辨别山苍子油掺假方法的研究

通过采用挥发油提取器和气质联用仪两种方法,可以辨别山苍子油是否掺假。采用挥发油提取器方法可以判定山苍子油中是否掺入不挥发性成分;采用气质联用仪,以及用对照品对照的方法,可以直接测定山苍子油中柠檬醛的含量,从而判定山苍子油中是否掺入其他成分。     

山苍子资源开发利用的研究

山苍子是中国特色芳香油植物资源之一。山苍子的叶、花及果皮均含有芳香油。油中含柠檬醛、高级醇、有机酸,其中主要成分柠檬醛是制造紫罗兰酮系列香料的重要原料,可供合成维生素A、维生素E、维生素AD剂,广泛用于食品医药、农药、化妆品以及其它日用品种;另外,利用山苍子制备高档香料鸢尾酮是我国深度开发山苍子资源的又一个目标。     

三种山苍子精油化学成分及抑菌效果差异分析

为探究山苍子不同种之间化学成分及抑菌效果的差异,本研究通过生长速率法和抑菌圈法测定三种山苍子精油对尖孢镰刀菌、大肠杆菌和李斯特菌的抑菌活性,同时对三种山苍子精油进行GC-MS挥发性成分鉴定,进一步对精油主要化学成分与抑菌率进行相关性分析。结果表明,山鸡椒果实精油含量最高且对尖孢镰刀菌、大肠杆菌和李斯特菌的抑菌效果优于毛叶木姜子和毛山鸡椒;三种山苍子精油抑菌效率均与柠檬醛、芳樟醇的含量分别呈现显著正相关,提示主要成分柠檬醛含量适合作为山苍子优良精油筛选的可靠指标。研究结果为山苍子精油抗菌物质的开发利用提供了理论依据。     

山苍子核油的新用途

山苍子(Litsea Cubeba(Lour.)Pers.)的果实主要用来提取芳香油。鲜果含芳香油2.5～5.5％;油呈淡黄色,具柠檬醛油香气,醛铜含量75～85％,主要成份为柠檬醛(60～80％)及甲基庚烯酮。过去对提过芳香油后的核,一般是不用的。近几年来开展综合利用,山苍子的核仁油的用途越来越多,现就新近研究的二项新用途简报如下:     

海南山苍子芳香油分离纯化工艺

利用分子蒸馏技术提纯海南山苍子油,用GC对山苍子里面柠檬醛质量分数和收率进行分析,实验表明获得高纯度、高收率柠檬醛的工业条件是:转数395 rpm,加料速度1.5滴/s,冷却水-5℃,一次分馏温度45℃、压力1 mbar;二次分流温度60℃,压力1 mbar,柠檬醛的质量分数为95.68%,产率为86.60%。     

不同居群山苍子果实精油和柠檬醛含量及其与地理-气候因子的相关性

采用水蒸气蒸馏法和气相色谱技术对取自浙江富阳、贵州毕节和织金、湖南永州、福建永安和建瓯、云南景东、四川长宁、江西安远和分宜10个居群的山苍子[ Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.]果实精油含量和柠檬醛含量进行测定,并分析了果实精油含量和柠檬醛含量与地理-气候因子的相关性;在此基础上对供试居群进行了聚类分析.测定结果表明:各居群的果实精油含量和柠檬醛含量差异显著,精油含量均值为3.60％,变异系数(CV)为1.54％～10.46％;柠檬醛含量均值为3.52％,CV为24.78％ ～40.54％;云南景东居群精油含量最高(4.56％)、江西分宜居群最低(3.14％);福建永安居群柠檬醛含量最高(7.01％)、贵州毕节居群最低(1.85％),且柠檬醛含量的表型分化系数为57.87％,说明居群间柠檬醛含量的变异幅度大于精油含量,且居群间柠檬醛含量的变异程度大于居群内.相关性分析结果显示:山苍子果实精油含量与经度和7月均温呈极显著负相关,与年降雨量呈显著负相关,与海拔呈极显著正相关;柠檬醛含量与经度和年降雨量分别呈显著和极显著正相关,说明精油含量随经度增大而降低,且受环境水分和温度变化的影响较大;而柠檬醛含量随经度增大而提高,并明显受生境中水分条件的调节.聚类分析结果表明:在欧氏距离15处,供试的10个山苍子居群主要分成3类,根据地理位置大体可划分为西南部和东南部2个种质类型,其中福建永安居群较为特殊.研究结果表明:不同居群山苍子果实精油含量和柠檬醛含量差异与遗传特性、地理分布和生境气候条件均有一定的相关性.     

