南徼牛：古人认识的犀牛（上）

引言 “牛”与人类的生息繁衍,乃至文明发展都有不解之缘,甚至发挥不可替代的作用。就我国传统的十二属相动物来说,尽管有“牛”,但其形象则因地域的不同而异常,并非某种固定模式：像黄牛与水牛,现今前者几遍及全国,后者则处于南方;还有被誉为“雪域之舟”的牦牛,藏族依然把其头茸、牛角作为灵物供奉,把牦牛尸体等当作镇魔驱邪的法物,更有为其专设祭祀的年、节、会。其虔诚可见一斑。     

西藏高原上的牦牛

牦牛可称我国珍贵动物之一,分布在康藏,青藏等地。在中亚细亚、阿尔泰山、天山和帕米尔的高山等地区都有饲养者。虽然也有不少的报导,我为了对牦牛想作进一步的了解在1954年往康定旅行,初步的观察了牦牛的生活习性拜访问了数位饲养牦牛的藏胞,特作膚浅的介绍,以资大家的参考。一.牦牛的特征和习性我国康藏和青藏等地的牦牛(犂牛)(Poe phagus grunniens Linne)在动物学上是属于偶蹄目。有的动物学家认为它是家牛接近的亲属。藏胞称牦牛叫“雅”。牦牛的躯体非常健壮,肌肉也很发达这和     

我国常见的有毒动物

我国常见的有毒动物吴剑峰（江苏省南通师范学校２２６００６）有毒动物可分为“主动毒”动物和“被动毒”动物。主动毒动物是指该类动物产生的毒素能主动输入其它动物或人体中以致中毒,如毒蛇、蜜蜂、赤胆、毒助等。被动毒动物是指该类动物如被食用则引起中毒,其又可分...     

昆明动物研究所成功繁育我国第一头子二代滇金丝猴

滇金丝猴仅分布于云南西北部和藏东南高海拔地区,是我国一级保护动物,被IUCN列为最濒危的物种之一。昆明动物研究所自80年代起采用多学科和现代生物学研究技术,对滇金丝猴的资源状况、区系分类、系统演化、遗传进化、繁殖生物学、行为生态学、分子遗传进化和保护生物学等方面进行了系统深入的综合研究。并首次引进滇金丝猴的种源进行人工饲养,开展迁地保护研究,现人工养殖的种群数已达12头,并成功建立了一整套驯养、管理、繁殖和疾病防治的科学方法体系。2007年5月25日,该种群第一头子二代滇金丝猴顺利出生,目前,健康状况良好。这是昆明动…     

马鸡属鸟类的系统发育关系

马鸡属（Crossoptilon）为我国鸟类的特有属,隶属于鸡形目（Galliformes）雉科（Phasianidae）（郑作新等,1978）。其中褐马鸡（C．mantchuricum）为我国Ⅰ级重点保护动物和全球易危物种,藏马鸡（C．harmani）、白马鸡（C．crossoptilon）及蓝马鸡（C．auritum）为国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物（郑光美、王岐山,1998;I-UCN,2004）。就分布而言,藏马鸡生活于喜马拉雅山东北麓和念青唐古拉山之间;白马鸡见于云南西北部、四川西部、西藏东部以及青海南部;蓝马鸡分布于青海东部、东北部、甘肃西北部及南部、四川西北部以及宁夏贺兰山地;褐马鸡分布于山西西北部、陕西省黄龙山、河北西北部及北京门头沟地区（郑作新等,1978;徐振武等,1998）。     

哨兵动物概述

哨兵动物在我国还未作为一个＂工具＂用于实验动物微生物检测工作,但随着实验动物种类和特殊动物的日益增加,现有方法已经不能满足检测需要。探讨哨兵动物的应用,采用国外先进方法,对提高我国实验动物质量显得非常重要。本文对哨兵动物的概念、使用方法和设置做一概述。     

实验动物的环境与福利

实验动物在生物科学研究领域中的应用不断发展,其饲养环境和福利保障的问题已越来越被国际所关注。实验动物的环境与福利不仅是对动物本身的保护,更重要的是对动物试验结果的保证。本文详细论述了大环境（温度、湿度、气流等方面）及小环境（笼具、饲养密度、垫料）对实验动物福利的影响,通过总结国内外的研究概况,旨为我国改善和提高实验动物的福利提出一些思路。     

