中华山蝠的生长发育及年龄估算

1997年5～9月,采用标志重捕法对中华山蝠的生长发育进行研究,共观察幼蝠388只次( 雄性184只次,雌性204只次),结果显示:中华山蝠幼蝠20 d 前体重和前臂长均呈直线增长,日平均生长率分别为0.57 g/d与1.36 mm/d,回归方程为:体重=3.05 0.57×日龄,前臂长=15.49 1.36×日龄.20 d后增长减慢, 大约5周龄后开始飞行,初飞幼蝠与成体的体重差异显著,前臂长与成蝠差异不显著.中华山蝠幼体生长与Logistic、Von Bertalanffy及Compertz 3种生长曲线模型的拟合度均较高,R2值超过0.93.前臂长的增长用Logistic 曲线拟合最合适,体重的增长用Von Bertalanffy 曲线拟合最合适.根据前臂长以及第四掌骨与指骨间软骨的发育模式,得到出生后1～76 d幼蝠的年龄鉴定方程式.当前臂长≤43.32 mm时,日龄=-10.77 0.71×前臂长;当前臂长＞43.32 mm时,日龄=71.10-9.89×第四掌骨与指骨间软骨长.     

雪豹两种人工育幼方式比较

北京动物园分别采用全人工和人工．狗乳交替哺育的方法,成功哺育6只雪豹幼崽。通过对育幼箱内外温、湿度的监测结果表明,幼崽呼吸频率随年龄增加而呈现周期性波动,9周后接近成年雪豹;幼崽体温0—87日龄呈逐渐下降趋势,50日龄后趋于稳定;排便和排尿量均随年龄增长呈增加趋势,70日龄增长量趋缓;幼崽体重直线增长。通过对两种哺育方式的卡方检验结果表明,两种哺育方式下雪豹幼崽体重生长存在显著差异。育幼箱内温度和幼崽自身体温对体重增长具有显著的影响;体温与幼崽呼吸频率和进食量具有显著的相关性。此外,还应注意饲料转换时机及微量元素对幼年雪豹生长发育的重要性。     

两种扁颅蝠回声定位叫声的比较

对扁颅蝠 (Tylonycterispachypusa)和褐扁颅蝠 (T robustula)在飞行状态下的回声定位叫声进行了比较研究。结果表明 ,2种扁颅蝠的回声定位叫声的声谱图均呈调频 (FM)型 ,且波形相似 ;但叫声的最低频率、最高频率和主频率差异极显著 (P <0 0 1)。扁颅蝠的频率范围较高 ,为 6 2 4～ 91 6kHz ,主频率为 (76 5± 2 1)kHz ;褐扁颅蝠的频率范围较低 ,为 4 2 7～ 72 4kHz ,主频率为 (49 2± 1 8)kHz ;而 2种蝙蝠的声脉冲时程、声脉冲间隔和声脉冲重复率差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 )。回声定位叫声差异与其体型、所处的生境有关     

环境噪声对蝙蝠回声定位叫声及飞行活动的影响

环境噪声影响动物的活动及其叫声特性,已成为动物面对的一种重要选择压力。为应对噪声的干扰,多数动物类群会远离噪声区域和改变其叫声的频谱时间结构,如延长叫声持续时间、提高叫声频率等,但有些动物的活动和叫声频谱时间结构并不受环境噪声的影响。本研究在自然条件下,研究不同环境噪声强度对蝙蝠活动和回声定位声波的影响。选取噪声强度有差异的12个样点,分别录制各样点大卫鼠耳蝠、西南鼠耳蝠、亚洲长翼蝠及未知蝙蝠的回声定位声波,分析其持续时间、起始频率、峰频、终止频率和带宽,统计蝙蝠通过次数。回归分析结果显示:环境噪声强度与大卫鼠耳蝠、西南鼠耳蝠、亚洲长翼蝠及未知蝙蝠的活动无显著相关性(P0.05),与回声定位声波的脉冲持续时间、起始频率、峰频、终止频率及带宽均不显著相关(P0.05)。暗示低频低强度(20 k Hz,67.5 d B)的环境噪声可能对高频回声定位蝙蝠的叫声及活动没有显著影响。     

同地共栖三种鼠耳蝠食性差异及其生态位分化

2005年9—11月在贵州省安龙县笃山乡暗河村,分析了共栖同一山洞3种鼠耳蝠的形态特征和食性。在体型上,华南水鼠耳蝠体重为(4.46±0.53)g,前臂长为(34.63±1.45)mm;毛腿鼠耳蝠体重为(5.15±1.76)g,前臂长为(35.20±1.07)mm;西南鼠耳蝠体重为(10.94±0.87)g,前臂长为(45.21±1.15)mm。3种鼠耳蝠的体重两两之间差异显著,西南鼠耳蝠与另外2种鼠耳蝠的前臂长相比两两之间差异显著。在食物组成上,华南水鼠耳蝠主要捕食近水面活动的双翅目及其幼虫,体积百分比和频次百分比分别为79.7%和100%;毛腿鼠耳蝠主要捕食双翅目和小型鞘翅目,体积百分比分别占59.6%和28.8%,频次百分比分别为91.3%和80.1%;西南鼠耳蝠的食物组成主要为近地面或在地表活动的鞘翅目步甲科和埋葬虫科昆虫,体积百分比和频次百分比分别为80.8%和100%;3种鼠耳蝠食物组成存在显著差异。结果表明,同地共栖3种鼠耳蝠除了形态结构上出现差异,食物组成也存在明显的差异。据此,推测3种鼠耳蝠可能采取不同的捕食生境和捕食策略,从而导致捕食生态位分离,避免出现激烈竞争,使得3种近缘鼠耳蝠能够同地共栖。     

