转基因克隆奶山羊大量生产重组人的抗凝血酶III蛋白质(rhATIII)

利用转基因克隆奶山羊乳腺生物反应器大量生产重组人的抗凝血酶III(rhATIII)蛋白质。其中包括: 筛选出人的抗凝血酶Ⅲ蛋白基因的cDNA序列; 利用山羊的b－酪蛋白基因的启动区, 终止信号和Enterokinase蛋白酶酶切DNA序列, 构建在乳腺中特异表达rhATⅢ的表达载体。同时在转基因载体的末端连接一个新酶素筛选基因(Neomycin)。再以细胞转染、G418筛选和体细胞核移植(动物克隆)等过程, 最后获得含有人的抗凝血酶Ⅲ基因的转基因克隆奶山羊。我们共获得了5个原代转基因公羊。第一只克隆羊在出生后78 d死亡, 解剖表明: 羊的肺部和肾脏等器官有异常。其它克隆公羊经过与崂山种母羊交配, 得到转基因后代, 其中两个原代转基因羊的后代母羊已成熟、所获得的奶经蛋白质电泳证明: 转基因克隆羊后代奶中含有约60 kD大小的rhATⅢ糖蛋白; 经Elisa检测表明: 在奶中含有大量活性的rhATⅢ, 在来源于两个不同克隆公羊的后代母羊奶中的rhATⅢ含量分别为0.4 mg/L和3 g/L。此研究证明: 转基因奶山羊可以大量地生产具有很高活性的rhATⅢ。用这种方法生产的rhATⅢ通过蛋白质提纯, 制成注射针剂, 将可用于人的抗凝血酶III缺乏症的治疗、预防血栓和重大手术过程中的止血的作用等。     

转基因克隆奶山羊大量生产重组人的抗凝血酶Ⅲ蛋白质(rhATⅢ)

利用转基因克隆奶山羊乳腺生物反应器大量生产重组人的抗凝血酶Ⅲ(rhATⅢ)蛋白质.其中包括:筛选出人的抗凝血酶Ⅲ蛋白基因的cDNA序列;利用山羊的β-酪蛋白基因的启动区,终止信号和Enterokinase蛋白酶酶切DNA序列,构建在乳腺中特异表达rhATⅢ的表达栽体.同时在转基因载体的末端连接一个新酶素筛选基因(Neomycin).再以细胞转染、G418筛选和体细胞核移植(动物克隆)等过程,最后获得含有人的抗凝血酶Ⅲ基因的转基因克隆奶山羊.我们共获得了5个原代转基因公羊.第一只克隆羊在出生后78 d死亡,解剖表明:羊的肺部和肾脏等器官有异常.其它克隆公羊经过与崂山种母羊交配,得到转基因后代,其中两个原代转基因羊的后代母羊已成熟、所获得的奶经蛋白质电泳证明:转基因克隆羊后代奶中含有约60 kD大小的rhATⅢ糖蛋白;经Elisa检测表明:在奶中含有大量活性的rhATⅢ,在来源于两个不同克隆公羊的后代母羊奶中的rhATⅢ含量分别为0.4mg/L和3 g/L.此研究证明:转基因奶山羊可以大量地生产具有很高活性的rhATⅢ.用这种方法生产的rhATⅢ通过蛋白质提纯,制成注射针剂,将可用于人的抗凝血酶Ⅲ缺乏症的治疗、预防血栓和重大手术过程中的止血的作用等.     

人抗凝血酶Ⅲ转基因羊的外源基因漂移风险分析

目的:研究转基因羊发生基因漂移的可能性.方法:利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测人抗凝血酶Ⅲ转基因羊及与其密切接触的野生型山羊、转乙肝表面抗原基因羊、转β-干扰素转基因羊、狗、鸡和鹅的血样中人抗凝血酶Ⅲ基因的含量.结果:人抗凝血酶Ⅲ转基因只在人抗凝血酶Ⅲ转基因羊血液中检测呈阳性.结论:人抗凝血酶Ⅲ基因没有在转基因羊和非转基因羊及其它动物间发生漂移,提示转基因羊对于环境是安全的.     