实验动物许可证管理现状分析

随着生命科学研究的发展,我国实验动物科学进入快速发展时期,加强实验动物行业的规范化管理彰显重要。实验动物许可证管理是实验动物工作规范化、科学化管理的重要组成部分,同时也是推进实验动物学科发展的重要途径。随着国家实验动物立法和各省市对实验动物的配套立法等工作,促进了实验动物行业的有序发展,加强实验动物许可证的有效管理,对于促进我国实验动物的产业化和规范国家实验动物管理发挥了重要的推动与保障作用。本文对我国实验动物许可证管理现状进行分析,以对实验动物管理工作提供参考。     

我国资源动物的实验动物化潜力与展望

实验动物资源建设不仅是实验动物学科发展的基础性核心工作,也是生命科学发展的关键性支撑保障条件之一。目前,已有的实验动物资源难以解决伴随着生命科学研究快速发展而涌现出来的新问题,因此需要开发新的实验动物品种（实验动物新资源的RD则是当前迫切需要解决的问题）。本文对近年来我国资源动物实验动物化工作的现状及进展做一综述,提出存在的问题和解决问题的建议,与大家共同探讨。     

安徽滁州琅琊山下奥陶统弗洛阶(红花园组上部)的苔藓动物

寒武纪没有化石苔藓动物的任何记录.最老的、毫无疑问的、真正的苔藓动物,发现于我国峡东地区的下奥陶统特马豆克阶地层中.这类苔藓动物以丰富但多样性低的变口目和少量的隐口目为代表.弗洛期的一些苔藓动物,在北美,英国和波罗的海地区(俄罗斯西北部)已相继发现,这时以Ceramopora?unapensis为代表的泡孔目苔藓动物开始出现,有一定的多样性.中奥陶世初期,苔藓动物迅速崛起,古生代狭唇纲的四个目--变口目、隐口目、泡孔目和管孔目(=环口目)苔藓动物都已经有了代表.由于奥陶纪是苔藓动物发生、演化发展和辐射的重要时期,因此,奥陶纪,特别是早奥陶世苔藓动物的任何新的发现,都有重要的意义.本文描述和解释的一个新的苔藓动物群,发现于安徽滁州琅琊山弗洛阶的红花园组上部.这个苔藓动物群由变口目爱沙尼亚苔虫亚目的两个种:Dianulites hexaporites(Pander),Orbiramus grandis sp.nov.和隐口目翼网苔虫亚目的一个种:Prophyllodi-ctya putilovensis Lavrentjeva组成.尽管这个苔藓动物群在局部地区可能还是低多样性的,但就整个世界范围而言,有一定的多样性,类似于同样以变口目苔藓动物占优势的比林根苔藓动物群,后一苔藓动物群产于波罗的海以东地区(俄罗斯西北部)同时代的地层中.     

Characterization of symbiotic and endophytic bacteria isolated from root nodules of herbaceous legumes grown in Qinghai–Tibet plateau and in other zones of China

Qinghai-Tibet plateau is the highest place in the world and the environment in that plateau is hard for animals and plants, with low temperature, low concentration of oxygen and high solar radiation. In this study, 61 root nodule isolates from Vicia, Oxytropis, Medicago, Melilotus and Onobrychis species grown in Qinghai-Tibet plateau and in loess plateau were comparatively characterized. Based upon the results of numerical taxonomy, ARDRA, AFLP, DNA-DNA hybridization and 16S rDNA sequencing, the isolates were classified as Rhizobium leguminosarum, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Sinorhizobium fredii, Mesorhizobium sp., Phyllobacterium sp., Stenotrophomonas sp. and two non-symbiotic groups related to Agrobacterium and Enterobacteriaceae. The strains isolated from Qinghai-Tibet plateau and from the loess plateau were mixed in these species or groups. Oxytropis spp. and Medicago archiducis-nicolai grown in Qinghai-Tibet plateau were recorded as new hosts for R. leguminosarum, as well as Oxytropis glabra and Medicago lupulina for S. fredii. In addition, strains resistant to high alkaline (pH 11) and high concentration of NaCl (3-5%, w/v) were found in each of the rhizobial species. This was the first systematic study of rhizobia isolated from Qinghai-Tibet plateau.     

