脉冲电磁场促进大鼠成骨细胞成熟与矿化依赖于NO/cGMP信号途径

脉冲电磁场(pulse electromagnetic fields, PEMFs)能够促进大鼠成骨细胞（rat osteoblast cells, ROB）成熟矿化,但是其作用机制并不明确。本实验主要研究PEMFs促进大鼠成骨细胞成熟矿化与NO/cGMP信号途径的关系,进而阐明PEMFs促进成骨细胞成熟矿化的机理。首先将成骨细胞经50Hz、0.6mT脉冲电磁场作用不同时间后,检测细胞培养液中一氧化氮(Nitric Oxide, NO)和细胞内3?-5?-环鸟苷一磷酸(3?-5?-cyclic-GMP, cGMP)的含量,以探明电磁场是否影响NO和cGMP的合成;其次,提取总蛋白,应用蛋白质印迹检测细胞内eNOS、iNOS和PKG-1的蛋白表达量;最后,利用NOS的阻断剂L-NAME抑制NO信号通路后,检测成骨性相关指标,包括碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性、钙化结节数量、成骨性基因Bmp-2、Collagen-1、Osterix及破骨细胞调节因子Rankl基因的表达量。结果发现经PEMFs处理后,NO含量及cGMP含量均有明显升高;细胞内eNOS、iNOS和PKG-1蛋白表达量较空白对照组均有显著升高,说明PEMFs能够激活NO/cGMP信号途径。且经PEMFs处理的成骨细胞,ALP活性升高,BMP-2、Collagen-1和Osterix基因表达量显著增加,Rankl基因表达量下降,成骨细胞形成钙化结节的能力增强,当加入L-NAME,PEMFs引起的ALP活性增加、成骨性基因表达升高和钙化结节形成能力增强的趋势均被显著抑制。上述结果表明,经PEMFs处理成骨细胞成熟矿化过程中 NO/cGMP信号通路被激活;如该通路被抑制,则电磁场促成骨作用被抵消。说明脉冲电磁场促进成骨细胞成熟矿化依赖于NO/cGMP信号通路。     

正弦电磁场促进成骨细胞成熟分化依赖于BMP-Smad信号通路

正弦电磁场（SEMFs）能够显著促进大鼠成骨细胞（ROBs）成熟分化,但其作用机制未知。本研究旨在阐明BMP-Smad信号通路对SEMFs促进ROBs成熟分化的影响。取新生SD 大鼠颅骨,多次酶消化体外分离培养得到ROBs传代培养后,利用50 Hz 1.8 mTs SEMFs处理0,5,15,30和60 min,Western印迹检测BMP-2表达和Smad1/5/8磷酸化水平,免疫荧光染色检测P-Smad1/5/8核转位。加入BMP-Smad信号通路的阻断剂noggin后,50 Hz 1.8 mTs SEMFs分别处理3 d和6 d（2 h/d）后,检测胞内碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性,磁场处理2 d后（2 h/d）,real-time PCR和Western印迹分别检测Ⅰ型胶原（collagen1）和成骨相关转录因子RUNX-2基因和蛋白质表达量。结果发现,50 Hz 1.8 mTs SEMFs处理ROBs后,BMP-2的表达量显著增加,胞内Smad1/5/8快速磷酸化,而对非磷酸化的Smad1/5/8表达无影响。同时,SEMFs处理30 min后引起P-Smad1/5/8发生核转位。50 Hz 1.8mTs SEMFs能够显著促进ALP活性增加,促进成骨相关因子collagen1和RUNX-2基因和蛋白质表达。加入BMP-Smad信号通路的阻断剂noggin后,SEMFs促进ALP活性增加,collagen1和RUNX-2基因和蛋白质表达水平被显著抑制。上述结果说明,50 Hz 1.8 mTs SEMFs促进成骨细胞成骨性分化依赖于BMP-Smad信号通路。     

