武汉东湖鲢、鳙生长的几个问题的研究

采用退算法研究东湖鲢、鳙的生长,包括生长的基本模式,瞬时生长率及其变动,雌、雄鱼生长的差异等问题:1)鲢、鳙的生长模式可用von Bertalanffy方程来描述,其中鲢的参数l_∞=99.8厘米、W_∞=17,104克、K=0.3040、t_0=0.4821年,鳙的参数l_∞=117.6厘米、W_∞=29,311克、K=0.3088、t_0=0.5392年;2)鲢、鳙的瞬时生长率随着年龄的增长而逐渐下降,并且不同世代同龄鱼的瞬时生长率有一定的变动,其变差系数与年龄呈正相关;3)鲢、鳙的生长无显著的性别差异。通过对研究结果的综合分析,阐述了鲢、鳙4龄前后出现生长的拐折主要由其个体大小所制约,种群的不同世代和同一世代的不同个体一样存在生长补偿作用,以及瞬时生长率与肥满系数之间有着明显的对应关系。所取得的有关参数值可以应用于渔业估算。     

水稻自然生长趋势的数学模型和动态分析

本研究以随机过程理论为基础,应用数理方法,在分期播种的基础上,提出了一个受遗传特性控制的水稻各生物学参量自然生长趋势的数学模型。并进行了重复验证,得到了不同生育时段各生物学参量的生长速度（一阶导数）和生长速度的变化率（二阶导数）,揭示了水稻生长的基本规律。并结合实测资料,通过相关分析,得到影响各生物学参量的关键气象因子,将水稻生长的研究建立在定量的基础上,有利于更加合理地采用各项高产栽培和农田管理措施。     

扁担塘螺类生产力的研究Ⅰ.铜锈环棱螺的周年生产量

１９９６—１９９７年对扁担塘螺类优势种之一铜锈环棱螺进行了周年研究,结果表明其种群含四个年龄组,其中１９９６年组生长最快,其带壳湿重瞬时生长率为４．１５,去壳干重瞬时生长率为３．４０。采用瞬时生长率法测算其周年生产量为：带壳湿重,１５．７７ｇ·ｍ－２·ａ－１;去壳干重,０．８６２４ｇ·ｍ－２·ａ－１。Ｐ／Ｂ系数基本一致,分别为０．５０,０．５１。铜锈环棱螺的生产量的去壳干重（Ｗｄ,ｇ·ｍ－２·ａ－１）和带壳湿重（Ｗｗ,ｇ·ｍ－２·ａ－１）满足下列关系：Ｗｗ＝１７．２０Ｗｄ。     

中药XRD二阶导数指纹图谱的研究

以三种不同产地的丹参为研究对象,研究植物类中药XRD二阶导数指纹图谱方法学和植物类中药XRD二阶导数指纹图谱的特征。丹参XRD二阶导数指纹图谱具有峰位明确,峰型尖锐,特征性强的特点,不同产地丹参的差异性在二阶导数指纹图谱得以体现。通过相似度计算,三种丹参之间的相似度都小于0.8,可准确鉴定不同产地的丹参。结果表明:XRD二阶导数指纹图谱可用于植物类中药的XRD指纹图谱研究。     

描述和比较鱼类生长的快慢不宜使用生长指标(lgl_(t 1)-lgl_t)/0.4343)×l_t

生长率(l_(t 1)-(l_t))/l_t与生长指标((lgl_(t 1)-lgl_t)/0.4343)×l_t具有如下截然相反的数学特性：一个世代在t龄年初的平均体长l_t的年生长量l_(t 1)-l_t如果取常数值,则随着l_t增大,生长率单调减小表示生长减慢;但生长指标单调增大。由此可以看出,生长率符合而生长指标违背它们所要描述和比较的生长快慢固有的生物学概念。因此,有必要建议世界各国的鱼类生态学界停止使用生长指标。     