乳腺特异高表达人促红细胞生成素转基因奶山羊的制备

目的制备乳腺特异性高表达人促红细胞生成素（hEPO）转基因奶山羊。方法采用牛β-乳球蛋白基因（BLG）调控元件和hEPO全长编码序列基因组DNA构建真核表达载体,应用受精卵原核注射的方法制备hEPO转基因山羊。结果在原核注射获得的188头羔羊中,经Southern blot法检测有4头羊含有hEPO基因,其中3头为母羊,1头公羊于出生后20d死亡;3头转基因母羊hEPO基因的拷贝数分别为1、10、2;Western blot检测结果显示转基因羊乳中的hEPO分子质量为32kDa;MTT法检测结果表明,在泌乳10d的3只转基因羊乳汁中,每毫升乳汁中hEPO活性分别达到1.17×10^2IU、1.90×10^4IU、1.91×10^4IU。结论牛BLG能够调控hEPO基因在山羊乳腺中高表达,为实现其他药用蛋白在山羊乳腺中表达奠定了基础。     

乳腺生物反应器表达的重组人抗凝血酶Ⅲ的分离纯化

抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT Ⅲ)是人体内最重要的抗凝血物质,利用转基因技术生产重组人抗凝血酶Ⅲ(rhAT Ⅲ)受到了越来越多的关注,如何有效地将rhAT Ⅲ从转基因羊奶中分离纯化出来是实现其产业化的关键所在。本研究建立了基于等电点沉淀和肝素亲和层析的纯化工艺,实现了rhAT Ⅲ的高效、快速纯化。先用等电点沉淀法,快速去除了占总蛋白50%左右的酪蛋白;然后用肝素亲和层析纯化rhAT Ⅲ,并系统考察了pH值和温度对rhAT Ⅲ稳定性的影响,以及pH值和操作条件(洗脱梯度、流速和上样量)对rhAT Ⅲ分离效果的影响。在优化的条件下,rhAT Ⅲ纯度达到99%以上,蛋白收率达到90%,活性收率约为50%。所建立的纯化工艺简单、快速,rhAT Ⅲ收率高,为今后工艺放大提供了重要的依据和参考。     

由成年转基因山羊体细胞而来的克隆山羊

在已经获得的乳腺特异性表达人促红细胞生成素 (rhEPO)成年转基因山羊 (Caprahircus)的基础上 ,取其耳尖成纤维细胞和卵巢颗粒细胞 ,进行体外传代培养 ,然后将这种培养的转基因山羊的体细胞移入去核的处于第Ⅱ次减数分裂中期的卵母细胞中 ,并进行电融合 ,构建重构胚胎 ,重构胚胎在体内培养 6d ,再将发育至囊胚或桑椹胚的重构胚胎移入同步情期的寄母羊子宫内。结果 ,有 2只寄母羊妊娠并最终产下 2只成活的克隆山羊。她们分别来自同一成年母羊的耳尖成纤维细胞和卵巢颗粒细胞。克隆羊经PCR RFLP图谱分析显示 :以克隆羊组织DNA为模板的PCR产物与相应的提供体细胞的基因羊的PCR产物的酶切图谱完全一致 ;并且经PCR对外源hEPO基因检测表明 2只克隆山羊均携带hEPO外源基因。由此证明获得了转基因成年体细胞的克隆山羊     