西藏牦牛ADD1基因第2外显子的PCR-SSCP检测及序列分析

利用PCR-SSCP和DNA测序方法对帕里牦牛、工布江达牦牛、类乌齐牦牛、康布牦牛、桑日牦牛、巴青牦牛、江达牦牛、斯布牦牛、嘉黎牦牛、桑桑牦牛、丁青牦牛等西藏11个牦牛类群共483头牦牛的ADD1基因(被认为是极可能影响肉质的候选基因)第2外显子序列进行遗传多态性分析。结果表明,66 bp处碱基T缺失和256 bp处A→G突变,共有AA、AB、BB 3种基因型;其中帕里牦牛只有AA基因型,江达牦牛只有AB基因型,康布牦牛、嘉黎牦牛、巴青牦牛、桑日牦牛、斯布牦牛均缺少BB基因型,丁青牦牛、类乌齐牦牛缺少AB型,均存在严重偏态;桑桑牦牛、工布江达牦牛中存在AA、AB、BB 3种基因型。除江达牦牛外,其它10个牦牛类群中AA为优势基因型,A基因为优势等位基因,分布较高。除帕里牦牛、巴青牦牛外,其它9个牦牛类群均处于中度多态(0.25相似文献   

土著入侵种黄帚橐吾的替代防控展望

黄帚橐吾是青藏高原高寒草场中分布最广、危害极大的优势毒草,严重影响了该地区群落结构和草地畜牧业的发展。在介绍土著入侵种和替代防控概念及相关研究进展的基础上,针对黄帚橐吾目前缺乏高效经济生态防控措施的现状,结合国内外对入侵植物进行替代防控的经验与原则,提出了对黄帚橐吾进行替代防控的生态防控设想和黄帚橐吾替代植物选用的基本原则,初步划定了防控黄帚橐吾的替代植物范围。通过引种或者驯化乡土草种,在青藏高原培育禾本科、豆科植物或者建植禾豆混播人工草地,使其具备替代防控黄帚橐吾的潜力。     

Characterisation of high-altitude Artemia populations from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,PR China

The brine shrimp Artemia was discovered in a number of saline lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, widely diverging in chemical composition. Several lakes were athalassohaline, with relatively high amounts of trace elements. Common environmental factors are their high altitude (exceeding 4500 m) and the low average annual temperatures. A number of Artemia populations in this area were analysed to assess their preference for low temperatures and an athalassohaline medium. Furthermore, their characteristics were compared with Artemia tibetiana, the species recently described for one lake in this area. All samples contained a variable mixture of parthenogenetic and bisexual individuals. A cross-breeding test of the sample from Jingyu Lake showed cross-fertility both with A. tibetiana and A. sinica. All populations showed similarities to A. tibetiana: a large cyst diameter and naupliar length, high HUFA content and a high tolerance to low temperatures, as compared to the control A. franciscana samples. These can thus be considered as recurrent characteristics of the populations from the high-altitude low-temperature environment on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, although further research is needed to identify their exact species status.     

Regulation of yeast Yak1 kinase by PKA and autophosphorylation-dependent 14-3-3 binding

Yak1 is a member of an evolutionarily conserved family of Ser/Thr protein kinases known as dual-specificity Tyr phosphorylation-regulated kinases (DYRKs). Yak1 was originally identified as a growth antagonist, which functions downstream of Ras/PKA signalling pathway. It has been known that Yak1 is phosphorylated by PKA in vitro and is translocated to the nucleus upon nutrient deprivation. However, the regulatory mechanisms for Yak1 activity and localization are largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the role of PKA and Bmh1, a yeast 14-3-3 protein, in regulation of Yak1. We demonstrate that PKA-dependent phosphorylation of Yak1 on Ser295 and two minor sites inhibits nuclear localization of Yak1. We also show that intramolecular autophosphorylation on at least four Ser/Thr residues in the non-catalytic N-terminal domain is required for full kinase activity of Yak1. The most potent autophosphorylation site, Thr335, plays an essential role for Bmh1 binding in collaboration with a yet unidentified second binding site in the N-terminal domain. Bmh1 binding decreases the catalytic activity of Yak1 without affecting its subcellular localization. Since the binding of 14-3-3 proteins to Yak1 coincides with PKA activity, such regulatory mechanisms might allow cytoplasmic retention of an inactive form of Yak1 under high glucose conditions.     

