二倍体和四倍体杂交兰幼苗对低温胁迫的生理响应差异分析

为探究不同倍性杂交兰（Cymbidium hybrid）对低温胁迫的生理响应差异,对低温胁迫下（昼温10℃、夜温4℃）二倍体杂交兰以及四倍体杂交兰株系T1和T2幼苗叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、MDA和叶绿素含量,O-·2产生速率以及SOD、POD和CAT活性的动态变化进行了测定和分析;在此基础上,比较了二倍体和四倍体杂交兰的耐低温特性差异。结果显示：随着胁迫时间的延长,二倍体杂交兰和四倍体杂交兰株系T1和T2幼苗叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和MDA含量,O-·2产生速率以及POD和CAT活性总体呈逐渐增加的趋势;叶绿素含量呈逐渐下降的趋势;SOD活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,并分别在胁迫后第9天和第6天达到峰值。在常温（25℃）下恢复生长3d后,二倍体杂交兰和四倍体杂交兰株系T1和T2幼苗叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和MDA含量,O-·2产生速率以及SOD、POD和CAT活性均降低,而叶绿素含量升高。总体上,二倍体杂交兰叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量以及SOD、POD和CAT活性的增幅明显小于四倍体杂交兰,MDA含量和O-·2产生速率的增幅则大于四倍体杂交兰,而叶绿素含量的降幅则明显大于四倍体杂交兰。综合分析结果表明：在低温胁迫下,四倍体杂交兰叶片中渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性均较高,其对低温的耐性强于二倍体杂交兰。     

低温弱光对辣椒幼苗抗氧化酶活性与质膜透性的影响

以辣椒CapsicumannuumL.幼苗为材料,研究了辣椒幼苗叶片中活性氧清除系统对低温弱光的响应.结果表明:随着低温弱光胁迫程度和时间的增加,辣椒幼苗叶片中POD活性提高,但SOD和CAT活性下降,MDA含量增加,细胞膜透性增大;就温度而言,临界低温15℃/8℃比偏低温19℃/12℃对植株的影响更为显著;在偏低温19℃/12℃下,弱光90μmol·m-2·s-1使POD活性上升更大,而SOD和CAT活性的下降、MDA含量的增加和细胞膜透性的增大更小,而在临界低温15℃/8℃下则相反;陇椒2号耐低温弱光能力强,各项指标均优于七寸红.     

低温胁迫对极度濒危植物中华水韭生理特性的影响

以人工繁殖的极度濒危级(CR)植物中华水韭(Isoetes sinensis Palmer)为试验材料,研究了0 ℃低温环境下胁迫0~20 d,沉水叶片中保护酶系统(POD、SOD、CAT)、渗透调节物质(可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白)、叶绿素以及丙二醛(MDA)和相对电导率的变化。结果显示:随着低温（0 ℃）胁迫时间的延长,中华水韭沉水叶片的相对电导率、可溶性糖含量、CAT活性先升高后下降,SOD活性呈逐渐上升的趋势,POD活性、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素含量下降,MDA含量一直低于CK,且在一定范围内波动。研究表明,中华水韭沉水叶片在0 ℃低温胁迫中受到一定程度的伤害,但能通过调节自身的膜透性、渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性系统来减轻低温伤害,维持其正常生理代谢功能,从而表现出一定的抗寒潜力。     

低温胁迫下不同光照条件对锦熟黄杨抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究了锦熟黄杨（Buxus sempervirens L.）在低温胁迫下不同光照条件（12 h光照/12 h黑暗、24 h全光、24 h全黑）对其抗氧化酶活性的影响,结果表明：低温不同光照条件下细胞膜透性和丙二醛含量均高于对照（20℃ 12 h光照/12 h黑暗）,细胞膜透性和丙二醛含量在5℃ 24 h光照条件下最大;低温胁迫下SOD活性高于对照,并在5℃ 24 h光照条件下达到最高值;CAT的活性仍维持较高水平,5℃ 12 h光照/12 h黑暗显著高于对照及其它处理;在低温有光照条件下,POD活性升高,黑暗条件下POD活性低于对照。低温胁迫下POD、SOD和CAT的活性均呈上升趋势,可能是植株具有较强抗性的原因。     