食用调和油中花生油含量的近红外光谱分析

采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)等方法建立了食用调和油中花生油含量定量分析的近红外光谱定标模型。采集食用调和油样品在4 000 cm-1~10 000 cm-1范围内的近红外漫反射光谱,光谱经一阶导数处理后,采用偏最小二乘法建立样品中花生油含量的定标模型,并用Leave-one-out内部交叉验证法对模型进行验证。模型相关系数为0.99961,校正均方根RMSEC为0.830%。比较不同光谱预处理方法对定标模型的影响,结果表明一阶导数Corr.coeff最好。采用不同的化学计量学方法建立的定标模型中以偏最小二乘回归法最理想。     

数学模型预测细胞培养物的生长

商品化的植物细胞培养物要求其生长率可重复,批量之问只能有很小变化。在研究罂粟(Papaversomniferum)细胞培养物的生长动力学时,Furdue大学的W.R.Curtis及同事们观察到,用不同瓶中的培养物接种,其生长率的变化是“惊人的”。 Curtis的小组测定出磷酸盐为限制生长物质,他们开发了一种数学生长模型,该模型可根据细胞的胞内磷含量算出培养物的生长率。实验表明,该模型能够根据种菌的胞内磷含量预测培养物的线性生长特性及依赖种菌的生长变化性。研究者说:该模型提供了“在批量培养中预测和控制生长率的数学基础。培养     

傅里叶变换中红外光谱结合偏最小二乘法快速测定蕨菜总多糖含量CSCD

本文建立了一种快速预测蕨菜总多糖含量的方法。采用蒽酮-硫酸比色法测定140份蕨菜总多糖含量作为参比值,采集140份蕨菜样品的傅里叶变换中红外光谱图,结合偏最小二乘法,建立蕨菜总多糖定量分析模型。通过比较多元散射校正法、标准正态变换法、一阶导数法、二阶导数法、多元散射校正+一阶导数法、标准正态变换+一阶导数法、多元散射校正+二阶导数法以及标准正态变换+二阶导数法共8种不同的光谱预处理方法,运用多糖类化合物的中红外光谱学特征吸收筛选建模波段,对蕨菜多糖含量预测模型进行优化。结果表明:采用标准正态变换法作为光谱数据预处理方法,以1750~1600、1500~1400、1350~1290、1160~1070、1060~970、930~800 cm^(-1)作为建模波段,获得校正集相关性系数R^(2)为0.9308,校正均方差(RMSEC)为0.374%,检验集相关性系数R^(2)为0.9145,预测均方差(RMSEP)为0.418%,20组样品进行完全外部验证误差为:-0.35%~0.31%,相对误差值为:-0.83%~5.24%,所构建定量模型可用于蕨菜总多糖含量预测。     

测定心舒功能的一项新指标——心尖搏动图幅度下降时间常数

1976年,Weiss等发现在等容舒张期(IRP)中左室压力(P)服从指数下降规律:P=exp(-t/T C),t为时间,e是自然对数的底,C是常数,T是左室压力下降的时间常数。T可作为评价左室等容舒张功能的指标。然而,测定T的方法是创伤性的,不易在临床推广。鉴于心尖搏动图(ACG)中含有压力和容积的信息,其波形、时间、高度和斜率都与左室压显著相关,ACG的一阶导数与心室压的一阶导数在时间和波形上也极相似。为此,我们提出了一个无创伤性的新指标——ACG幅度下降时间常数(Ta),拟用其代替T对心舒功能进行估测。     

不同日粮蛋白水平对昆明小鼠仔鼠断奶前生长发育的影响

分别给5组昆明小鼠雌鼠14%、16%、18%、20%和22%蛋白水平的日粮后配种。测定其产仔数、仔鼠初生重,每隔两日称重至3周龄断奶,然后采用生长曲线方程拟合生长曲线。根据所获得的参数计算相对生长率,拟合相对生长曲线。结果表明:Gompertz 方程能够很好地拟合仔鼠断奶前的生长发育过程。通过分析蛋白水平对参数估计值、累积生长曲线、相对生长率、相对生长曲线的影响,表明14%蛋白水平显著影响仔鼠的生长发育,妊娠和哺乳期昆明小鼠的蛋白质需要为18%。     

