张和兽的齿列和前肢形态

张和盖是目前唯一保存完整完整骨架的对齿兽类。其齿列特征表明它属于兽科,该科为原始兽学中主要繁衍于北方大陆中生代后期一个咀嚼方式以上下臼齿对咬为主的单系类群。张和兽骨骼形态显示其前肢姿势处于外展趴卧与内收直立之间,兼有树上和地面活动的能力,是原始兽类中趋于以地面活动为主的成员。附录列举了哺乳类的主要齿列和骨骼性状序理信分布矩阵。     

我国辽宁发现早白垩世的哺乳动物新属种

正2016年5月24日出版的《科学报告》(Scientific Reports)报道了中科院古脊椎所和临沂大学科研团队合作研究的发现于早白垩世热河生物群的哺乳动物新属种——罗氏晚萌齿兽(Anebodon luoi)。化石是对齿兽类的基干物种,臼齿数目比之前发现的同属对齿兽的张和     

四川侏罗纪三列齿类头后骨骼

本文记述了最晚期的三列齿类——似卞氏兽 (Bienotheroides) 的头后骨骼,并和其他三列齿类以及原始哺乳动物作了对比.肩胛骨上雏型岗上窝的出现,证明三列齿类与原始哺乳类的关系要比以往想象的更为密切.     

缅甸始新世邦唐组一新的石炭兽类偶蹄类动物(英文)

描述了缅甸中始新统上部邦唐组发现的一种新的丘齿形石炭兽Myaingtherium kenyapotamoidesgen.et sp.nov.。标本为破碎的上下颌骨。Myaingtherium是一种基干石炭兽类,其大小和基本形态可以与邦唐一种小的石炭兽Anthracokeryx tenuis相对比。然而,Myaingtheri-um因具有更丘型化的齿列而与Anthracotherium和Anthracohyus在牙齿形态上更相似。在丘型齿石炭兽类中,Myaingtherium以臼齿前小尖非常退化为特点。Myaingtherium的一些牙齿特征,如具有退化的臼齿前小尖的丘型齿列和下臼齿上具有一个中间附尖,与Kenyapotaminae(最原始的化石河马)以及非洲中新世类似河马的石炭兽Kulutherium的牙齿特征相似,暗示Myaingtherium在谱系上可能与Kenyapotaminae有关。尽管需要更多的证据来检验Myaingthe-rium的谱系关系,但这个发现强化了邦唐石炭兽类在检验和理解河马-石炭兽支系的谱系关系和早期演化方面的重要性。     

云南禄丰发现新的三叠纪哺乳动物

近年来,云南禄丰晚三叠世(Rhaetic)下禄丰组地层中,采集了不少各类脊椎动物的化石,包括十余个保存完好的小头骨。经过初步修理和观察后,可以确定,其中一部分是三列齿兽类(Trity-lodonts)的兽形爬行动物。此外,尚有几个是保存相当完好的原始哺乳动物的头骨,根据初步鉴定,都可归入广义的三尖齿兽类(Triconodonta)。有的标本与始齿兽科(Morganucodontidae或Eozost-rodontidae)的已知属种很近似,但保存较完好;另     

记原始恐头兽类一新属种──甘肃玉门晚二叠世脊椎动物群系列报道之三

记述了恐头兽类一新属种利齿狭头兽（Stenocybusacidentatusgenetspnov）。它以高而窄的头骨,轻巧的结构,大的眼孔,小的颞孔,三角形的上颌骨有别于所有已知的恐头兽类。它的门齿结构,及出现在头骨顶面容纳下颌收肌的凹陷显示了与安泰龙科（Anteosauridae）之间的密切关系。但其狭窄的头骨,大而侧扁的犬齿,及较为长大、侧扁、具边缘锯齿的犬齿后齿表明它代表一个新科,而且是恐头兽类中最为原始的科。     

