真水狼蛛纺器的扫描电镜观察

通过室内饲养,获得了不同龄期的真水狼蛛。对其纺器扫描电镜观察表明：真水狼蛛的纺器表面分布许多纺管,纺管的数目随着龄期的增大面增加。１龄幼蛛纺器分化没有完成。因而不能纺丝。雌蛛和雄蛛在纺器的排列位置、形态、纺管类型和纺管数目上都存在较大差异。纺器的形态、结构与纺器纺丝、结网的功能相适宜。     

云南伪遁蛛雌蛛的首次记述

首次记述了云南伪遁蛛Pseudopoda yunnanensis(Yang ＆ Hu,2001)的雌蛛,重新绘制了雄蛛触肢器的结构图,并给出了雌雄个体外形图和触肢器、外雌器的数码照片.     

我国南方巨蟹蛛科蜘蛛两新种和三个单性的描述(蛛形纲:蜘蛛目)

本文描述了产于云南省、湖南省和江西省的乳突蛛属一新种,疣状乳突蛛,新种Thel-cticopis verrucasp.nov.和巨蟹蛛属一新种,袋状巨蟹蛛,新种Heteropoda marsupiasp.nov.及格氏巨蟹蛛雄性、岷山巨蟹蛛和钩形巨蟹蛛雌性。该五种均绘有外雌器和触肢器鉴别特征图。模式标本保存在湖南省生物研究所。     

中国地蛛属两新种(蜘蛛目:地蛛科)

地蛛科是一个比较古老的、地下穴居生活的蜘蛛类群,属于原蛛亚目。地蛛科的蜘蛛除了具有原蛛亚目的许多原始特征外,还具有一些可资鉴别的特征:触肢基节的内侧延长成一个发达的颚叶;纺器3对,前中纺器较前侧纺器明显发达,末端三角形。地蛛利用蛛丝制成坚韧的长     

中国漏斗蛛属蜘蛛六新种（蜘蛛目：漏斗蛛科）

本文记述我国漏斗蛛属六新种:帚状漏斗蛛Agelena scopulata;船形漏斗蛛Agelena cymbiforma;耳形漏斗蛛Agelena otiforma;拟缘漏斗蛛Agelana sublimbata;灰色漏斗蛛Agelena poliosata;桑植漏斗蛛Agelena sangzhien sis。文内对种的鉴别特征均有扼要描述,并绘有外雌器和触肢器鉴别特征图。     

中国支头蛛属一新种记述：（蜘蛛目：皿蛛科：微蛛亚科）

本文记述中国皿蛛科微蛛亚科支头蛛属一新种－－山去头蛛Ｃａｒａｃｌａｄｕｓ ｍｏｎｔａｎｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,本新种与ｃａｒａｃｌａｄｕｓ ｔｓｕｒｕｓａｋｉｉ Ｓａｉｔｏ,１９８８近似,但雄蛛触肢胫节突起、插入器形状及雌蛛外雌器结构不同。新种模式标本保存于白求恩医科大学生物教研究。     

白斑长纺器蛛雄蛛记述(蜘蛛目:长纺器蛛科)

笔者于1984年6月6日在浙江莫干山采到一种长纺器蛛,其中雌蛛经鉴定与王家福、尹长民记载于安徽黄山的白斑长纺器蛛Hersilia albomaculata Wang et Yin极为相似,除受精囊管的弯曲形状稍有差别外,外雌器的形状基本一致,应为同种无疑。由于此种的雄蛛尚未报道,今补充记述如下:     

中国两种大疣蛛记述(蜘蛛目:长尾蛛科)

关于我国的大疣蛛属Macrothele Ausserer,迄今已记有四种。本属主要特征为:具4纺器,前纺器之间的距离为该纺器直径的4倍;第Ⅰ、Ⅱ后跗节、跗节不具毛束;各步足之爪下仅具一列栉齿。 近年来笔者在贵州、湖北等省采到两种大疣蛛,即贵州大疣蛛与触形大疣蛛,前者为     

我国南方巨蟹蛛属六新种（蜘蛛目：巨蟹蛛科）

本文记述了湖南省、广西壮族自治区、云南省和江西省产的巨蟹蛛属蜘蛛六新种,并绘制有外雌器和触肢器结构图。模式标本保存在湖南省生物研究所。种名:铃形巨蟹蛛新种Hete-ropoda campanacea sp.nov.;鳞片巨蟹蛛,新种Heteropoda squamaceasp.nov.;庐山巨蟹蛛,新种Heteropoda lushanensissp.nov.;细刺巨蟹蛛,新种Heteropoda spiculatasp.nov.;城步巨蟹蛛,新种Heteropoda chengbuensis sp.nov.;锯齿巨蟹蛛,新种Heteropoda serratasp.nov.     