山苍子油对白假丝酵母抗菌活性研究

研究山苍子油对白假丝酵母菌的抗菌活性,并阐明其可能的抗菌机制。通过水蒸馏法提取山苍子油,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC/MS)分析其成分。通过琼脂平板稀释法测定山苍子油对白假丝酵母的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MFC),并研究山苍子油对白假丝酵母的抗菌动力学;同时利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察山苍子油对白假丝酵母细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明,自提山苍子油主成分为柠檬烯(26.51%),柠檬醛(11.94%)和马鞭烯醇(11.84%)。山苍子油对白假丝酵母菌的MIC和MFC均为1.25μL/m L;其抗菌动力学研究表明浓度低于其MIC时,山苍子油仅延长白假丝酵母的生长适应期,并不能彻底杀死细胞;SEM结果表示,山苍子易破坏正在出芽的细胞;TEM显示出山苍子破坏细胞壁,细胞膜,使细胞裂解。山苍子油具有优良的抗白假丝酵母活性,且白假丝酵母在芽痕处对山苍子油比较敏感,高浓度的精油(5.0μL/m L)对细胞产生不可逆破坏;山苍子油杀菌的靶标可能是细胞壁和细胞外膜,使细胞内大分子外泄,细胞器变形,最终导致细胞死亡。     

佛手挥发油特征化学成分群GC-MS研究

目的:分析6个不同产地佛手挥发油的化学成分,确定其特征化学指标成分群.方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取佛手挥发油.运用气相色谱质谱联用技术(GC-MS),结合计算机检索对其化学成分进行分离和鉴定,得到其共有的特征性化学成分群,用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各组分的相对含量.结果:从广东、四川、金华、广西、安徽佛手的挥发油中鉴定16种共有特征成分,按保留时间的先后顺序分别为:α-水芹烯、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、β-月桂烯、α-萜品油烯、邻伞花烃、柠檬烯、顺式-β-罗勒烯、反式-β-罗勒烯、γ-萜品烯、γ-萜品油烯、乙酸芳樟酯、顺式-水合桧烯、α-萜品醇、β-柠檬醛、α-柠檬醛,其占总峰面积的的比例大于82.9%;其中柠檬烯和γ-萜品烯是主要成分,两者峰面积占总峰面积的比例大于65%.结论:所建立的特征成分群能充分地袁征佛手挥发油化学组成,可以为佛手挥发油的质量评价提供参考.     

柠檬醛分子蒸馏纯化新工艺与毛叶木姜子果油成分分析

利用分子蒸馏技术对毛叶木姜子果挥发油中所含柠檬醛进行了分离纯化工艺的研究。结果所得到的柠檬醛的纯度达到了 95 % ,产率为 5 3% (柠檬醛 /毛叶木姜子果油 ) ,柠檬醛的损失率仅为 15 %。从而表明 ,分子蒸馏这一现代分离技术在从毛叶木姜子果油中分离天然柠檬醛方面具有一定的可行性和工业化前景     

模拟氮沉降对紫苏叶挥发油主要成分的影响

我国为世界三大高氮沉降区之一,氮沉降严重影响了植物生长发育。该研究采用喷施硝酸铵(NH4NO3)模拟氮沉降,分析了不同浓度氮沉降作用下紫苏叶中紫苏醛、D-柠檬烯、α-蒎烯等3种挥发油成分的变化规律。结果表明:随喷施氮盐浓度不断提高,紫苏叶挥发油的3种主要成分含量均有显著下降趋势;氮盐浓度升至0.044 mol·L~-1时,紫苏醛、D-柠檬烯、α-蒎烯的含量降至最低,之后趋于稳定;氮盐浓度对3种挥发油成分含量的比例也有影响;不同氮盐浓度处理下,3种挥发油成分的变异系数不同,紫苏醛的变异系数为0.692 9,D-柠檬烯的变异系数为0.460 1,而α-蒎烯的变异系数为0.271 6,即紫苏醛含量变化最大,α-蒎烯含量最为稳定。大气氮沉降浓度对紫苏叶挥发油主要成分含量有显著影响,随氮盐浓度不断提高,紫苏醛、D-柠檬烯、α-蒎烯等3种挥发油成分含量呈降低趋势,尤以紫苏醛含量的降低最为剧烈。氮沉降增加对紫苏叶有效成分含量有降低的作用。     