三种蝙蝠飞行状态下回声定位信号的比较

对马铁菊头烟、萨氏伏翼与白腹管鼻蝠在飞行状态下的回声定位信号进行了比较研究。结果表明：马铁菊头蝠的回声定位为长恒频一调频声（CF－FM）叫声（叫声持续时间均长于10ms）,具有两个谐波;萨氏伏翼与白腹管鼻蝠的回声定位均为宽频调频声（FM）叫声,叫声持续时间分别为3．0±1．3ms和3．6±3．0ms,具有两个或三个谐波。这些回声定位叫声的特性可能与它们所处的生境相适应。     

菲菊头蝠不同地理种群回声定位声波差异及其影响因子

回声定位声波地理差异及其形成原因是蝙蝠生态学研究领域一个基本而关键的问题,对于探索物种生存机制、物种形成及其保护具有重要科学意义。本研究从较大地理尺度上(9个地理种群)研究了菲菊头蝠(Rhinolophus pusillus)回声定位声波结构的地理差异,并进一步探讨了影响回声定位声波地理种群差异的因素。结果表明,菲菊头蝠雌性的体型较雄性略大,其主频较高。不同地理种群之间回声定位声波差异明显,包括脉冲持续时间、脉冲间隔、主频以及带宽在不同的地理种群之间均表现出一定程度的差异。进一步分析发现,不同地理种群之间的雌性菲菊头蝠前臂长和体重均与主频呈较弱的负相关,降雨量与雌性的主频呈较强的正相关;而不同地理种群之间的雄性前臂长、体重和降雨量与回声定位声波参数均无相关性;此外,地理距离、温度、湿度均与雌雄回声定位声波参数无相关性。本研究结果表明,菲菊头蝠不同地理种群间的回声定位声波出现明显差异,其中,体型和降雨量为主要影响因子,说明蝙蝠回声定位叫声的进化主要受到了当地生境的影响,表现出动物对不同生境的适应性进化。     

大蹄蝠回声定位信号特征与下丘神经元频率调谐

采用超声监测仪录制超声信号和细胞外电生理记录下丘神经元的频率调谐曲线(frequency tuningcurqes,FTCs)的方法,探讨了大蹄蝠(Hipposideros armiger)回声定位信号与下丘(inferior colliculus,IC)神经元频率调谐之间的相关性.结果发现,大蹄蝠回声定位叫声为恒频-调频(consrant frequency-frequenevmodulated,CF-FM)信号,一般含有2-3个谐波,第二谐波为其主频,cF成分频率(Mean±SD,n=18)依次为:(33.3 4±0.2)、(66.5±0.3)、(99.4 4±0.5)kHz;电生理实验共获得72个神经元的频率调谐曲线,Q10-dB值的范围是0.5-95.4(9.2±14.6,rg=72),最佳频率(best frequency,BF)在回声定位主频附近的神经元具有尖锐的频率调谐特性.结果表明,大蹄蝠回声定位信号与下丘神经元频率调谐存在相关性,表现为最佳频率在回声定位信号主频附近的神经元频率调谐曲线的Q10-dB值较大,具有很强的频率分析能力.     

广西发现局部白化中蹄蝠幼仔一例

2008年6月,在广西桂林市郊冷水塘村发现一例白化雌性中蹄蝠(Hipposideros larvatus)幼仔,属局部白化现象,白化区域包括背部中线靠右侧的小区域以及尾膜边缘和右足.该中蹄蝠幼仔前臂长49.1mm,体重10.8 g.     

中华山蝠翼的形态学发育模式

为揭示中华山蝠翼的形态学发育模式,2012-2014年,通过对50只中华山蝠幼蝠进行人工饲养实验观察及测量,辅以野外标志重捕,研究中华山蝠翼的生长。结果显示:中华山蝠翼外形各量度值先直线增长,后增长速度逐渐减慢。各指标增长速度减慢的日龄各不相同,臂膜长在25日龄生长速度逐渐减慢;翼展、翼面积、臂膜面积在30日龄增长速度减慢;掌膜长及掌膜面积则在40日龄增长速度减慢。臂膜长发育最快,试飞前(28日龄)已达到成体臂膜长的80.9%。翼载在幼蝠14日龄内呈直线增长,然后开始直线下降,到试飞期(35日龄左右),翼载值降到最低,是成体翼载的80.0%,此后呈极缓慢增长趋势。中华山蝠翼的生长主要集中在试飞前。试飞后,则通过减缓体重的增长速度甚至减轻体重,保持翼面积尤其是掌膜面积的增长速度,从而降低翼载,以便更快地适应飞行生活。Logistic,Von Bertalanffy和Gompertz 3种非线性曲线中,Gompertz模型对翼展拟合度最佳,Gompertz和Von Bertalanffy模型对翼面积拟合度优于Logistic曲线。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.