中国新园蛛属三新种(蜘蛛目,园蛛科)(英文)

记述中国园蛛科新园蛛属3新种:朱氏新园蛛Neoscona zhui sp.nov.,黄色新园蛛N.flavescenssp.nov.和崇左新园蛛N.chongzuoensis sp.nov.模式标本保存在河北大学博物馆。文中测量单位为mm。朱氏新园蛛,新种Neoscona zhuisp.nov.(图1~9)正模♀,福建武夷山自然保护区,2003年7月17日,张超采。副模1♂,福建武夷山自然保护区,2003年7月17日,张超采。新种与多褶新园蛛N.multiplicans(Chamberlin,1924)近似,区别为:1)新种雌蛛的外雌器基部窄,垂体较长;2)新种外雌器垂体的的侧隆起位于中部,而多褶新园蛛的侧隆起位于垂体的末端;3)新种触肢器的引导器有1骨质化的裂片,而多褶新园蛛无裂片;4)两者中突齿的位置不同;5)新种基节Ⅳ具1肉质的小瘤状突起,而多褶新园蛛无小突起。新种与类青新园蛛N.scylloides(B senberg & Strand,1906)近似,区别为:1)新种雌蛛外雌器的垂体短;2)新种中突相对较小;3)新种触肢器的顶突基部具1凹陷,而类青新园蛛无凹陷;4)两者胫节Ⅱ的刚毛数不同。词源:新种...     

广西近捕鸟蛛体表结构扫描电镜观察

对广西近捕鸟蛛Plesiophrictus guangxiensis进行扫描电镜观察,观察其螯肢、颚叶、跗节、生殖球、生殖沟、书肺、感觉器官、发音器及纺器等若干体表结构,为进一步研究蜘蛛的形态结构提供基础资料.     

A Spider's Vibration Receptor: Its Anatomy and Physiology

The common house spider, Achaearanea tepidariorum, has a sensitivevibration receptor on each of its eight legs. This receptoris the tarso-metatarsal lyriform organ, and while it may notbe the only vibration receptor the spider has, it appears tobe the most sensitive. The 10 receptor units of which the senseorgan is composed are all sharply tuned to specific frequenciesbetween 60 and 1400 cps, but the sensitivity of each receptorunit depends upon the tension of the slits of the lyriform organ.Physiological experiments have shown that the tuning of thereceptors occurs only in response to air-borne sound; no discriminationis made of frequencies of web-borne vibration. One can speculatethat the high sensitivity to air-borne sound is a consequenceof the relatively poor transmission of vibration through Achaearanea'sweb.     

The ontogeny of the spinning apparatus of Tengella perfuga (Araneae: Zoropsidae)

Silk is the most recognizable trait of spiders, and silk use has changed throughout spider evolutionary history. While morphology of the adult silk spigot has been a useful character for systematics, few studies have examined the ontogeny of the spinning apparatus, and none of these included cribellate spiders. Here, we report the first published full ontogeny of the spinning apparatus of a cribellate spider, Tengella perfuga. We found the presence of expected spigots: major ampullate gland and piriform gland spigots on the anterior lateral spinneret, minor ampullate gland and aciniform gland spigots on the posterior median spinneret, and aciniform gland spigots on the posterior lateral spinneret. Females, but not males, possessed cylindrical gland spigots on both the posterior median and lateral spinnerets. Spiderlings did not possess a functioning cribellum until the third instar. The cribellum grew with increasing numbers of spigots, but functionality was lost in adult males. Most intriguingly, second instars possessed a distinct triad of pre‐spigots on the posterior lateral spinneret. From the third instar onward, these structures formed the modified spigot along with two flanking spigots (in females) or formed nubbins (in males). We suggest that the modified spigot serves as the source of axial lines in the cribellate silk produced in T. perfuga. We also compare spigot ontogeny from previous studies of ecribellate spiders. These comparisons warrant further exploration using the recent spider tree of life in a phylogenetic comparative analysis of spigot ontogeny datasets, which could yield evidence for homologous spigots across the Araneomorphae, notably the Araneoidea and the Retrolateral Tibial Apophysis (RTA) clades.     

虎纹捕鸟蛛实验种群越冬及其耐饥力的观察

在长沙地区,虎纹捕鸟蛛幼蛛和成蛛的入蛰时间分别为11月中旬和11月底至12月上旬;出蛰时间分别为翌年3月下旬和3月中旬,冬眠期蜘蛛的成活率主要由土温高低决定.虎纹捕鸟蛛具有较强的耐饥力.     

Central nervous projections of mechanoreceptors in the spider Cupiennius salei Keys.