辽宁早白垩世义县组一新的三尖齿兽类

描述了戈壁锥齿兽科 (Gobiconodontidae)一个新的属种———陆家屯弥曼齿兽 (Meeman nodonlujiatunensisgen .etsp .nov.)。标本产于辽宁西部朝阳市上园镇陆家屯下白垩统义县组一段的凝灰质砂岩层中 ,为一具完整齿列的左下颌骨。新属与戈壁锥齿兽 (Gobiconodon)共有以下区别于其他三尖齿兽类的特征 :2颗下门齿 ,i1增大 ,后部门齿、犬齿和前部前臼齿尖锥形 ,前臼齿具有高的中央尖和小的附尖 ,i～p1向前平伏。因此 ,新属被归入戈壁锥齿兽科。弥曼齿兽与戈壁锥齿兽及其相近属的区别在于 :下门齿和下犬齿更加平伏 ,i1在比例上更大 ,而i2则更小 ;最后一枚下前臼齿与第一枚下臼齿之间没有齿隙 ;前臼齿退化 ;下臼齿长度大于高度 ,主尖向后倾斜 ,与b尖和c尖相比 ,a尖较低 ,m1显著小于m2～ 4。新属下臼齿没有齿带 ,与爬兽 (Repenomamus)相似 ,而与戈壁锥齿兽不同。基于与爬兽齿列的对比 ,讨论了戈壁锥齿兽类的齿式 ,认为其应具有两颗门齿 ,而不是以前认为的 1颗门齿 ,从而将戈壁锥齿兽类下齿列齿式修订为 :2·1·2～ 3·5。     

山东早始新世五图组的一种古有蹄类Olbitherium millenariusum gen.et sp.nov.(哺乳动物纲,"伪齿兽集目")

记述了在山东省五图盆地下始新统发现的一种“伪齿兽集目”化石 :千禧福兽 (Olbither iummillenariusumgen.etsp .nov.)。千禧福兽其颊齿形态基本上与原始奇蹄类相似 ,同时也具有伪齿兽类的一些特征 ,如m1～ 2下次尖没有与下内尖直接连接的下次脊。千禧福兽的M3次尖具前、后棱 ,这一点似与原始的蹄兔Seggeurius相似。因此 ,新种在目一级的归类有困难 ,暂置于McKenna ( 1 975 )创立的“伪齿兽集目”(“MirorderPhenacodonta”)。千禧福兽的发现进一步证明了奇蹄类可能起源于亚洲和北非类似伪齿兽类 (phenacodontids)的古有蹄类 ,福兽仅是类似伪齿兽类的古新世古有蹄类向奇蹄类进化过程中的一叉支的代表。     

山东昌乐早始新世五图组伪齿兽类(哺乳纲,踝节目)一新属

记述了在山东早始新世地层中发现的一种仿齿兽类──亚洲脊兽（新属、新种）（Lophocionasiaticusgen．etsp．nov．），肯定了伪齿兽类在亚洲的存在。新种在牙齿形态上与北美的Ectocion接近，但脊齿化程度较高，表现在上自齿上有初始的后脊，从次尖向不同方向伸出三条清晰的棱脊。这些特征使新属容易与其他已知伪齿兽类相区别。     

山东昌乐早始新世五图组多瘤齿兽类(哺乳纲)

本文记述了一种产自山东五图盆地的多瘤齿兽,在牙齿形态上类似在古新世绝灭的Mesodma和Mimetodon,取名为道森拟间异兽（Mesodmopsdawsonae）。这是亚洲晚白垩世－早第三纪地层中首次发现新斜沟齿兽类（neoplagiaucid）多瘤齿兽。文中也简单地讨论了我国目前缺少直接与大部分五图哺乳动物有关的古新世哺乳动物的原因。     

大鼠前肢运动能力的定量测定

使用一项定量测定大鼠前肢运动能力的新方法,训练大鼠抓握与张力传感器相接的圆柱形按钮并向上拉,以牛奶为奖励,利用强化阈值递增的方法测定前肢最大拉力。拉力波形可用微机记录和存储。本方法较为简便和经济,还具有能定量反映大鼠前肢抓握能力的优点。     