山苍子油对小鼠系统性新生隐球菌感染的实验研究

目的研究山苍子油治疗小鼠系统性新生隐球菌感染的疗效。方法建立小鼠系统性新生隐球菌感染模型,观察给药后小鼠的中位生存时间,检测小鼠肾脏及肺菌落形成单位计数。结果山苍子油不仅能够显著延长感染小鼠的中位生存时间,提高其生存率,而且可显著增加感染小鼠肾脏及肺菌落清除率。结论山苍子油对系统性新生隐球菌感染小鼠具有治疗作用。     

Effects of citral on Aspergillus flavus spores by quasi-elastic light scattering and multiplex microanalysis techniques

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. is a kind of medicinal plantin China. The first report about the antibacterial and anti-phlogistic function of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. and itsoil appeared in the Zhong Yao Da Ci Dian [1]. Since 1980s,many studies showed that Litsea cubeba oil had wideantibacterial and antifungal activity [2–4]. The antibioticfunctions of Litsea cubeba oil are attributable mainly tocitral [5–7], which amounts to 60%–80% of the essentialoil [8]. Pattnaik [9] reported that…     

杨叶木姜子果实的挥发油成分分析

本文采用GC-MS联用技术确定了杨叶木姜子Litsea populifolia(Hemsl.)Gamble果实挥发油的21种化学成分及相对含量,主要有：β-柠檬醛(β-citral)、α-柠檬醛(α-citral)、柠檬烯(limonene)、l,8-桉叶素(1,8-cinceole)、橙花醇(nerol)等,并与同属植物山鸡椒Litsea cubeba(Lour.)Pers的化学成分做了比较。     

Effect of orange essential oil and its constitutes on late blight disease of potato plants under field conditions

Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is the most important disease attacking potato plants. Four concentrations of essential oils i.e. 0.0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 ml/l of Orange, Citral, Methyl antranate (MA), and Terbinol were tested for controlling late blight disease. Results indicate that all treatments except orange oil have an inhibitory effect against the linear growth of P. infestans. Complete reduction in linear growth was obtained with Citral and MA at concentrations of 5.0 and 7.5 ml/l. Other treatments showed moderate effect against P. infestans. In greenhouse experiments, results indicate that all treatments have protective and therapeutic effects against late blight disease except Orange oil which has a protective effect only. High reduction was obtained with Citral and MA at concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 ml/l which reduced the disease severity by more than 77.1 and 62.8% when applied as protective and therapeutic treatments respectively. Moderate effect was obtained with orange oil and Citral at concentration of 7.5 ml/l for both treatments which reduced the disease severity by more than 65.7% when applied as protective treatments. Similar results were obtained under field coditions; results indicate that all treatments reduced the late blight severity during two growing seasons. High reduction was obtained with Citral and MA at concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 ml/l which reduced the disease severity by more than 80.0%. As for potato yield, results indicate that all treatments increased potato yield during two growing seasons. A high increase was obtained with Citral and MA at concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 ml/l which increased the potato yield by more than 59.1%. Other treatments showed a moderate increase. It could be suggested that some essential oils of citrus or their constituents might be used for controlling late blight disease potato plants under field conditions.     