冷锻炼对低温胁迫下夏威夷椰子膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性的影响

在－5℃低温胁迫下,夏威夷椰子（Pritchardia gaudichaudii H.Wendl.)幼苗叶片的丙二醛（MDA）含量逐渐增加,表明膜脂过氧化作用逐渐增强;含水量不断下降;细胞保护酶中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD) 过氧化氢酶（CAT）酶活性均先升高,然后下降。冷锻炼处理可以减缓夏威夷椰子膜脂过氧化作用的增强,促进SOD酶活性的提高,同时抑制POD和CAT酶活性的变化,因而使夏威夷椰子幼苗的抗寒性得以提高,在－5℃低温胁迫下的半致死时间从1.6d延长到2.2d。     

低温胁迫对澳洲茶树组培苗生理特性的影响

为探讨澳洲茶树组培苗耐受低温的能力及对低温胁迫的响应机制,该文测定了3月龄澳洲茶树组培苗低温处理过程及恢复培养后叶片叶绿素(Chl)、丙二醛(MDA)、抗氧化物酶(SOD,POD,CAT)、抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)的变化。结果表明:(1)-5℃胁迫24 h,保护酶及抗氧化物含量均显著下降,MDA含量显著上升。(2) 0℃下,AsA和GSH先降后升,POD和CAT相反,SOD持续升高;胁迫48 h后保护酶活性显著升高,抗氧化剂含量显著降低。(3) 10℃下,SOD活性先降后升;胁迫48 h后,渗透调节物质含量均显著升高。因此,3月龄澳洲茶树组培苗在-5℃受到致死冻害,幼苗能通过启动抗氧化系统及快速积累渗透调节物质响应0℃以上低温胁迫,但对10℃和0℃两种低温胁迫的应答机制却存在一定的差异。该研究结果将有助于深入了解其对低温的耐受能力及生理响应机制,为合理引种及规模化种植提供理论依据。     

孕穗期低温对冬小麦生理生化特性和产量的影响

为明确孕穗期低温对小麦生理生化特性和产量的影响,以‘小偃22’等5个冬小麦品种为材料,对其在低温（2±1） ℃胁迫下叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量和可溶性蛋白含量等生理指标进行测定,并测定单株产量。结果表明:（1）与对照相比,低温胁迫24 h和48 h后,供试品种叶片SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性、MDA含量、相对电导率、可溶性糖含量和脯氨酸含量均显著增加,而可溶性蛋白含量显著降低。（2）低温胁迫使各品种单株籽粒产量和单株穗粒数显著下降,但对小穗数和千粒重的影响不大。（3）经隶属函数分析,‘小偃22’、‘矮抗58’和‘西农509’属于抗寒性较强的品种,而‘郑麦9023’和‘郑麦366’为抗寒性较弱的品种,这与它们在试验中的籽粒产量表现相符。研究发现,与抗寒性弱的小麦品种相比,抗寒性强的品种在相同低温下具有相对较高的保护酶活性、较强的渗透调节物质积累能力和较低的质膜破坏程度,这是其在低温胁迫后能维持较高产量的生理基础。     