Functional differentiation of trailing and leading forelimbs during locomotion on the ground and on a horizontal branch in the European red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris, Rodentia)

Mammalian locomotion is characterized by the frequent use of in-phase gaits in which the footfalls of the left and right fore- or hindlimbs are unevenly spaced in time. Although previous studies have identified a functional differentiation between the first limb (trailing limb) and the second limb (leading limb) to touch the ground during terrestrial locomotion, the influence of a horizontal branch on limb function has never been explored. To determine the functional differences between trailing and leading forelimbs during locomotion on the ground and on a horizontal branch, X-ray motion analysis and force measurements were carried out in two European red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris, Rodentia). The differences observed between trailing and leading forelimbs were minimal during terrestrial locomotion, where both limbs fulfill two functions and go through a shock-absorbing phase followed by a generating phase. During locomotion on a horizontal branch, European red squirrels reduce speed and all substrate reaction forces transmitted may be due to the reduction of vertical oscillation of the center of mass. Further adjustments during locomotion on a horizontal branch differ significantly between trailing and leading forelimbs and include limb flexion, lead intervals, limb protraction and vertical displacement of the scapular pivot. Consequently, trailing and leading forelimbs perform different functions. Trailing forelimbs function primarily as shock-absorbing elements, whereas leading forelimbs are characterized by a high level of stiffness. This functional differentiation indicates that European red squirrels ‘test’ the substrate for stability with the trailing forelimb, while the leading forelimb responds to or counteracts swinging or snapping branches.     

Functional morphology of the forelimb of tupaiids (Mammalia, Scandentia) and its phylogenetic implications

In this study, the forelimb of 12 species of tupaiids was analyzed functionally and compared to that of other archontan mammals. Several differences that relate to differential substrate use were found in the forelimb morphology of tupaiids. These differences included shape of the scapula, length and orientation of the coracoid process, size of the lesser tuberosity, shape of the capitulum, length of the olecranon process, and shape of the radial head and central fossa. The forelimb of the arboreal Ptilocercus lowii, the only ptilocercine, is better adapted for arboreal locomotion, while that of tupaiines is better adapted for terrestrial (or scansorial) locomotion. While the forelimb of the arboreal Ptilocercus appears to be habitually flexed and exhibits more mobility in its joints, a necessity for movement on uneven, discontinuous arboreal supports, all tupaiines are characterized by more extended forelimbs and less mobility in their joints. These restricted joints limit movements more to the parasagittal plane, which increases the efficiency of locomotion on a more even and continuous surface like the ground. Even the most arboreal tupaiines remain similar to their terrestrial relatives in their forelimb morphology, which probably reflects the terrestrial ancestry of Tupaiinae (but not Tupaiidae). The forelimb of Urogale everetti is unique among tupaiines in that it exhibits adaptations for scratch-digging. Several features of the tupaiid forelimb reflect the arboreal ancestry of Tupaiidae and it is proposed that the ancestral tupaiid was arboreal like Ptilocercus. Also, compared to the forelimb character states of tupaiines, those of Ptilocercus are more similar to those of other archontans and it is proposed that the attributes of the forelimb of Ptilocercus are primitive for the Tupaiidae. Hence, Ptilocercus should be considered in any phylogenetic analysis that includes Scandentia.     

A biomechanical perspective on the use of forelimb length as a measure of sexual selection in frogs

Differences in forelimb length between male and female frogs and between amplexing and non-amplexing males have been interpreted to be the results of sexual selection on forelimb length. The causal feature of the forelimb that has been posited to cause such selection is the observation that non-amplexing males attempt to disrupt breeding by prying amplexing males from females. A biomechanical model of forelimb function suggests that total length per se may not be the most appropriate measure to use. There are more functionally significant aspects of forelimb morphology, such as lever arm lengths, that should influence amplexing ability and may make measures of overall forelimb length misleading. This example highlights the relevance of functional analysis to current questions in evolutionary biology that rely on postulated roles for morphological structures under selection.     