Summary The basic organization of sensory projections in the suboesophageal central nervous system of a spider (Cupiennius salei Keys.) was analyzed with anterograde cobalt fills and a modified Golgi rapid method. The projections of three lyriform slit sense organs and of tactile hairs located proximally on the legs are described and related to central nerve tracts. There are five main longitudinal sensory tracts in the central region of the suboesophageal nervous mass arranged one above the other. Whereas the three dorsal ones contain fibers from the lyriform organs, the two ventral ones contain axons from the hair receptors. Axons from all three lyriform organs have typical shapes and widely arborizing ipsilateral intersegmental branches and a few contralateral ones. The terminal branches of the afferent projections from identical lyriform organs on each leg form characteristic longitudinal pathways, typical of each organ: U-shaped, O-shaped, or two parallel bundles. The terminations of the hair sensilla are ipsilateral and intersegmental. Two large bilaterally arranged longitudinal sensory association tracts receive inputs from all legs including the dense arborizations from tactile hairs, lyriform organs, and other sense organs. These tracts may serve as important integrating neuropils of the suboesophageal central nervous system.     

Central projections of cheliceral mechanoreceptors in the spider Cupiennius salei (Arachnida,Araneae)

Central projections of lyriform organs and tactile hairs on the chelicerae of the wandering spider Cupiennius salei were traced using anterograde cobalt fills. Different fibers arising from both mechanoreceptor types arborize in the cheliceral ganglia, which are part of the tritocerebrum, and in sensory longitudinal tracts in the center of the suboesophageal nerve mass together with afferent fibers arising from mechanoreceptors on the walking legs and the pedipalps. This convergence of sensory projections in the sensory longitudinal tracts might provide the anatomical basis for the coordination of the movements of different extremities during prey capture and feeding. The findings also support the hypothesis that the tritocerebrum originally was a preoral ganglion in spiders. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The cDNA and genomic DNA organization of a novel toxin SHT-I from spider Ornithoctonus huwena

Spider venoms are complex mixtures of neurotoxicpeptides, proteins and low molecular mass organicmolecules. Their neurotoxic activity is due to the interac-tion of the venom components with cellular receptors, inparticular ion channels. Spider venoms have…     

Agonistic signals received by an arthropod filiform hair allude to the prevalence of near-field sound communication

Arthropod filiform hairs respond to air particle movements and are among the most sensitive animal sensory organs. In many species, they are tuned to detect predators or prey and trigger escape or prey capture behaviours. Here we show for the first time that these hairs also receive intraspecific near-field sound signals in an arachnid. During agonistic encounters, whip spiders (Arachnida, Amblypygi) perform antenniform leg vibration (ALV) displays that have significantly longer duration in contest winners than losers. During an ALV display: (i) the vibrating antenniform leg of the displaying whip spider is positioned close to the trichobothria (filiform hairs) on its opponent's walking legs, (ii) the vibrating antenniform leg can excite these trichobothria via air movements and without direct contact, (iii) the antenniform leg of the displaying whip spider vibrates at a frequency that causes particularly strong, sustained excitation and little adaptation in the trichobothria, and (iv) the duration of an ALV display can be extracted from the response of a trichobothrium. Since filiform hairs are widespread among arthropods, communication via such hairs could be extremely prevalent.     

Genomic organization and cloning of novel genes encoding toxin-like peptides of three superfamilies from the spider Orinithoctonus huwena

The bird spider Ornithoctonus huwena is one of the most venomous spiders in China. Its venom is a mixture of various compounds with diverse bioactivities. Ninety proteins and 47 peptides have been identified, and 67 cDNA sequences encoding different toxin precursors have been cloned. However, the genomic DNA of them is seldom reported. To characterize the genomic DNA structure of huwentoxins, the genomic DNA encoding toxins of three superfamilies were cloned by using sequence specific or partially degenerate primers based on their cDNA sequences. An unexpected finding was that the intron was lacking in the genomic sequences of three superfamilies. The genomic DNA information has predictive value for better understanding the relationship of spider toxin evolution. In addition, we have cloned and analyzed 19 novel genes encoding toxin-like precursors by using the genomic DNA of the spider O. huwena.     

虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素虎纹毒素-III对美洲蜚蠊神经细胞电压门控离子通道的影响

HWTX-III是从中国虎纹捕鸟蛛Ornithoctonus huwena粗毒中分离纯化到的一种昆虫神经多肽。通过应用全细胞膜片钳技术研究了HWTX-III对美洲蜚蠊Periplaneta americana神经细胞电压门控离子通道的影响。发现HWTX-III特异性地抑制美洲蜚蠊背侧不成对中间(dorsal unpaired median, DUM）神经细胞的电压门控钠通道(IC50≈1.106 μmol/L),而对电压门控钾通道没有明显的影响。HWTX-III通过一种新型的不同于其他蜘蛛毒素的机制抑制昆虫电压门控钠通道,它不影响通道的激活与失活动力学,也不明显地漂移稳态失活曲线。HWTX-III对昆虫神经细胞电压门控钠通道的特异性与新型作用机制为研究电压门控钠通道分子结构的多样性以及开发新的安全的杀虫剂提供有用的工具。