Productivity of outdoor algal cultures in enclosed tubular photobioreactor

At quasi-steady-state outdoor cyclic fed batch cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, the growth irradiance incidented on the tubular photobioreactor increased about fivefold between 9:00 a.m. and noon. Overheating of the cultures was observed, resulting in decreasing biomass output rate when culture temperature went above 40 degrees C. In cultures with temperature control, the quasi-steady-state output rate of all cultures increased throughout the day and leveled off in the late afternoon in high-density cultures. The daily area output rate was proportional to the density of the cultures. The specific growth rate of the light-limited cultures increased only marginally (20%) in the morning. (c) 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

一种计算哺乳动物内禀增长率（rm）的方法

一、概述内禀增长率(r_m)是一个最基本的种群参数,它的测定和计算在动物生态学的研究中占有十分重要的地位。从20年代开始,已发展出多种计算动物r_m值的方法,如下所述。     

The impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on tomato plant resistance against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in greenhouse conditions

The symbiotic relationship between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improves plant growth and increases its resistance to pests and diseases. Mycorrhizal fungi are among the specialized fungi associated with the rhizosphere and are completely dependent on plant organic carbon. In this research tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. was used as the host plant to evaluate the interaction effects between inoculation of tomato plant with AMF and feeding of tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). In addition, plant growth parameters and growth rate of insect were assessed. The mycorrhizal treatment included a mixture of four fungal species (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, R. irregularis and Glomus iranicus). The results of the experiment showed that tomato plant roots were well colonized (66.29%) by AMF and there was a significant mutual relationship between the insects feeding on the plants and the fungi. Feeding by the insects on plants inoculated with the fungus increased percentage of colonization by AMF in plants infested with the insect as compared to the control plants. The results also indicated that growth parameters and phosphorus content of the plants inoculated with fungi significantly increased compared to the control group. Moreover, significantly lower growth rate and consumption index observed in the T. absoluta larvae were fed on the leaves of plants treated with AMF compared to leaves of plants not inoculated with AMF.     

The effects of substrate composition on foraging behavior and growth rate of larval green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris

We investigated the effects of substrate composition on foraging behavior and growth rate of␣larval green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, in the␣laboratory at 20±1°C over a period of 5 weeks. Larval groups (n = 100) with mean wet weight (0.72 ± 0.01 g) at 50 days post-hatch were reared on slate-rocks, cobble, sand or glass. Typically, fish were negatively rheotactic and exhibited dispersed skimming behaviors on provided substrates during pre-feeding and feeding, respectively, but were all positively rheotactic during feeding. Fish reared on slate-rock substrates were negatively phototactic, remained benthic, and aggregated underneath the substrates. In all substrates except slate-rocks, fish displayed frequent episodes of burst and glide swimming activity, tank wall skimming and vertical swimming behaviors, however these behaviors ceased immediately during feeding and reappeared at the end of the feeding period. Substrate composition led to variable foraging effectiveness and likely contributed to significant differences in specific growth rates (2.28, 1.14, 1.77, and 2.27% body weight per day) and mortality (7%, 40%, 11%, 0%) among the treatment groups; slate-rocks, cobble, sand, and glass, respectively. There were no significant differences in morphometrics, somatotopic indices, and whole-body lipid content among treatment groups at the end of the experiment. The present findings indicate that certain substrates in artificial/natural habitats may negatively affect larval growth and may lead to decreased recruitment of juvenile green sturgeon in the wild.     

以比生长速率时间曲线为基础的生物群体生长数学模型

构建了一个描述限制性环境条件下生物群体生长规律的数学模型。模型中比生长速率(μ)是时间(t)的函数。模型可以很好地拟合多种生物或生物细胞群体生长的延迟期、指数期和稳定期。该模型参数少,模型参数生物学意义明确,计算简单。     

The German wildlife information system: population densities and development of European Hare (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lepus europaeus</Emphasis> PALLAS) during 2002–2005 in Germany