温度和紫外辐射胁迫对西藏飞蝗抗氧化系统的影响

为探讨西藏飞蝗(Locusta migratoria tibetensis Chen)对环境的适应机制,报道了温度和紫外辐射胁迫对西藏飞蝗抗氧化系统影响。以西藏飞蝗成虫为试材,研究5—20℃低温、30—45℃高温胁迫和紫外线辐射对其抗氧化酶活性和膜脂过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。在5—20℃低温胁迫下,成虫体壁和消化道超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量分别随温度降低而升高;在30—35℃高温胁迫下,成虫SOD、POD和CAT活性分别随温度升高而升高,当温度超过35℃时,3种氧化酶活性均下降。长波紫外辐射(UV-A)和中波紫外辐射(UV-B)对处理后24h和72h成虫的SOD活性的影响大于可见光,在UV-A、UV-B和可见光3种光波长处理下,成虫的POD和CAT活性随光照时间的延长而增加,其中UV-B对两种酶活性影响大于UV-A和可见光,表现为UV-B处理组>UV-A处理组>可见光处理组;UV-A和UV-B处理能导致虫体体壁MDA含量明显升高,且对脂质过氧化的诱导存在时间效应;雌虫体壁、雌虫消化道、雄虫体壁和雄虫消化道的MDA含量分别在UV-B72h、UV-A72h、UV-A72h和UV-B72h达最大值0.72、0.88、0.66和0.94 nmol/g鲜重。在20—5℃低温胁迫下,西藏飞蝗成虫抗氧化酶活性升高,能较好的保护自身免遭活性氧自由基的伤害;西藏飞蝗对高温忍耐力差,在高于35℃高温胁迫下,成虫SOD、POD、CAT活性均下降;在长波和中波紫外辐射下,西藏飞蝗抗氧化酶活性显著升高,是西藏飞蝗对紫外线辐射强度大的青藏高原的一种重要适应。     

低温胁迫下枇杷幼果种子膜脂过氧化、保护酶活性及显微结构的变化

枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)开花结果正值冬季低温期,易受低温影响,因此寒害成为抑制枇杷健康生长、发育的重要因素之一。种子作为产生多种内源激素的中心,其健康程度与枇杷果实正常发育息息相关。该研究以四川省成都市龙泉驿区柏合镇的‘早钟六号’枇杷幼果种子为材料,经不同低温(6、3、0、-3℃)胁迫不同时间(12、24、36、48 h)后,对其相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的变化进行测定以及细胞解剖结构分析,旨在探究枇杷幼果种子抗寒机制,为提高四川地区枇杷抗寒栽培新技术提供理论和实践依据。结果表明:低温胁迫下,枇杷幼果种子相对电导率及MDA含量随着处理温度的降低整体呈上升趋势;保护酶SOD、CAT活性在低温胁迫前期不同程度升高,至某个低温后呈下降趋势;而POD活性总体呈升-降-升趋势;相对电导率、MDA含量、SOD活性、CAT活性、POD活性的变化临界温度均为6℃,胁迫临界时间分别为12、24、48、36 h,而MDA含量变化临界温度为3℃,胁迫临界时间为36 h;显微结构表明枇杷幼果种子6℃低温开始受冻,最先受冻部位为种皮,其次为种胚真叶原始体或真叶,最后到细胞破裂,说明枇杷幼果种子随着处理温度降低,细胞结构受损越严重。综上,枇杷幼果种子受冻临界温度为6℃,受冻临界时间为12 h。     

低温胁迫下外源脱落酸对高山离子芥抗氧化酶和渗透调节物质的影响

以高山离子芥(Chorispora bungeana)试管苗为实验材料,研究了低温冷害(4℃)、低温冻害(-4℃)和临界温度(0℃)胁迫下外源ABA对抗氧化酶及渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明在4和-4℃胁迫下阴性对照组中SOD和CAT活性高于空白对照组;POD活性在4℃胁迫下高于空白对照组;APX活性在4和-4℃胁迫的晚期升高。与此同时,阴性对照组中膜的相对电导率增加、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量降低。0℃胁迫下阴性对照组中POD活性降低;APX活性呈波动式变化;脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别在72和48 h时高于空白对照组;而可溶性蛋白含量低于空白对照组。添加外源ABA处理后4、-4和0℃胁迫下POD、SOD、CAT和APX活性较阴性对照组均得到不同程度增加;ABA的处理显著降低了细胞膜的相对电导率,提高脯氨酸,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.