苏云金芽胞杆菌HA和HD对黄曲条跳甲成虫的毒力分析

黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius)是为害十字花科蔬菜的世界性害虫之一.为了探究苏云金芽胞杆菌HA和HD对黄曲条跳甲成虫的防治潜力,本研究测定了苏云金芽胞杆菌HA和HD菌株对黄曲条跳甲成虫的毒力,以及对其谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性和中肠组织形态的影响.结果 表明:Bt-HA和Bt-HD均对黄曲条跳甲成虫有杀虫活性,LC50分别为4.01×108 CFU/mL和1.17×108 CFU/mL.菌株Bt-HD处理组的GST酶活性高于对照组和菌株Bt-HA处理组.菌株Bt-HA处理黄曲条跳甲成虫14 d后,中肠微绒毛肿胀脱落;菌株Bt-HD处理黄曲条跳甲成虫4d后中肠微绒毛开始疏松脱落,14 d后中肠柱状细胞底膜变形脱落.综上所述,苏云金芽胞杆菌HD对黄曲条跳甲成虫的毒力更强,是防治黄曲条跳甲成虫的优势菌株,其杀虫机理值得深入研究.     

黄曲条跳甲田间种群发生的生态干扰

利用黄板诱集方法,监测黄曲条跳甲（Phyllotreta striolata）田间成虫的数量动态,发现该虫在福州全年均可发生危害,没有明显的越冬现象。2002～2003年共出现4个较为明显的成虫发生高峰和3个明显的成虫数量低谷。田间成虫数量与降雨、气温的相关分析表明,黄曲条跳甲的成虫发生与降雨、气温的关系不显著,但受到降雨、气温的复合作用。黄曲条跳甲成虫在不同寄主上的发生量存在明显的差异,数量变化在一茬菜的生长过程中也不同。黄曲条跳甲成虫对寄主具有明显的选择作用。     

植物提取物对黄曲条跳甲成虫毒作用的研究

研究24种植物提取物对黄曲条跳甲成虫的毒杀活性.结果表明处理后72h,供试植物提取物中的7种对黄曲条跳甲成虫有毒作用,但毒杀活性较低,其中烟碱对黄曲条跳甲成虫的毒杀效果最好,累积死亡率为3.33%;假莲翘Duranta repens 乙醇得取物对黄曲条跳甲成虫的毒杀效果最差,累积死亡率为1.12%;其余提取物对黄曲条跳甲成虫的毒杀效果居中,累积死亡率为1.67%-2.78%.因此,毒杀作用并不是供试植物提取物对黄曲条跳甲成虫的主要控制机理.     

虫害诱导的植株对小菜蛾取食和生长发育的影响

本文从菜田生态系统的角度出发,就黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata(Fabricius)取食诱导对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)造成的影响进行了研究。黄曲条跳甲取食诱导对小菜蛾取食的影响比较明显,一般来说,黄曲条跳甲少量或短时间的取食会刺激小菜蛾幼虫在相应叶片上的取食,反之则会抑制;而且不同的寄主,不同完整度的叶片(即是否被黄曲条跳甲取食过)上的承载能力不同,芥菜、白菜、菜心和萝卜的承载力弱于甘蓝和芥蓝,黄曲条跳甲取食过的叶片弱于未被黄曲条跳甲取食过的叶片;不同数量的黄曲条跳甲取食对小菜蛾的产卵量影响显著,对其余生物学参数影响不显著,少量的黄曲条跳甲取食会刺激小菜蛾的产卵,多数则会抑制。     

植物提取物对黄曲条跳甲成虫毒杀作用的研究

研究24种植物提取物对黄曲条跳甲成虫的毒杀活性。结果表明：处理后72h,供试植物提取物中的7种对黄曲条跳甲成虫有毒杀作用,但毒杀活性较低,其中烟碱对黄曲条跳甲成虫的毒杀效果最好,累积死亡率为3．33％;假莲翘Duranta repeens乙醇提取物对黄曲条跳甲成虫的毒杀效果最差,累积死亡率为1．21％;其余提取物对黄曲条跳甲成虫的毒杀效果居中,累积死亡率为1．67％-2．78％。因此,毒杀作用并不是供试植物提取物对黄曲条跳甲成虫的主要控制机理。     