The German Wildlife Information System, founded in 2001, is a long-term monitoring program documenting occurrence, number, and development of game populations throughout Germany. Population numbers are recorded by standardized counting methods in so-called reference areas. The population densities of the European hare are calculated by spotlight strip censuses in the reference areas each spring and autumn all across Germany. From 2002 to 2005, the censuses were carried out by local hunters in 510 to 676 reference areas each year. During these years, the calculated spring densities increased significantly from 11.0 (2002) to 14.5 hares/km² (2005) nationwide. The overall increase in spring densities was primarily caused by the population rise from spring 2003 to 2004, which correlates with the high net growth rate in 2003. In 2005, the number of counted hares varied between less than 1 and more than 107 hares/km² in spring and between 0 and more than 170 hares/km² in autumn. Because of differing landscapes in Germany, three regions were differentiated. In spring 2005, the average population densities (median) in East Germany (5.4 hares/km²) and Southwest Germany (14.6 hares/km²) were significantly lower than in Northwest Germany (23.9 hares/km²). These regional differences had been similarly distinct in former years.     

Size-independent growth in fishes: patterns, models and metrics

A combination of a dynamic energy budget (DEB) model, field data on Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and brown trout Salmo trutta and laboratory data on Atlantic salmon was used to assess the underlying assumptions of three different metrics of growth including specific growth rate (G), standardized mass‐specific growth rate (G_S) and absolute growth rate in length (G_L) in salmonids. Close agreement was found between predictions of the DEB model and the assumptions of linear growth in length and parabolic growth in mass. Field data comparing spring growth rates of age 1+ year and 2+ year Atlantic salmon demonstrated that in all years the larger age 2+ year fish exhibited a significantly lower G, but differences in growth in terms of G_S and G_L depended on the year examined. For brown trout, larger age 2+ year fish also consistently exhibited slower growth rates in terms of G but grew at similar rates as age 1+ year fish in terms of G_S and G_L. Laboratory results revealed that during the age 0+ year (autumn) the divergence in growth between future Atlantic salmon smolts and non‐smolts was similar in terms of all three metrics with smolts displaying higher growth than non‐smolts, however, both G_S and G_L indicated that smolts maintain relatively fast growth into the late autumn where G suggested that both smolts and non‐smolts exhibit a sharp decrease in growth from October to November. During the spring, patterns of growth in length were significantly decoupled from patterns in growth in mass. Smolts maintained relatively fast growth though April in length but not in mass. These results suggest G_S can be a useful alternative to G as a size‐independent measure of growth rate in immature salmonids. In addition, during certain growth stanzas, G_S may be highly correlated with G_L. The decoupling of growth in mass from growth in length over ontogeny, however, may necessitate a combination of metrics to adequately describe variation in growth depending on ontogenetic stage particularly if life histories differ.     

Effect and interaction of temperature and photoperiod on growth and partitioning in three groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes1

Effect of temperature and photoperiod and their interaction on plant growth and partitioning of dry matter to pods was examined in three selected groundnut genotypes viz., TMV 2, NC Ac 17090 and VA 81B. The genotypes were grown in six walk-in growth chambers which were programmed to simulate three temperature regimes (22/18°C, 26/22°C and 30/26°C day/night) each under long (12 h) and short (9 h) photoperiods. The plant growth rates and partitioning of dry matter to pods were estimated on a thermal time basis. Plant growth rate (PLGR) was significantly influenced by temperature, photoperiod and genotype, whereas pod growth rate (PDGR) was influenced primarily by temperature and genotype. The interaction of genotype with photoperiod and with temperature was significant for both PLGR and PDGR. For example, at the 22/18°C temperature regime, VA 81B had a high PDGR, while NC Ac 17090 did not even initiate pod growth. The partitioning of dry matter to pods (Pf) was also significantly influenced by photoperiod, temperature and genotype, and significant interactions were found. Photoperiod did not significantly affect Pf under the low temperature regime, but at higher temperatures, partitioning to pods was significantly greater under short days. Pf of VA 81B was relatively insensitive to photoperiod compared with the other two genotypes. The study provided evidence of genotypic variability for photoperiod × temperature interactions which could influence adaptation of groundnut genotypes to new environments.     

发酵动力学教学释疑解难尝试

在发酵动力学课程教学中,针对菌体生长速率与菌体比生长速率、菌体实际生长得率系数(Yx/s)与理论生长得率系数(Ygs)、产物实际得率系数(Yp/s)与理论得率系数(Yps)、补料分批发酵中比生长速率调控等常见知识难点进行了释疑解难尝试,收到了较好的课堂教学效果。