The brachial plexus in the chacma baboon (Papio ursinus)

Abstract: The brachial plexus in each of ten embalmed, mature chacma baboons was dissected to document the structure and branching pattern of this nerve plexus in this increasingly used research animal. In general, the brachial plexus in the chacma baboon was similar to the plexuses in the vervet and other Old World monkeys. However, several aspects were comparable to those observed in domestic animals. Thus the bipedal and quadrupedal abilities of the chacma baboon were reflected in the structure of its brachial plexus.     

The brachial plexus in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus)

The brachial plexus in ten embalmed, mature vervet monkeys was dissected to document the structure and branching pattern of this nerve plexus in this frequently used research animal. In general, the brachial plexus in the vervet monkey was similar to the plexus of other Old World monkeys. However, several aspects were comparable to those observed in domestic animals. Thus the quadrupedal and bipedal abilities of the vervet monkey was reflected in the structure of its brachial plexus.     

The trouble with flippers: a report on the prevalence of digital anomalies in Cetacea

The forelimbs of cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) are unique among mammals as the digits exhibit hyperphalangy, and the entire limb is encased in a soft tissue flipper that functions to generate lift. The typical morphology of cetacean digits has been well documented by detailed anatomical studies. This study however furthers our understanding of cetacean forelimb anatomy by conducting a taxonomically broad survey of cetacean digital anomalies. Forelimb radiographs from museum collections provided the basis upon which we calculated the prevalence and documented the morphology of cetacean digital abnormalities. Results indicated that 11% (n = 255) of toothed whales displayed some type of aberrant ossification: the majority of these cases displayed a fusion of elements within a single digital ray, whereas cases exhibiting branched digits were rare. A small sample of baleen whale radiographs (n = 6) contained the only documented case of baleen whale polydactyly in a specimen of the gray whale (Eschrichtius). Furthermore, some Balaenoptera specimens displayed ossified elements within the interdigital spaces that lacked attachment to the adjacent digits and carpus. In addition, we speculated on the role that several genes may have played in creating cetacean digital anomalies. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 155 , 722–735.     

Patterns of carpal development among anuran amphibians

The unity and diversity of developmental processes in the vertebrate limb have singular importance in the interpretation of evolutionary hypotheses of tetrapod diversification. In anurans, the intraordinal diversity of forelimbs seems to be related to the fusion of distal carpals, whereas proximal carpals are invariable. However, there are different ontogenetic pathways involved in the differentiation of proximal carpals. This study presents a comparative analysis of early developmental features in one archeobatrachian and 23 neobatrachian species representing five families and explores the variability in the differentiation of carpal cartilages. We found new evidence supporting the presence of an embryonic intermedium that incorporates with the ulnare. Difference between the pipid Xenopus and the neobatrachians is interpreted as a change in the rate of differentiation of Distal Carpal 5 that does not affect the developmental pattern of digits. The developmental variability exhibited by the intermedium, radiale, and Element Y is combined in patterns that converge on the same adult carpal morphology among neobatrachians; these patterns appear to contain potentially useful phylogenetic information.     

Morphometric and anatomic study of the forelimb of the dog

The object of this study was to obtain the anatomic and morphometric data required for biomechanical analyses of the forelimb in dogs. Following the euthanasia of four healthy, adult, crossbred dogs, 44 muscles of the right forelimb were identified and meticulously removed. Morphometric data for all muscles were collected and physiologic cross-sectional areas (PCSA) and architectural indices (AI) were calculated. The coordinates of the origin and insertion of each muscle were determined using orthogonal, right-handed coordinate systems embedded in the scapula, humerus, and radius-ulna. The PCSA and AI were calculated for all the muscles and coordinates for the origins and insertions of these muscles were determined. Results provide the morphometric and anatomic data necessary for three-dimensional biomechanical studies of the forelimb in dogs.