马缨丹提取物对黄曲条跳甲成虫的生物活性

测定了马缨丹(Lantana camaraL.)地上部位(茎叶花)的不同溶剂提取物及萃取物对黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata(Fabricius)成虫的取食忌避、拒食、胃毒和触杀作用。结果表明:处理后48 h,以马缨丹乙醇回流提取物效果最好,其对黄曲条跳甲成虫的取食忌避率达94.94%;非选择性拒食率为85.48%;除正丁醇萃取物对黄曲条跳甲成虫的胃毒作用达到56.67%外,其它处理对黄曲条跳甲成虫的胃毒作用不明显;石油醚萃取物、石油醚冷浸物、乙醇回流物对黄曲条跳甲成虫的触杀作用效果最好,分别为56.67,53.33和53.33%。据实验结果可知马缨丹不同溶剂提取物及萃取物对黄曲条跳甲成虫的生物活性主要表现在对成虫较强的忌避和拒食作用。     

黄曲条跳甲触角感器的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜对黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata(Fabricius)成虫的触角结构、感器的类型、数量和分布进行了观察,并对雌、雄成虫触角及感器之间的差异进行了比较。结果表明:黄曲条跳甲成虫的触角为线形,共11节,即柄节、梗节和9个鞭小节。雄虫触角的长度略长于雌虫(雄:1.48±0.03 mm;雌:1.42±0.05 mm),其中,雄虫触角鞭节第3亚节长度明显长于雌虫(雄:0.19±0.02 mm;雌:0.15±0.01 mm,t=3.77,P=0.0054),且明显膨大,其余各节长度和形态在雌雄虫间差异不显著。触角感器共9种,分别为毛板形感器、刺形感器、毛形感器1型和2型、锥形感器1型、2型和3型、槽钉形感器和耳形感器。各种感器中除耳形感器仅分布在雄性触角末节外,其他类型感器的分布在雌、雄性个体间无明显差异。雄成虫触角上各种感器数量总和明显多于雌成虫,其中,毛形感器1型、锥形感器1型和耳形感器的数量雄成虫明显多于雌成虫。比较并讨论了黄曲条跳甲触角上不同类型感器的适生意义,研究结果将有助于理解黄曲条跳甲触角感器的功能和行为机制。     

黄曲条跳甲危害对不同寄主植物可溶性蛋白质含量的影响

采用考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法对6种十字花科蔬菜不同危害程度叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量进行了测定。结果表明黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata(F.)对6种十字花科蔬菜叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量存在不同程度的影响。萝卜(Raphanus sativus(L.))、白菜(Brassica chinensis(L.))和菜心(B.parachinensis Bailey)叶片在黄曲条跳甲危害胁迫8、10 d时,甘蓝(B.oleracea(L.))在胁迫10、12 d时,芥菜(B.juncea(L.))和芥蓝(B.alboglabra Bailey)在胁迫12 d时,可溶性蛋白质含量显著高于对照(P<0.05)。芥菜在黄曲条跳甲危害2 d时,可溶性蛋白质含量与对照没有显著差异(P>0.05),可能是因为其承受黄曲条跳甲危害的抗虫性能力较强。随着叶片危害程度的加重,叶片可溶性蛋白质含量下降。这可能是寄主植物本身的保护行为,也是对害虫为害胁迫的一种响应。     

基于Solexa高通量测序的黄曲条跳甲转录组学研究

黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius) 是十字花科蔬菜的重要害虫。为深入了解其遗传信息, 本研究应用新一代高通量测序技术Illumina’s Solexa平台对黄曲条跳甲成虫的转录组进行测序, 并结合SOAPdenovo拼接聚类等分析软件, 获取大量的EST和挖掘功能基因。本文最终获得了4 924条序列重叠群（contig）, 其中包含2 209种与黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster蛋白基因具直系同源的独立基因（unigene）和610种黄曲条跳甲物种特有的unigene。结合Gene Ontology （GO）数据库进行分析, 发现大部分的unigene具结合能力（binding capability）和催化活性（catalytic activity）; 上百种unigene可聚类于生物学过程分类中的配子发生、 生殖腺发育和交配行为等重要功能。另外, 结合KEGG Pathway数据库分析发现, 共有363种unigene参与或涉及了40种代谢路径, 其中生物钟调控路径和植物次生代谢物路径等相关基因的发现, 有助于深入研究黄曲条跳甲行为发生的内在机理。Solexa高通量测序技术作为昆虫功能基因组研究的重要手段, 为发掘黄曲条跳甲功能基因发挥了重要作用, 也为在分子水平上研发黄曲条跳甲的防治新策略提供了更翔实的基因信息。     