8-异戊烯基柑橘素促进体外培养成骨细胞成熟矿化的研究

研究8-异戊烯基柑橘素对体外培养大鼠颅骨成骨细胞(rat skull osteoblasts,ROB)的分化成熟及生物矿化的影响.取新生大鼠颅骨多次酶消化法得到成骨细胞,培养于含10%FBS的MEM培养液中,3天后首次换液,待细胞铺满皿底传代培养.以碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)为检测指标,96孔板梯度筛选作用最佳浓度,在最佳浓度作用并成骨性诱导培养的第3、6、9、12天测ALP活性、钙盐沉积量;第12天进行ALP和钙化结节组织化学染色及计数;成骨性诱导后不同时间点提取Total RNA,RT real-time PCR法检测成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、成骨相关转录因子Osterix、Runx-2和骨形态发生蛋白-2(BMP-2)的基因表达情况;成骨性诱导的第4、8、12天裂解获得细胞总蛋白,蛋白质印迹法检测人Ⅰ型胶原蛋白(COL-Ⅰ)的蛋白质表达量.研究结果表明:1×10-6 mol/L能显著促进成骨细胞的成熟分化,表现为提高ROB的ALP活性、促进钙盐沉积、增加钙化结节数量;提高bFGF、IGF-1、Osterix、Runx-2和BMP-2 mRNA表达水平;促进COL-Ⅰ的合成.由此可知终浓度为1×10-6 mol/L 8-异戊烯基柑橘素能显著促进ROB的分化成熟及生物矿化,证明8-异戊烯基柑橘素能促进成骨细胞的分化成熟及生物矿化,作为促进骨修复和抗骨质疏松的有效成分具有较大的药用价值.     

minTBP-1/IGF-1融合蛋白钛涂层对高糖高脂环境下成骨细胞分化活性的影响

目的:评价自行设计的minTBP-1与IGF-1融合蛋白涂层修饰的纯钛表面对高糖高脂环境下成骨相关基因及蛋白表达的影响。方法:借助互联网Prot Param工具设计并筛选出亲水性较高的minTBP-1与IGF-1融合蛋白,用于修饰钛表面,分别将正常成骨细胞和高糖高脂环境下培养的成骨细胞接种于其表面,以钛表面无涂层的正常成骨细胞为对照组,通过碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、茜素红S染色及定量,比较成骨细胞的生物学特性;1周、2周时,Real-time PCR检测成骨细胞ALP、Ι型胶原、Runx2和OCN基因表达水平的变化;1周、2周和3周时,Western Blot分别检测成骨细胞ALP、OCN蛋白的表达量。结果:高糖高脂环境下培养的成骨细胞扁平、呈不规则多边形,其ALP的表达、钙化结节形成均低于正常成骨细胞(P0.05)。高糖高脂环境下,在目标融合蛋白修饰的钛表面接种成骨细胞1周时,ALP基因及蛋白均有明显表达,与正常成骨细胞相比无统计学差异(P0.05);2周时Ι型胶原、Runx2以及OCN的基因明显高表达,第3周时OCN蛋白显著表达,与正常成骨细胞相比无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:minTBP-1与IGF-1融合蛋白涂层修饰的纯钛表面有利于改善高糖高脂环境下成骨细胞的生物学活性、促进了成骨相关基因及蛋白的表达,有望为2型糖尿病条件下钛-骨结合的种植体表面改性提供新策略。     

