) are described; a Caribbean form which is hardly distinctfrom the Eastern Pacific D. elegantu-lum Soot-Ryen, 1955, isdescribed as a new subspecies D. e. hendersoni. The larvae are brooded in D. hyalinum (Mon-terosato, 1875),D. viviparum Ockelmann, 1983 and D. balgimi. The brooding specieshave larger larvae (protoconch 210 to 315 µm long) thanthe non-brooding (protoconch 120 to 150 µm long), andreach a smaller adult size (1.4 to 3 mm instead of 4.5–5mm). A phylogenetic reconstruction is attempted using parsimonyanalysis of hinge and shell characters as well as the brooding/nonbrooding character. (Received 22 October 1996; accepted 28 November 1996)     

ANNUAL ACTIVITY CYCLES OF THE LAND SNAIL HELIX ASPERSA MULLER IN NATURAL POPULATIONS IN NORTH-WESTERN SPAIN

Activity and inactivity (dormancy) periods of the land snailHelix aspena MÜller were monitored at monthly intervalsduring two years in two natural populations in Galicia (NW-Spain),one m an area of Mediterranean climatic influence and anotherin an Atlantic -climate area The annual activity cycles of Haspena in Galicia are consistent with latitudinal adjustmentsof the life cycle of this species which shows a very wide distributionrange, but also showed some special features related to theparticular microclimate of each locality (Received 4 December 1995; accepted 6 May 1996)     

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF PHYLLIDIOPSIS BERGH (NUDIBRANCHIA: DORIDOIDEA: PHYLLIDIIDAE) FROM THE TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC, WITH COMMENTS ON THE ATLANTIC SPECIES

A new species of phyllidiid nudibranch, Phyllidiopsis shireenae,is described. The new species has a middorsal crest insteadof being flattened dorso-ventrally like most phyllidiids. Itsbody is a very pale shade of pink with black bands, and itsrhinophores are salmon pink. The anatomy of the alimentary systemand reproductive system are described. Characters originallyused by Bergh (1875) to differentiate the genus are supportedby this new species. Phyllidiopsis shi-reenae is presently knownfrom coral reef habitats in the extreme western Pacific Ocean.A review of the taxonomic status of the Atlantic specis of Phyllidiopsisis required. ^*Present address: Australian Biological and Environmental Survey.Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, GPO Box 1383,Canberra. ACT 2601. Australia. (Received 15 August 1989; accepted 8 January 1990)     

Revision of the Genus Goodallia (Bivalvia: Astartidae) with the Description of Two New Species

A revision of the Recent species of the genus Goodallia (Astartidae)is presented. Adult shell and prodissoconch morphology of allthe species are described and figured. In total, five speciesare recognized: G. triangularis (Montagu, 1803), G. pusilla(Forbes, 1844), G. macandrewi (Smith, 1881), G. micalii new species,and G. gofasi new species. G. triangularis and G. pusilla are widespreaddistributed in the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North Africa,and in the Mediterranean. G. macandrewi is restricted to thetype locality in the Canary Islands, while what has been calledG. macandrewi from the Mediterranean corresponds to an undescribedspecies here named G. micalii, distributed in the Central andEastern Mediterranean. A second undescribed species from offthe Atlantic Moroccan coast is named G. gofasi, and is knownonly from the type material of station B33 of the expedition CINECA CHARCOT III. The named forms, variability and distributionof G. triangularis are discussed. (Received 30 January 1998; accepted 27 August 1998)     

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE DIET AND DISTRIBUTION OF NUDIBRANCHS AT SIGNY ISLAND, ANTARCTICA

Observations were made on the diet and distribution of eightspecies of nudibranchs found in Borge Bay, Signy Island, Antarctica.Specimens from seven sites were examined in situ on four separateoccasions during 1992 and 1993 using SCUBA. A small collectionfor identification was also made Six of the eight species presentwere identified, and the first ecological data for at leastone species (Charcotia granulosa) were recorded. Notaeolidiagigas was feeding principally on hydroids of the genus Tubulariaover the entire depth range surveyed (3–36 m), and wasmost abundant in shallow water, whereas Truomella belli wasonly found at deeper sites, mostly on an octocoral of the genusAscolepis. Charcoaa granulosa and Pseudotritoma gracilidensappeared to be specialist bryozoan feeders and, as has beenfound at other locations, Austrodoris kerguelenesis specialisedon the demosponge Dendnlla antarcnca. Two unidentified aeolidspecies occurred almost entirely on particular hydroids andthe prey of Tritonia antarctica was not apparent. The physicalsize of Antarctic nudibranchs may have important implicationsto the type of prey and feeding strategy used by different species. (Received 11 May 1995; accepted 3 December 1995)     

FURTHER STUDIES ON THE TAXONOMY AND BIOLOGY OF THE OCTOCORAL-FEEDING GENUS PHYLLODESMIUM EHRENBERG, 1831 (NUDIBRANCHIA: AEOLIDOIDEA)

The aeolid nudibranch genus Phyllodesmium (Mollusca: Gastropoda)is reviewed, three new species are described and further informationon the biology, anatomy and distribution on the eight previouslyknown species is reported. The genus Ennoia Bergh, 1896 is considereda synonym of Phyllodesmium and the type species Ennoia briareusredescribed. The genus Phyllodesmium is unique amongst the aeolidsin feeding on octocoral cnidarians. This has led to the evolutionof nudibranch- zooxanthellae symbioses, zooanthellae being obtainedfrom the octocoral prey. The adaptations developed throughoutthe genus are described and possible relationships between thespecies proposed. (Received 6 January 1990; accepted 20 May 1990)     

ALLOZYME VARIATION IN SOME POPULATIONS OF THE FRESHWATER SNAILS LYMNAEA PEREGRA, L. AURICULARIA AND L. STAGNALIS (GASTROPODA: PULMONATA)

Three species of the genus Lymnaea (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Basommatophora)were examined for genetic variation at 11 enzymatic loci insamples collected in Brittany (North-Western France). Variabilitywas greatest in L. percgra, but the limited area of samplingdid not allow specific inferences. The UPGMA clustering of unbiasedgenetic distances (Nei, 1978) isolated first L. auriculariasamples, and secondly the single L. stagnalis sample from theL. peregra set. This scheme of relationships was opposed tothe identification of alleles shared by the three species atthe studied loci Analysis of L. peregra population structure by F-statistics(Weir & Cockerham, 1984) suggested high inbreeding and raisedthe possible role of self-fertilization. The contradiction betweenhigh variability and high homozygosity is discussed. Furthermore,population differentiation was rather weak (although statisticallysignificant), despite some remarkable differences among loci.Nm estimates using Wright's (1951) and Slatkin's (1985) methodsrevealed a gene flow unable to prevent the effect of geneticdrift among populations. The relative homogeneity of populationswith weak genetic exchange is discussed (Received 24 May 1993; accepted 21 March 1994)