不同蔬菜害虫对色彩的趋性差异

试验表明,黄曲条跳甲PhyllotretastriolataF.、桃蚜Myzuspersicae(Sulzer)、和美洲斑潜蝇LiriomyzasativaeBlanchard对不同颜色的趋向性存在差异,黄曲条跳甲对黄色和白色的趋性强,桃蚜和美洲斑潜蝇对黄色最敏感,小菜蛾Plutellaxylostella(L.)成虫对绿色的敏感性明显强于其他色彩。在生产上,可利用害虫对颜色的趋性进行害虫预测预报或害虫控制。     

Host plant mediation of diapause induction in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly （Coleoptera： Chrysomelidae）

The cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringiBaly （Coleoptera： Chrysomelidae）, is a serious pest of crucifers in China, undergoing an imaginal summer and winter diapause in the soil. The effects of host plants on diapause incidence were tested in the beetle. The ratio of adults entering diapause was significantly low when they fed on the mature leaves of Chinese cabbage Shanghaiqin （Brassica chinesis var communis） than those feeding on Chinese cabbage Suzhouqin （Brassica chinesis var communis）, radish （Raphanus sativus var longipinnatus） and stem mustard （Brassicajuncea vat tumida） at 25℃ combined with 13：11 （L： D） h. Fewer adults entered diapause on young leaves compared to physiologically aged and mature radish leaves at 25℃ combined with 13：11 （L： D） h. The effect of host plant species on diapause induction was also evident under continuously dark rearing conditions or at different photoperiods. These experimental results demonstrate that host plant mediation of diapause induction exists in the cabbage beetle. However, at temperatures ≤20℃ or photoperiods of 16：8 （L： D） h combined with 25℃, all individuals entered diapause regardless of the host plants, indicating that the effects of host plants on diapause induction could be expressed only within a limited range of temperatures and photoperiods.     

Attraction of the predator,Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), to its prey,Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), feeding on Chinese cabbage

The predatory multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis, was attracted to volatiles released from Chinese cabbage infested by the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, in T-tube olfactometer choice tests. However, lady beetle adults and larvae did not respond to clean air, Chinese cabbage alone or green peach aphid alone. Of different prey densities, H. axyridis adults were most attracted to Chinese cabbage infested by 60 M. persicae adults after 24 h. However, H. axyridis larvae were not attracted to Chinese cabbage infested by M. persicae. Mechanically damaged Chinese cabbage attracted neither lady beetle adults nor larvae. Predatory adults were attracted to 60 M. persicae adults after 24 and 48 h, and to 90 M. persicae adults after 12 h, suggesting that the predatory response depends on the prey density. Lady adult beetles did not prefer the volatiles induced by Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, indicating that specific host insect specificity attracts respective natural enemies. It can be explained that the volatile compounds emitted from the host plant as a result of herbivore attack preferred by the specific insect species.     

Laboratory evaluations of a wild crucifer Barbarea vulgaris as a management tool for the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