以经过转染的乳腺上皮细胞生产克隆羊

为研究转基因乳腺上皮细胞发育的全能性,利用电转染方法将人乳铁蛋白(hLF)乳腺特异性表达载体电转染山羊乳腺上皮细胞,经G418和PCR筛选获得阳性克隆细胞株,经催乳素诱导的细胞株上清液用Western blotting方法检测hLF的表达。以转基因与上清液中表达hLF均为阳性的细胞为核供体细胞,进行山羊体细胞核移植。结果为:16株细胞表达重组hLF,分子质量为75 kD;将144枚重构胚移入16只同步发情的山羊输卵管中,在移植后的30 d、60 d和90 d的妊娠率分别为87.5%、81.3%和62.5%;最终3只受体妊娠足月,产下3只克隆羊,克隆效率为2.1%,PCR-RFLP分析表明克隆羊均来自供体羊细胞,但没有整合外源基因。结果表明,hLF转基因乳腺上皮细胞能分泌hLF;乳腺上皮细胞经转染、筛选和长期培养的条件下,能保持发育的全能性。     

重组人SOD1/3转基因山羊的制备及表达产物的检测

设计了以hSOD1、hSOD3为编码序列,以山羊β-酪蛋白/CMV杂合启动增强子构建乳腺特异性表达载体rhSOD1、rhSOD3,共转染母山羊胎儿成纤维细胞,采用PCR和扩增产物序列分析筛选获得SOD1/3克隆细胞株,应用体细胞核移植(SCNT)制备双转基因山羊。出生小羊经PCR和扩增产物序列分析验证是否成功整合外源基因,经Western blotting、ELISA及体外活性检来验证分析表达产物。结果表明:获得SOD1/3转基因山羊胎儿成纤维细胞系6株;原代双转基因体克隆山羊1只(♀);从该转基因羊乳汁中检测到rhSOD1、rhSOD3,浓度分别为:88.81±8.36 mg/L和267.82±12.67 mg/L;转基因羊乳汁中重组人SOD酶活性为1 432±157 U/mL。研究表明,以双载体和单标记基因转染山羊胎儿成纤维细胞可获得双基因整合转基因细胞系,并且以SOD1与SOD3功能基因均可在山羊乳腺中共同表达,表达产物具有较好的生物学活性。     

奶山羊β-乳球蛋白基因5＇、3＇调控区的克隆和序列分析

目的：克隆奶山羊β-乳球蛋白（BLG）基因5＇、3＇调控区,并对其进行序列分析。方法：从徐淮奶山羊组织中提取基因组DNA,采用高保真长模板PCR法克隆得到奶山羊BLG基因4.2kb的5＇调控区和1.8kb的3′调控区;将纯化后的PCR产物克隆到pGEM-TEasy载体中,经酶切鉴定和序列测定验证克隆的正确性。结果：部分序列分析表明,奶山羊BLG基因5＇区与GenBank中登录的山羊和绵羊BLG基因5＇区的同源性分别为100%和95%,3＇区的同源性分别为99%和93%;克隆得到的奶山羊BLG基因调控区与山羊BLG伪基因显著不同,二者5＇区和3＇区的同源性分别为83%和88%。结论：克隆得到的奶山羊BLG基因调控区可用于构建乳腺特异性表达载体,用于外源基因在转基因动物乳腺中的高效表达。     

整合人lactoferrin基因的山羊体细胞支持核移植克隆胚的体外发育

克隆了人lactoferrin基因和山羊[[beta]]-casein基因5′端调控区, 构建了人lactoferrin的乳腺表达载体, 并将该载体利用脂质体介导转染了奶山羊胎儿成纤维细胞, 获得了稳定整合人lactoferrin基因的转基因体细胞克隆17个, 其中PCR和Southern Blot检测阳性的细胞克隆14个, 阳性率82.4%。以转基因体细胞为供体细胞进行了核移植, 获得了能够体外发育的山羊转基因克隆胚胎, 体内成熟卵母细胞来源的核移植囊胚率为64.8%, 体外成熟卵母细胞来源的核移植囊胚率为51.7%, 证明了山羊转基因体细胞能够支持克隆胚的进一步发育。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.