青藏高原牦牛遗传资源保护和利用:问题与展望

牦牛是青藏高原牧民生产生活中必不可少的特有家畜,对青藏高原区域经济发展与生态文明建设具有不可替代的重要意义。近年来,随着牦牛饲养数量增加,草地退化程度加剧,牦牛生产性能也在不断下降,青藏高原原有的土-草-畜循环和草畜平衡被打破,影响了青藏高原生态系统的协调、稳定发展。本文从牦牛的分布区域、数量变化、品种分类、品种退化、品种改良、基因组研究进展、问题对策与展望等方面,综合阐述了近年来我国牦牛遗传资源保护与开发利用的相关研究进展,为今后的牦牛科研工作和生产实践提供参考。     

Mitochondrial cytochrome b Sequence Variation and Phylogenetics of the Highly Specialized Schizothoracine Fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The complete 1140 bp mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences were obtained from 39 individuals representing five species of all four genera of highly specialized schizothoracine fishes distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Sequence variation of the cytochrome b gene was surveyed among the 39 individuals as well as three primitive schizothoracines and one outgroup. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the group assignment based on 1140 bp of the cytochrome b sequence is obviously different from previous assignments, and the highly specialized schizothoracine fishes (Schizopygopsis pylzovi, Gymnocypris przewalskii, G. eckloni, Chuanchia labiosa, and Platypharodon extremus) form a monophyletic group that is sister to the clade formed by the primitive schizothoracine fishes (Schizothorax prenanti, S. pseudaksaiensis, and S. argentatus). The haplotypes of Schizopygopsis pylzovi and G. przewalskii were paraphyletic based on cytochrome b data, which most likely reflected incomplete sorting of mitochondrial DNA lineages. The diploid chromosome numbers of Schizothoracinae were considered in phylogenetic analysis and provided a clear pattern of relationships. Molecular dating estimated for highly specialized schizothoracine fishes suggested that the highly specialized schizothoracine fishes diverged in the late Miocene Pliocene to Pleistocene (4.5 × 10⁴–4.05 × 10⁶ years BP). The relationship between the cladogenesis of highly specialized schizothoracine fishes and geographical events of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau is discussed.     

The Yak1 Protein Kinase of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Moderates Thermotolerance and Inhibits Growth by an Sch9 Protein Kinase-Independent Mechanism

The growth defect associated with the loss of yeast A kinase activity can be alleviated by the overexpression or deletion of two other kinases, Sch9 and Yak1, respectively. Using tests of epistasis, we have shown that Sch9 and Yak1 define separate signaling pathways and must, therefore, suppress the A kinase defect by different mechanisms. Nevertheless, the Yak1 kinase appears to regulate cellular processes that are under A kinase control. For example, acquisition of heat resistance is correlated with Yak1 kinase activity, such that YAK1-overexpressing cells are over 200-fold more resistant than isogenic yak1 strains. These results, for the first time, associate a phenotype, other than suppression of the A kinase growth defect, with the loss of Yak1 activity and argue a broader role for the Yak1 kinase in cell growth.     

Chinese saline lakes

China has many saline lakes. Most occur in the west and north-east. Four main regions can be distinguished: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, North western, North-central and Eastern. All types of chemical composition occur, but some regionalization of types is found. The Palaeolimnology of many saline lakes in China has been investigated, and a variety of dating techniques indicate ages between the Quaternary and the Recent. Organisms studied include Artemia, Dunaliella salina and some halophilic bacteria. The important role of organisms in many processes of geochemical and geological interest is stressed. Geoecology, as a combination of geology, mineral deposition and ecology, is a subject worth greater attention.