The term 'dead-end trap cropping' has recently been proposed to identify a plant that is highly attractive for oviposition by an insect pest, but on which offspring of the pest cannot survive. The potential of the wild crucifer Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. to allure and serve as a dead-end trap crop for the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.), an important pest of cruciferous crops worldwide, was examined in laboratory experiments. When P. xylostella adults were provided with a dual-choice of plants of B. vulgaris, and Chinese cabbage Brassica campestris (L.), in one arena, adult moths laid 2.5-6.8 times more eggs on the former than on the latter. When P. xylostella adults were provided with a dual-choice of plants of B. vulgaris and common cabbage Brassica oleracea L., adult moths laid virtually all their eggs on the former and ignored the latter. Nearly all P. xylostella eggs laid on the three species of plants hatched successfully, but nearly all individuals on plants of B. vulgaris died as neonates or early instar larvae, while 87-100% of the larvae on Chinese cabbage and common cabbage survived to pupation. Dual choice tests with a Y-tube olfactometer showed that volatiles from B. vulgaris were much more attractive to P. xylostella adults than those from common cabbage. The results demonstrate that B. vulgaris has a great potential as a dead-end trap crop for improving management of P. xylostella. Factors that may influence the feasibility of using B. vulgaris as a trap crop in the field are discussed, and ways to utilize this plant are proposed.     

Patch colonization by Trirhabda canadensis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): effects of plant species composition and wind

Summary The goldenrod leaf beetle, Trirhabda canadensis, is known to respond to odors of host and non-host species in the laboratory. Here we report movements of T. canadensis in the field in response to volatile odors from monocultures and polycultures of host plants. Overall, beetles preferentially colonized plots with a higher density of host plants and lower diversity of allelochemicals, but under some wind conditions there were marked exceptions. At high windspeeds, they colonized whichever plot(s) was upwind. At low windspeeds, beetles colonized preferred plots even when they were not upwind. The data suggest that odor dispersion varies in a complex way with windspeed: at low windspeeds beetles received information from a wide are of vegetation and made choices while at high windspeeds information was available only from upwind plot(s).     

风胁迫对三种叶菜的机械损伤及预测模型

为了研究风害对不同叶菜的影响,本研究通过模拟风洞试验,以上海青,四季小白菜,玻璃生菜3种叶菜为试验材料,分别在5,15,25 m/s风速条件下设置5,10,15 min的风胁迫处理,采用电导率法、伤口染色目测法、伤口色泽L值测定法研究风胁迫对不同种类叶菜造成的机械损伤,并对以上3种测定方法进行了综合评价,进而建立相应的数学模型。结果表明:风速和风胁迫时间两因子均对3种叶菜的相对电导率、目测等级、L值有显著性影响;两者的交互作用对上海青和四季小白菜的相对电导率有显著性影响,但对玻璃生菜的相对电导率无显著影响;另外,两者的交互作用对3种叶菜的目测等级均影响显著,但对3种叶菜的L值影响均不显著。25 m/s和15 m/s风对3种叶菜都可引起显著机械损伤,其中,在25 m/s持续15 min风处理下机械损伤最为严重,在此处理组合下,上海青、四季小白菜和玻璃生菜的相对电导率分别高于对照214.70%,228.96%,266.92%;目测等级分别高于对照2.3,2.4和3.6级;L值分别低于对照21.17%,38.91%,42.73%。显然,与上海青和四季小白菜相比,玻璃生菜更容易受到风害影响。Gauss2D拟合模型中,3种叶菜机械损伤拟合模型的决定系数R2均超过0.95,证明该拟合模型能较好地预测不同叶菜遭受风害后的机械损伤程度,可以为风害机械损伤预测提供理论基础。     

HOST PLANT PREFERENCES OF BEMISIA TABACI GENNADIUS

Abstract The preferences of Bemisia tabaci Gennadius for five host plants: poinsettia, tomato, cabbage, sweet potato and flowering Chinese cabbage, was tested using a Y-tube olfactometer and a desiccator in the laboratory. The results show that B. tabaci adults were attracted by the odors of the five plants. The order of preference was poinsettia > flowering Chinese cabbage > sweet potato > cabbage > tomato. Preference was extremely significant between poinsettia and the other four plants, and between flowering Chinese cabbage, cabbage and tomato. There was no significant difference in preference for flowering Chinese cabbage and sweet potato, sweet potato, cabbage and tomato or between cabbage and tomato.     