机械敏感离子通道Trpm7在LIPUS促进牙髓间充质干细胞成骨分化中的作用机制的研究

该文主要研究低强度脉冲超声(low-intensity pulsed ultrasound,LIPUS)促进牙髓间充质干细胞(dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells,DPSCs)成骨分化,以及瞬时受体电位M7(transient receptor potential melastatin 7,Trpm7)在其中发挥的作用。培养人DPSCs,流式细胞术检测其表面分子标志表达,阿利新蓝、茜素红及油红O染色检测其成软骨、成骨和成脂分化能力。ALP活性、ALP染色和茜素红染色观察LIPUS促成骨分化的能力。实时定量PCR检测LIPUS处理组与对照组成骨分化相关基因OPN、OCN、RUNX2表达的差异以及不同时间点两组Trpm7 m RNA表达水平的变化。ALP活性检测LIPUS及不同浓度Trpm7抑制剂2-氨基乙酯二苯基硼酸(2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate,2-APB)对成骨分化能力的影响。实验分为对照组、LIPUS组、LIPUS+二甲基亚砜(DMSO)组和LIPUS+2-APB组,ALP和茜素红染色观察各组成骨分化能力,Western blot检测各组OPN、OCN和RUNX2的蛋白表达。结果显示,成功培养DPSCs,LIPUS处理后ALP和茜素红阳性染色明显增多,ALP活性增强(P0.01);OPN、OCN、RUNX2的m RNA表达水平显著增加(P0.05),LIPUS处理第2天和第5天Trpm7的m RNA表达水平有明显升高(P0.05)。2-APB作用后明显下调ALP活性(P0.01)。LIPUS组、LIPUS+DMSO组与对照组相比,ALP和茜素红阳性染色以及OPN、OCN与RUNX2的蛋白表达均显著增加,而LIPUS+2-APB组较于LIPUS+DMSO组,ALP和茜素红染色以及OPN、OCN与RUNX2的蛋白表达明显降低。该研究结果提示,LIPUS能够促进DPSCs的成骨分化,且Trpm7在这一过程中发挥着重要作用。     

长链非编码RNA H19对成骨分化及骨性疾病影响的研究进展

越来越多的研究表明长链非编码RNA (long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)广泛参与干细胞成骨分化进程,调节多种干细胞及成骨细胞的增殖与凋亡,在维持骨代谢平衡中发挥重要的作用。近年来有研究报道,lncRNA H19的异常表达与骨质疏松、骨性关节炎、骨质增生、骨肉瘤及多发性骨髓瘤等疾病都有密切关系。LncRNA H19可通过直接吸附微小RNA (microRNA,miRNA)或作为上游基因调控miRNA表达,然后通过Wnt/β-catenin、转化生长因子β(transforming growth factorβ,TGF-β)及Notch等信号转导通路改变成骨分化相关基因RUNX2、OCN等的表达,最后调控骨形成进程。本文对国内外关于lncRNA H19对骨性疾病的影响的研究进展作一综述,探讨lncRNA H19调节骨性疾病的发生和发展的作用和机制,以期为骨代谢相关疾病治疗和预防提供更加可靠的理论依据。     

小鼠RNA干扰RelA基因慢病毒载体的构建与鉴定

目的:构建小鼠Rel A基因的RNA干扰慢病毒载体,转染小鼠成骨样细胞并鉴定。方法:针对小鼠Rel A基因序列,设计特异性的sh RNA序列,应用基因重组技术插入慢病毒载体GV-248。得到的重组质粒转化感受态大肠杆菌DH5α,筛选得到阳性克隆并扩大培养。所得质粒进行测序分析确定载体构建成功。重组质粒载体及包装辅助质粒转染293T细胞,得到目的病毒并测定相应病毒滴度。慢病毒转染MC3T3-E1细胞后,Real-time PCR及Western blot检测MC3T3-E1细胞Rel A基因及成骨相关基因ALP、OCN、RANKL的表达。结果:成功构建小鼠Rel A基因的RNA干扰慢病毒载体,感染MC3T3-E1细胞后,Rel A基因的表达明显受到抑制,同时RANKL基因表达水平明显下降,ALP、OCN基因表达水平明显上升。结论:成功构建了小鼠Rel A基因的RNA干扰慢病毒载体。当小鼠成骨细胞Rel A基因表达被干扰,NF-κB通路被抑制后,小鼠成骨细胞成骨相关基因ALP、OCN的表达明显上升,成骨功能增强;同时RANKL的表达明显下降,其介导的破骨细胞骨吸收功能减弱。     