山鸡椒挥发油成分分析及其抗真菌保鲜作用的研究

本文对湖南山鸡椒（Ｌｉｔｓｅａ ｃｕｂｅｂａ）挥发油（山苍子油）抑制植物病原真菌Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍ ｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｕｍ,Ｈｅｌｍｉｎｔｈｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍ ｓｐ．Ｓｔｅｍｐｈｙｌｌｉｕｍ ｓｐ．的效能及其抑制真菌的有效成分进行了研究,实验结果表明,所用山鸡椒挥发油具有很强的抑制植物病原真菌生长的能力,并有明显的保鲜作用,其主要生物活性成份为柠檬醛。     

Antibacterial Activity and Kinetics of Litsea cubeba Oil on Escherichia coli

Litsea cubeba oil is extracted from the fresh fruits of Litsea cubeba by distillation. In this study, its chemical constituents, antibacterial activity, kinetics and effects against Escherichia coli were studied. Its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were both 0.125% (v/v) by toxic food method. Moreover, the antibacterial kinetic curves indicated 0.0625% (v/v) of litsea cubeba oil was able to prolong the growth lag phase of E. coli cells to approximate 12 hours while 0.125% (v/v) of litsea cubeba oil was able to kill the cells completely. Furthermore, transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation showed most E. coli cells treated with 0.125% (v/v) of litsea cubeba oil were killed or destroyed severely within 2 hours. The litsea cubeba oil might penetrate and destroy the outer and inner membrane of E. coli cells. Thus many holes and gaps were observed on the damaged cells, which led to their death eventually. The antibacterial effects of litsea cubeba oil mainly attributed to the presence of aldehydes, which accounted for approximately 70% in its whole components analyzed by GC/MS. Based on the antimicrobial properties, litsea cubeba oil would have a broad application in the antimicrobial industry.     

木姜子油细胞的发育解剖学研究

利用薄切片法对木姜子茎叶油细胞的发育以及油细胞分布的研究结果表明：油细胞最早发生于第一叶原基以及茎端皮层和髓的基本分生组织中,在未出现油细胞以痛,上述器官的基本分生组织和原分生组织,难以区分油细胞的原始细胞与周围细胞。当油细胞原始细胞呈现出体积较大,液泡化程度较低,细胞核大而明显的特征才明显可辩,以后经过液泡融合,油细胞成熟和油细胞细胞质解体阶段而成为一贮油的囊,油细胞中未出现杯形构造。叶和茎中,     

Bioactivity of essential oil of Litsea cubeba from China and its main compounds against two stored product insects

During our screening program for agrochemicals from Chinese medicinal herbs and wild plants, the essential oil of Litsea cubeba fruits was found to possess strong contact toxicity against the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne adults and the booklouse Liposcelis bostrychophila, with LD₅₀ values of 27.33 μg/adult and 71.56 μg/cm², respectively, and also showed strong fumigant toxicity against the two stored product insects with LC₅₀ values of 22.97 and 0.73 mg/L, respectively. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation was investigated by GC MS. The main components of the essential oil were identified to be E-citral (geranial) (27.49%), Z-citral (neral) (23.57%) and d-limonene (18.82%) followed by β-thujene (3.34%), β-pinene (2.85%), α-pinene (2.57%), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (2.40%) and linalool (2.36%). Citral (Z/E-citral), d-limonene, β-pinene, α-pinene and linalool were separated and purified by silica gel column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography, and further identified by means of physicochemical and spectrometric analysis. Citral and linalool showed strong contact toxicity against L. serricorne and L. bostrychophila (LD₅₀ = 11.76, 12.74 μg/adult and 20.15, 99.97 μg/cm², respectively) and fumigant toxicity against L. serricorne and L. bostrychophila (16.54, 18.04 mg/L air and 0.14, 0.71 mg/L air, respectively). Otherwise, citral, d-limonene and linalool were strongly repellent against the cigarette beetle L. serricorne as the essential oil whereas β-pinene and α-pinene exhibited weaker repellency against the cigarette beetle compared with the positive control, DEET. Moreover, except α-pinene and linalool, the other three compounds as well as the essential oil exhibited comparable repellency against the booklouse relative to DEET.     

豺皮樟叶挥发油化学成分的研究

利用GC－MS联用技术从豺皮樟（Litsea rotundifolia var.oblongifolia)叶挥发油中分离和鉴定了27个化合物,占挥发油总量的88．75％,其中主要成分是十二烷酸（43．68％）,肉豆蔻酸（14．61％）,十一烷酸（4．70％）,棕榈酸（4．15％）。