Host plant architecture affects the costs of dropping behaviour in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaedon brassicae</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Phytophagous insects escape from predators by dropping. However, if they drop to the ground, they must then return to the host plants. Large oval leaves may serve as safety nets when insects drop from overlying leaves. To clarify the effects of leaf shape on the sites to which insects drop, we investigated the dropping behaviour of Phaedon brassicae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on three host plants (daikon, bok choy, and Chinese cabbage). Daikon plants have cleft leaves, whereas bok choy and Chinese cabbage plants have oval leaves. When poked with forceps, larvae dropped less frequently than adults. The proportions of individuals dropping to the ground also differed among host plants. Both larvae and adults on the ventral (abaxial) leaf surfaces of daikon frequently dropped to the ground via clefts in the underlying leaves. However, larvae and adults on the ventral leaf surfaces of bok choy and Chinese cabbage frequently dropped to underlying leaves. Most larvae and adults that dropped to the ground finally returned to host plants. However, the return times were longer for larvae than adults. Therefore, the cost of dropping from daikon leaves was higher than were the costs of dropping from leaves of other crop species.     

Can herbivore‐induced plant volatiles inform predatory insect about the most suitable stage of its prey?

The leaf beetle Plagiodera versicolora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a specialist herbivore, all of whose mobile stages feed on the leaves of salicaceous plants. Both the larval and adult stages of the ladybird Aiolocaria hexaspilota (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) are dominant natural enemies of the larvae of the leaf beetle. To clarify the role of plant volatiles in prey‐finding behaviour of A. hexaspilota, the olfactory responses of the ladybird in a Y‐tube olfactometer are studied. The ladybird adults show no preference for willow plants Salix eriocarpa that are infested by leaf beetle adults (nonprey) over that for intact plants but move more to the willow plants infested by leaf beetle larvae (prey) than to intact plants. Moreover, ladybird larvae show no preference for willow plants infested by leaf beetle larvae or adults over intact plants. Using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, six volatile compounds are released in larger amounts in the headspace of willow plants infested by leaf beetle larvae than in the headspace of willow plants infested by leaf beetle adults. In addition, the total amount of volatiles emitted from willow plants that are either intact or infested by leaf beetle adults is much smaller than that from willow plants infested by leaf beetle larvae. These results indicate that volatiles from S. eriocarpa infested by P. versicolora inform A. hexaspilota adults about the presence of the most suitable stage of their prey, whereas A. hexaspilota larvae do not use such information.     

烟粉虱对不同寄主植物定向行为研究(英文)

采用Y形嗅觉仪测定法和干燥器测定法研究了烟粉虱对一品红、地瓜、菜心、番茄和包菜 5种植物的定向行为 ,结果表明 :(1) 5种植物对烟粉虱均有引诱作用 ;(2 )不同种植物对烟粉虱有不同的引诱作用 ,其引诱力的顺序为 :一品红 >菜心 >地瓜 >包菜 >蕃茄 ,方差分析表明 :烟粉虱对 5种植物的定向行为差异极显著 ,LSD法测定进一步表明 :一品红与其余 4种植物差异极显著 ;菜心与包菜和番茄的差异达到显著水平 ,而与地瓜无显著差异 ;地瓜与包菜、番茄之间以及包菜与番茄之间均无差异显著性。     

Leaf beetle larvae,Plagiodera versicolora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), show decreased performance on uninfested host plants exposed to airborne factors from plants infested by conspecific larvae

Undamaged plants are known to suffer less damage from herbivores when previously exposed to airborne factors from neighboring plants that are either infested or artificially damaged. However, to date, the effects of such a defensive phenomenon on performance of herbivorous insects have not been clearly shown. Here, we studied such effects in an interaction between a willow plant, Salix eriocarpa Franchet et Savatier (Salicales: Salicaceae), and a specialist leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora (Laicharting) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). In a wind tunnel, uninfested willow plants were placed downwind of willow plants infested by leaf beetle larvae for 4 days. As a control, we placed uninfested plants downwind of uninfested plants in the tunnel. After exposure, downwind plants were served to leaf beetle larvae. Pupal weight, larval survival rates, and the leaf area consumed by larvae all decreased significantly, and larval developmental duration increased significantly, when larvae fed on willow plants downwind of infested plants were compared with those downwind of uninfested plants. These results showed that airborne factors from infested willow plants negatively affected the performance of leaf beetle larvae. Further studies are needed to identify the active factor(s) from the infested willow plants affecting the performance of leaf beetle larvae.