成骨细胞的培养及阿伦磷酸钠对其的影响

碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性、骨钙素、Ⅰ型胶原等通常作为骨分化的特异性指标。骨形成蛋白、转化生长因子-β、地塞米松等是促进骨髓基质细胞分裂增殖并定向分化为成骨细胞的特异性因素。矿化液诱导骨髓基质细胞转化为成骨细胞是相关领域学者普遍采用的方法。阿伦磷酸钠在一定浓度下不影响成骨细胞的增殖,甚至可能促进成骨细胞增殖或成熟分化。本文综述了该领域的最新研究进展。     

小鼠RNA干扰基因RelA慢病毒载体的构建与鉴定

目的：构建小鼠RelA 基因的RNA 干扰慢病毒载体,转染小鼠成骨样细胞并鉴定。方法：针对小鼠RelA 基因序列,设计特异 性的shRNA 序列,应用基因重组技术插入慢病毒载体GV-248。得到的重组质粒转化感受态大肠杆菌DH5-alpha,筛选得到阳性克隆 并扩大培养。所得质粒进行测序分析确定载体构建成功。重组质粒载体及包装辅助质粒转染293T 细胞,得到目的病毒并测定相 应病毒滴度。慢病毒转染MC3T3-E1 细胞后,Real-time PCR 及Western blot 检测MC3T3-E1 细胞RelA 基因及成骨相关基因 ALP、OCN、RANKL的表达。结果：成功构建小鼠RelA 基因的RNA干扰慢病毒载体,感染MC3T3-E1 细胞后,RelA 基因的表达 明显受到抑制,同时RANKL基因表达水平明显下降,ALP、OCN基因表达水平明显上升。结论：成功构建了小鼠RelA 基因的 RNA 干扰慢病毒载体。当小鼠成骨细胞RelA基因表达被干扰,NF-资B 通路被抑制后,小鼠成骨细胞成骨相关基因ALP、OCN的 表达明显上升,成骨功能增强;同时RANKL 的表达明显下降,其介导的破骨细胞骨吸收功能减弱。     

Pulsed electromagnetic fields promote bone formation by activating the sAC–cAMP–PKA–CREB signaling pathway

The application of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis has long been an area of interest. However, the clinical application of PEMFs remains limited because of the poor understanding of the PEMF action mechanism. Here, we report that PEMFs promote bone formation by activating soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase A (PKA), and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling pathways. First, it was found that 50 Hz 0.6 millitesla (mT) PEMFs promoted osteogenic differentiation of rat calvarial osteoblasts (ROBs), and that PEMFs activated cAMP–PKA–CREB signaling by increasing intracellular cAMP levels, facilitating phosphorylation of PKA and CREB, and inducing nuclear translocation of phosphorylated (p)-CREB. Blocking the signaling by adenylate cyclase (AC) and PKA inhibitors both abolished the osteogenic effect of PEMFs. Second, expression of sAC isoform was found to be increased significantly by PEMF treatment. Blocking sAC using sAC-specific inhibitor KH7 dramatically inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of ROBs. Finally, the peak bone mass of growing rats was significantly increased after 2 months of PEMF treatment with 90 min/day. The serum cAMP content, p-PKA, and p-CREB as well as the sAC protein expression levels were all increased significantly in femurs of treated rats. The current study indicated that PEMFs promote bone formation in vitro and in vivo by activating sAC–cAMP–PKA–CREB signaling pathway of osteoblasts directly or indirectly.     

