Contribution from the Department of Fisheries, Kyoto University.
Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory, Kyoto University, No. 201. 相似文献
Myo-inositol decreases the incorporation of C14-glucose into streptomycin, particularly into streptidine. This effect suggests that myo-inositol is a precursor of the streptidine ring.
Methionine stimulates antibiotic production in a synthetic medium but proves to be unfavorable in a complex medium.
The γ- and δ-isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane inhibit streptomycin formation.
The formation of streptomycin by washed mycelium was studied. Essentially the same results were here obtained as with growing cultures.
相似文献Masking in motor systems was defined as the omission of one act in a sequence due to an earlier or later act in the sequence. A study of phoneme omission in natural speech showed that:
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Masked phonemes were usually preceded or followed by an identical phoneme (referred to as the masking phoneme).
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Backward masking, where the masked phoneme preceded the masking phoneme was as frequent as forward masking.
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The phonemes immediately adjacent to the masked and masking phonemes were usually similar in distinctive features, but rarely identical.
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The masking phoneme usually occurred in a stressed syllable and the masked phoneme in an unstressed one, suggesting that motor intensity may be a factor in masking.
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The components for an adequate model of motor masking were shown to be similar to those in models of other types of errors in speech.
über einige besondere Formen der Leberzellen, ihre Beziehungen zu den Gallenkapillaren und ihre Funktionelle Bedeutung
allievo interno
Mit 12 Textabbildungen. 相似文献
The Mediterranean evergreen vegetation of Sicily, comprised in the belt of the Quercetea ilicis, occupies a large part of the island. Human intervention (cutting, fire, pasture) has brought about a degradation of the natural vegetation. This study is based on our phytosociological research of the Quercetea ilicis belt on Sicily.
With the ‘habitat comparison’ method, the dynamical relations between the different vegetation units have been defined.
We distinguish the following stages, with reference to their vegetation structure:
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a herbaceous stage formed by steppic vegetation, preceded by various types of nitrophilous-ruderal vegetation on abandoned fields;
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a garrigue stage dominated by half-shrubs;
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a macquis stage with various distinct plant communities, four communities being important in regressive successions, and three in progressive ones;
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a woodland and shrub-woodland stage with three different substages: pre-existent forests, present woodlands, and woodlands which tend towards the final, stable stage of vegetation (potential natural vegetation).
The dynamic relationships both in progressive and regressive successions have been synthesized in a scheme. In this scheme we have shown the main stages of the vegetation in their dynamics and we have constructed different series of vegetation types in two altitudinal belts, which are determined by varying environmental conditions of today.
The results also show that in some cases the progressive series follow different pathways than the regressive series, and the final stage of the progressive series is different from the original vegetation.
相似文献Many consumers are transitioning away from single-use plastic products and turning to reusable alternatives. Oftentimes, this change is being made with the assumption that these alternatives have fewer environmental impacts; however, reusable products are frequently made from more environmentally intensive materials and have use phase impacts. This study used LCA to examine the GWP, water consumption, and primary nonrenewable energy use associated with reusable alternatives for single-use plastic kitchenware products and determined environmental payback periods.
MethodsThe environmental impacts for each reusable alternative are calculated on the functional units of 1 use, 1 year (5 uses/week), and 5 years (5 uses/week). Payback periods are calculated for each reusable alternative and defined as the number of times a consumer must reuse an alternative in order for the environmental impact per use to be equivalent to the environmental impact for the single-use product. The research explored the sensitivity of the results to different consumer washing and reuse behaviors, as well as local conditions such as overall transportation distances and the carbon intensity of different electricity grids. Product types studied included straws (4 reusable, 2 single-use), sandwich storage (2 reusable, 3 single-use), coffee cups (3 reusable, 2 single-use), and forks (1 single-use, 3 reusable).
Results and discussionEnvironmental impacts associated with the reusable alternatives were highly dependent on the use phase due to dishwashing, making payback period sensitive to washing frequency and method, and for GWP, carbon intensity of the energy grid (used for water heating). For single-use products, the material/manufacturing phase was the largest contributor to overall impacts. It was found that nine of the twelve reusable alternatives were able to breakeven in all three environmental indicators. The coffee cup product type was the only product type to have one reusable alternative, the ceramic mug, and have the shortest payback period for all three impact categories. Both the bamboo straw and beeswax wrap were unable to breakeven in any scenario due to high use phase impacts from manual washing.
ConclusionsThe research found that reusable alternatives can payback the environmental impacts of GWP, water consumption, and energy use associated with their more resource intensive materials, but it is dependent on number of uses, consumer behavior, and for GWP, carbon intensity of the energy grid. A key takeaway is that consumer behavior and use patterns influence the ultimate environmental impact of reusable kitchenware products.
RecommendationsSome recommendations for consumers looking to reduce the overall impact of kitchenware products include the following:
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Not always assuming reusable is the best option.
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Extending product lifetime.
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Researching which reusable option has the lowest impact.
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Following best practice washing behaviors.
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Not washing products after every use.
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Advocating for integration of renewables into the local energy grid.
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Reducing consumption of these product types (reusable or single-use).
Stipendiat der Alexander-von-Humboldt-Stiftung.
Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. 相似文献
Functionalized compounds, which are difficult to produce by classical chemical synthesis, are of special interest as biotechnologically available targets. They represent useful building blocks for subsequent organic syntheses, wherein they can undergo stereoselective or regioselective reactions. “White Biotechnology” (as defined by the European Chemical Industry [http://www.europabio.org/white_biotech.htm], as part of a sustainable “Green Chemistry,”) supports new applications of chemicals produced via biotechnology. Environmental aspects of this interdisciplinary combination include:
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Use of renewable feedstock
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Optimization of biotechnological processes by means of:
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New “high performance” microorganisms
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On-line measurement of substrates and products in bioreactors
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Alternative product isolation, resulting in higher yields, and lower energy demand
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In this overview we describe biotechnologically produced pyruvic, 2-oxopentaric and 2-oxohexaric acids as promising new building blocks for synthetic chemistry. In the first part, the microbial formation of 2-oxocarboxylic acids (2-OCAs) in general, and optimization of the fermentation steps required to form pyruvic acid, 2-oxoglutaric acid, and 2-oxo-d-gluconic acid are described, highlighting the fundamental advantages in comparison to chemical syntheses. In the second part, a set of chemical formula schemes demonstrate that 2-OCAs are applicable as building blocks in the chemical synthesis of, e.g., hydrophilic triazines, spiro-connected heterocycles, benzotriazines, and pyranoic amino acids. Finally, some perspectives are discussed.
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