The frequency window effect of sinusoidal electromagnetic fields in promoting osteogenic differentiation and bone formation involves extension of osteoblastic primary cilia and activation of protein kinase A

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have emerged as a versatile means for osteoporosis treatment and prevention. However, its optimal application parameters are still elusive. Here, we optimized the frequency parameter first by cell culture screening and then by animal experiment validation. Osteoblasts isolated from newborn rats (ROBs) were exposed 90 min/day to 1.8 mT SEMFs at different frequencies (ranging from 10 to 100 Hz, interval of 10 Hz). SEMFs of 1.8 mT inhibited ROB proliferation at 30, 40, 50, 60 Hz, but increased proliferation at 10, 70, 80 Hz. SEMFs of 10, 50, and 70 Hz promoted ROB osteogenic differentiation and mineralization as shown by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium content, and osteogenesis-related molecule expression analyses, with 50 Hz showing greater effects than 10 and 70 Hz. Treatment of young rats with 1.8 mT SEMFs at 10, 50, or 100 Hz for 2 months significantly increased whole-body bone mineral density (BMD) and femur microarchitecture, with the 50 Hz group showing the greatest effect. Furthermore, 1.8 mT SEMFs extended primary cilia lengths of ROBs and increased protein kinase A (PKA) activation also in a frequency-dependent manner, again with 50 Hz SEMFs showing the greatest effect. Pretreatment of ROBs with the PKA inhibitor KT5720 abolished the effects of SEMFs to increase primary cilia length and promote osteogenic differentiation/mineralization. These results indicate that 1.8 mT SEMFs have a frequency window effect in promoting osteogenic differentiation/mineralization in ROBs and bone formation in growing rats, which involve osteoblast primary cilia length extension and PKA activation.     

Protection of primary cilia is an effective countermeasure against the impairment of osteoblast function induced by simulated microgravity

The molecular mechanism for the microgravity-induced decrease in bone formation remains unclear and there is a lack of effective specific preventative therapies. We recently reported that primary cilia of osteoblasts became shorter and even disappeared when the cells were exposed to random positioning machine (RPM)-simulated microgravity and that the microgravity-induced loss of osteogenic potential of osteoblasts could be attenuated when the resorption of primary cilia was prevented by treatment with 0.1 μM cytochalasin D. In the current study, it was further found that the loss of the osteogenic capacity of rat calvarial osteoblasts (ROBs) was associated with the inhibition of the BMP-2/Smad1/5/8 signalling pathway, of which most of the signalling proteins including BMP-2, BMPRII, Smad1/5/8 and p-Smad1/5/8 were found localized to primary cilia. Accompanying the resorption of primary cilia following the cells being exposed to simulated microgravity, the expression levels of these signalling proteins were reduced significantly. Furthermore, the expression of miRNA-129-3p, a microRNA previously reported to control cilium biogenesis, was found to be reduced quickly and changed in a similar tendency with the length of primary cilia. Moreover, overexpression of miRNA-129-3p in ROBs significantly attenuated microgravity-induced inhibition of BMP-2 signalling and loss of osteogenic differentiation and mineralization. These results indicated the important role of miRNA-129-3p in microgravity-induced resorption of primary cilia of osteoblasts and the potential of replenishing the miRNA-129-3p as an effective countermeasure against microgravity-induced loss of primary cilia and impairment of osteoblast function.     

Pulsed electromagnetic fields accelerate proliferation and osteogenic gene expression in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic differentiation

Osteogenesis is a complex series of events involving the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to generate new bone. In this study, we examined the effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization of the extracellular matrix, and gene expression in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) during osteogenic differentiation. Exposure of BMMSCs to PEMFs increased cell proliferation by 29.6% compared to untreated cells at day 1 of differentiation. Semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR indicated that PEMFs significantly altered temporal expression of osteogenesis‐related genes, including a 2.7‐fold increase in expression of the key osteogenesis regulatory gene cbfa1, compared to untreated controls. In addition, exposure to PEMFs significantly increased ALP expression during the early stages of osteogenesis and substantially enhanced mineralization near the midpoint of osteogenesis. These results suggest that PEMFs enhance early cell proliferation in BMMSC‐mediated osteogenesis, and accelerate the osteogenesis. Bioelectromagnetics 31:209–219, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.